poli - bayan vs. zamora.docx

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EN BANC

[G.R. No. 138570. October 10, 2000]

BAYAN (Bagong A!an"ang #a$aba!an%, a &'N )*A #O)E#EN+, B-O/ +O#A-#A#ENA (ge"a *na neenente%, B-O/ E#ER BOOCAN ('nte C4rc4o6 C4r"t o6 t4e /4.%, R. REYNAO EGA-CA, #, '-ANG #A#B'B' NG

//NA-, '-ANG #AYO 'NO, GABREA, /ROABOR, an t4e /'BC

N+ERE-+ A CEN+ER, petitioners, vs. E9EC'+)E -ECRE+ARY RONAO

:A#ORA, *OREGN A**AR- -ECRE+ARY O#NGO -A:ON, E*EN-E-ECRE+ARY ORANO #ERCAO, BRG. GEN. AE9ANER AG'RRE, -ENA+E

/RE-EN+ #ARCEO *ERNAN, -ENA+OR *RANN RON, -ENA+OR BA-

O/E, -ENA+OR ROO*O BA:ON, an -ENA+OR *RANC-CO +A+A , respondents.

[G.R. No. 138572. October 10, 2000]

///NE CON-++'+ON A--OCA+ON, NC.(/CON-A%, E9E;'E B.

GARCA, A#AOGA+ NCONG, CA#O . -ABO, AN RA#ON A. GON:AE-,

petitioners, vs. ON. RONAO B. :A#ORA, a" E<ect=e -ecretar!, ON. ORANO#ERCAO, a" -ecretar! o6 Natona e6en"e, an ON. O#NGO . -A:ON, &R., a"

-ecretar! o6 *oregn A66ar", respondents.

[G.R. No. 138587. October 10, 2000]

+EO*-+O +. G'NGONA, &R., RA' -. ROCO, an -ERGO R. O-#EA , petitioners, vs.

&O-E/ E. E-+RAA, RONAO B. :A#ORA, O#NGO . -A:ON, &R., ORANO

B. #ERCAO, #ARCEO B. *ERNAN, *RANN #. RON, BA- *. O/E anROO*O G. BA:ON, respondents.

[G.R. No. 138>80. October 10, 2000]

N+EGRA+E BAR O* +E ///NE-, Rere"ente b! t" Natona /re"ent, &o"eAga Graon, petitioners, vs. &O-E/ E&ERC+O E-+RAA, n 4" caact! a" /re"ent,

Rebc o6 t4e /4ne", an ON. O#NGO -A:ON, n 4" caact! a" -ecretar! o6

*oregn A66ar", respondents.

[G.R. No. 138>?8. October 10, 2000]

&O)+O R. -AONGA, GBER+O +AAA, :ENAA ;'E:ON@A)ENCEA, ROANO-#B'AN, /AB+O ). -ANA, #A. -OCORRO . ONO, AGA/+O A. A;'NO,

&OER /. ARROYO, *RANC-CO C. R)ERA &R., RENE A.). -AG'-AG, O-BAYAN,

#O)E#EN+ O* A++ORNEY- *OR BRO+EROO, N+EGR+Y AN NA+ONA-#,NC. (#ABN%, petitioners, vs. +E E9EC'+)E -ECRE+ARY, +E -ECRE+ARY O*

*OREGN A**AR-, +E -ECRE+ARY O* NA+ONA E*EN-E, -ENA+E /RE-EN+

#ARCEO B. *ERNAN, -ENA+OR BA- *. O/E, -ENA+OR ROO*O G. BA:ON,



AN A O+ER /ER-ON- AC+NG +ER CON+RO, -'/ER)-ON, REC+ON,

AN N-+R'C+ON N REA+ON +O +E )-+NG *ORCE- AGREE#EN+ ()*A%,

respondents.

E C - O N

B'ENA, J.

Con6rontng t4e Cort 6or re"oton n t4e n"tant con"oate etton" 6or certorar an

ro4bton are ""e" reatng to, an borne b!, an agreeent 6orge n t4e trn o6 t4e a"t

centr! beteen t4e Rebc o6 t4e /4ne" an t4e 'nte -tate" o6 Aerca @t4e )"tng*orce" Agreeent.

+4e anteceent" n6o.

On #arc4 1D, 1?D7, t4e /4ne" an t4e 'nte -tate" o6 Aerca 6orge a #tar! Ba"e"

Agreeent 4c4 6orae, aong ot4er", t4e "e o6 n"taaton" n t4e /4ne terrtor! b!'nte -tate" tar! er"onne. +o 6rt4er "trengt4en t4er e6en"e an "ecrt! reaton"4,

t4e /4ne" an t4e 'nte -tate" entere nto a #ta e6en"e +reat! on Ag"t 30, 1?51.

'ner t4e treat!, t4e arte" agree to re"on to an! e<terna are attac$ on t4er terrtor!,

are 6orce", bc =e""e", an arcra6t.[1]

n =e o6 t4e enng e<raton o6 t4e R/@'- #tar! Ba"e" Agreeent n 1??1, t4e

/4ne" an t4e 'nte -tate" negotate 6or a o""be e<ten"on o6 t4e tar! ba"e"

agreeent. On -eteber 1>, 1??1, t4e /4ne -enate reFecte t4e roo"e R/@'- +reat! o6 *ren"4, Cooeraton an -ecrt! 4c4, n e66ect, o 4a=e e<tene t4e re"ence o6 '-

tar! ba"e" n t4e /4ne".[2] t4 t4e e<raton o6 t4e R/@'- #tar! Ba"e"

Agreeent, t4e eroc tar! e<erc"e" concte beteen t4e to contre" ere 4e n

abe!ance. Nott4"tanng, t4e e6en"e an "ecrt! reaton"4 beteen t4e /4ne" an t4e'nte -tate" o6 Aerca contne r"ant to t4e #ta e6en"e +reat!.

On &! 18, 1??7, t4e 'nte -tate" ane, 4eae b! '- e6en"e et! A"""tant -ecretar! 6or

A"a /ac6c rt Cabe, et t4 t4e /4ne ane, 4eae b! *oregn A66ar"

'ner"ecretar! Roo6o -e=erno &r., to e<c4ange note" on t4e coeentng "trategc ntere"t"o6 t4e 'nte -tate" an t4e /4ne" n t4e A"a@/ac6c regon. Bot4 "e" "c""e, aong

ot4er t4ng", t4e o""be eeent" o6 t4e )"tng *orce" Agreeent ()*A 6or bre=t!%.

Negotaton" b! bot4 ane" on t4e )*A e to a con"oate ra6t te<t, 4c4 n trn re"te toa 6na "ere" o6 con6erence" an negotaton" [3] t4at cnate n #ana on &anar! 12 an

13, 1??8. +4erea6ter, t4en /re"ent *e ). Rao" aro=e t4e )*A, 4c4 a" re"ect=e!

"gne b! bc re"onent -ecretar! -aon an 'nte" -tate" Aba""aor +4oa" bbaron *ebrar! 10, 1??8.

On October 5, 1??8, /re"ent &o"e4 E. E"traa, t4rog4 re"onent -ecretar! o6 *oregn

A66ar", rat6e t4e )*A.=[D]



On October >, 1??8, t4e /re"ent, actng t4rog4 re"onent E<ect=e -ecretar! Ronao

:aora, o66ca! tran"tte to t4e -enate o6 t4e /4ne",=[5] t4e n"trent o6 Rat6caton,

t4e etter o6 t4e /re"ent=[>] an t4e )*A, 6or concrrence r"ant to -ecton 21, Artce ) o6 t4e 1?87 Con"ttton. +4e -enate, n trn, re6erre t4e )*A to t" Cottee on *oregn

Reaton", c4are b! -enator Ba" *. Oe, an t" Cottee on Natona e6en"e an -ecrt!,

c4are b! -enator Roo6o G. Baon, 6or t4er Font con"eraton an recoenaton.+4erea6ter, Font bc 4earng" ere 4e b! t4e to Cottee".=[7]

On #a! 3, 1???, t4e Cottee" "btte /roo"e -enate Re"oton No. DD3=[8]

recoenng t4e concrrence o6 t4e -enate to t4e )*A an t4e creaton o6 a eg"at=e

O=er"g4t Cottee to o=er"ee t" eentaton. ebate" t4en en"e.

On #a! 27, 1???, /roo"e -enate Re"oton No. DD3 a" aro=e b! t4e -enate, b! a to@

t4r" (23% =ote<[?] o6 t" eber". -enate Re"oton No. DD3 a" t4en re@nbere a" -enate

Re"oton No. 18.<[10]

On &ne 1, 1???, t4e )*A o66ca! entere nto 6orce a6ter an E<c4ange o6 Note" beteenre"onent -ecretar! -aon an 'nte -tate" Aba""aor bbar.

+4e )*A, 4c4 con""t" o6 a /reabe an nne (?% Artce", ro=e" 6or t4e ec4an" 6or

regatng t4e crc"tance" an conton" ner 4c4 '- Are *orce" an e6en"e

er"onne a! be re"ent n t4e /4ne", an " Hote n t" 6 te<t, 4erener

Artce e6nton"

A" "e n t4" Agreeent, 'nte -tate" er"onne ean" 'nte -tate" tar! an

c=an er"onne teorar! n t4e /4ne" n connecton t4 act=te" aro=e b!t4e /4ne Go=ernent.

t4n t4" e6nton

1.+4e ter tar! er"onne re6er" to tar! eber" o6 t4e 'nte -tate" Ar!, Na=!,

#arne Cor", Ar *orce, an Coa"t Gar.

2. +4e ter c=an er"onne re6er" to n=a" 4o are net4er natona" o6, nor

ornar! re"ent" n t4e /4ne" an 4o are eo!e b! t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce" or4o are accoan!ng t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce", "c4 a" eo!ee" o6 t4e Aercan Re

Cro"" an t4e 'nte -er=ce" Organaton.

Artce Re"ect 6or a

t " t4e t! o6 t4e 'nte -tate" er"onne to re"ect t4e a" o6 t4e Rebc o6 t4e

/4ne" an to ab"tan 6ro an! act=t! ncon""tent t4 t4e "rt o6 t4" agreeent,



an, n artcar, 6ro an! otca act=t! n t4e /4ne". +4e Go=ernent o6 t4e

'nte -tate" "4a ta$e a ea"re" t4n t" at4ort! to en"re t4at t4" " one.

Artce Entr! an eartre

1. +4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne" "4a 6actate t4e a""on o6 'nte -tate"

er"onne an t4er eartre 6ro t4e /4ne" n connecton t4 act=te" co=ere

b! t4" agreeent.

2. 'nte -tate" tar! er"onne "4a be e<et 6ro a""ort an ="a regaton" onenterng an eartng t4e /4ne".

3. +4e 6oong ocent" on!, 4c4 "4a be re"ente on ean, "4a be reHre n

re"ect o6 'nte -tate" tar! er"onne 4o enter t4e /4ne"

(a% er"ona entt! car ""e b! t4e arorate 'nte -tate" at4ort! "4ong 6nae, ate o6 brt4, ran$ or grae an "er=ce nber (6 an!%, branc4 o6 "er=ce

an 4otogra4I

(b% n=a or coect=e ocent ""e b! t4e arorate 'nte -tate" at4ort!,

at4orng t4e tra=e or ="t an ent6!ng t4e n=a or gro a" 'nte-tate" tar! er"onneI an

(c% t4e coanng o66cer o6 a tar! arcra6t or =e""e "4a re"ent a ecaraton o6

4eat4, an 4en reHre b! t4e cognant rere"entat=e o6 t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e

/4ne", "4a conct a Harantne n"ecton an cert6! t4at t4e arcra6t or

=e""e " 6ree 6ro Harantnabe "ea"e". An! Harantne n"ecton o6 'nte-tate" arcra6t or 'nte -tate" =e""e" or cargoe" t4ereon "4a be concte b! t4e

'nte -tate" coanng o66cer n accorance t4 t4e nternatona 4eat4regaton" a" rogate b! t4e or eat4 Organaton, an ta! agree

rocere".

D. 'nte -tate" c=an er"onne "4a be e<et 6ro ="a reHreent" bt "4a re"ent,

on ean, =a a""ort" on entr! an eartre o6 t4e /4ne".

5. 6 t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne" 4a" reHe"te t4e reo=a o6 an! 'nte -tate" er"onne 6ro t" terrtor!, t4e 'nte -tate" at4orte" "4a be re"on"be 6or

rece=ng t4e er"on concerne t4n t" on terrtor! or ot4er"e "o"ng o6 "a er"on ot"e o6 t4e /4ne".

Artce )

r=ng an )e4ce Reg"traton



1. /4ne at4orte" "4a accet a" =a, t4ot te"t or 6ee, a r=ng ert or cen"e

""e b! t4e arorate 'nte -tate" at4ort! to 'nte -tate" er"onne 6or t4e

oeraton o6 tar! or o66ca =e4ce".

2. )e4ce" one b! t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e 'nte -tate" nee not be reg"tere, bt "4a

4a=e arorate ar$ng".

Artce )

Crna &r"cton

1. -bFect to t4e ro="on" o6 t4" artce

(a% /4ne at4orte" "4a 4a=e Fr"cton o=er 'nte -tate" er"onne t4

re"ect to o66en"e" cotte t4n t4e /4ne" an n"4abe ner t4e a o6

t4e /4ne".

(b% 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" "4a 4a=e t4e rg4t to e<erc"e t4n t4e/4ne" a crna an "cnar! Fr"cton con6erre on t4e b! t4e tar!

a o6 t4e 'nte -tate" o=er 'nte -tate" er"onne n t4e /4ne".

2. (a% /4ne at4orte" e<erc"e e<c"=e Fr"cton o=er 'nte -tate" er"onne

t4 re"ect to o66en"e", ncng o66en"e" reatng to t4e "ecrt! o6 t4e/4ne", n"4abe ner t4e a" o6 t4e /4ne", bt not ner t4e a"

o6 t4e 'nte -tate".

(b% 'nte -tate" at4orte" e<erc"e e<c"=e Fr"cton o=er 'nte -tate"

er"onne t4 re"ect to o66en"e", ncng o66en"e" reatng to t4e "ecrt! o6

t4e 'nte -tate", n"4abe ner t4e a" o6 t4e 'nte -tate", bt not nert4e a" o6 t4e /4ne".

(c% *or t4e ro"e" o6 t4" aragra4 an aragra4 3 o6 t4" artce, an o66en"e

reatng to "ecrt! ean"

(1% trea"onI

(2% "abotage, e"onage or =oaton o6 an! a reatng to natona e6en"e.

3. n ca"e" 4ere t4e rg4t to e<erc"e Fr"cton " concrrent, t4e 6oong re" "4a

a!

(a% /4ne at4orte" "4a 4a=e t4e rar! rg4t to e<erc"e Fr"cton o=er ao66en"e" cotte b! 'nte -tate" er"onne, e<cet n ca"e" ro=e 6or n

aragra4" 1(b%, 2 (b%, an 3 (b% o6 t4" Artce.



(b% 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" "4a 4a=e t4e rar! rg4t to e<erc"e

Fr"cton o=er 'nte -tate" er"onne "bFect to t4e tar! a o6 t4e 'nte

-tate" n reaton to.

(1% o66en"e" "oe! agan"t t4e roert! or "ecrt! o6 t4e 'nte -tate" or o66en"e"

"oe! agan"t t4e roert! or er"on o6 'nte -tate" er"onneI an

(2% o66en"e" ar"ng ot o6 an! act or o""on one n er6orance o6 o66ca t!.

(c% +4e at4orte" o6 et4er go=ernent a! reHe"t t4e at4orte" o6 t4e ot4er

go=ernent to a=e t4er rar! rg4t to e<erc"e Fr"cton n a artcar ca"e.

(% Recognng t4e re"on"bt! o6 t4e 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" to antan

goo orer an "cne aong t4er 6orce", /4ne at4orte" , on reHe"t

b! t4e 'nte -tate", a=e t4er rar! rg4t to e<erc"e Fr"cton e<cet n ca"e"

o6 artcar ortance to t4e /4ne". 6 t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne"

eterne" t4at t4e ca"e " o6 artcar ortance, t "4a concate "c4eternaton to t4e 'nte -tate" at4orte" t4n tent! (20% a!" a6ter t4e

/4ne at4orte" rece=e t4e 'nte -tate" reHe"t.

(e% 4en t4e 'nte -tate" tar! coaner eterne" t4at an o66en"e c4arge b!

at4orte" o6 t4e /4ne" agan"t 'nte "tate" er"onne ar"e" ot o6 an act or

o""on one n t4e er6orance o6 o66ca t!, t4e coaner ""e a

cert6cate "ettng 6ort4 "c4 eternaton. +4" cert6cate be tran"tte to t4earorate at4orte" o6 t4e /4ne" an con"ttte "66cent roo6 o6

er6orance o6 o66ca t! 6or t4e ro"e" o6 aragra4 3(b%(2% o6 t4" Artce. n

t4o"e ca"e" 4ere t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne" bee=e" t4e crc"tance" o6 t4e

ca"e reHre a re=e o6 t4e t! cert6cate, 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" an/4ne at4orte" "4a con"t eate!. /4ne at4orte" at t4e 4g4e"t

e=e" a! a"o re"ent an! n6oraton bearng on t" =at!. 'nte -tate" tar!at4orte" "4a ta$e 6 accont o6 t4e /4ne o"ton. 4ere arorate, 'nte

-tate" tar! at4orte" ta$e "cnar! or ot4er acton agan"t o66ener" n

o66ca t! ca"e", an not6! t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne" o6 t4e acton" ta$en.

(6% 6 t4e go=ernent 4a=ng t4e rar! rg4t oe" not e<erc"e Fr"cton, t "4anot6! t4e at4orte" o6 t4e ot4er go=ernent a" "oon a" o""be.

(g% +4e at4orte" o6 t4e /4ne" an t4e 'nte -tate" "4a not6! eac4 ot4er o6

t4e "o"ton o6 a ca"e" n 4c4 bot4 t4e at4orte" o6 t4e /4ne" an t4e'nte -tate" 4a=e t4e rg4t to e<erc"e Fr"cton.

D. t4n t4e "coe o6 t4er ega coetence, t4e at4orte" o6 t4e /4ne" an 'nte -tate""4a a"""t eac4 ot4er n t4e arre"t o6 'nte -tate" er"onne n t4e /4ne" an n 4anng

t4e o=er to at4orte" 4o are to e<erc"e Fr"cton n accorance t4 t4e ro="on" o6 t4"

artce.



5. 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" "4a rot! not6! /4ne at4orte" o6 t4e arre"t or

etenton o6 'nte -tate" er"onne 4o are "bFect o6 /4ne rar! or e<c"=e

Fr"cton. /4ne at4orte" "4a rot! not6! 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" o6 t4earre"t or etenton o6 an! 'nte -tate" er"onne.

>. +4e c"to! o6 an! 'nte -tate" er"onne o=er 4o t4e /4ne" " to e<erc"e Fr"cton "4a eate! re"e t4 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte", 6 t4e! "o reHe"t,

6ro t4e co""on o6 t4e o66en"e nt coeton o6 a Fca roceeng". 'nte -tate"tar! at4orte" "4a, on 6ora not6caton b! t4e /4ne at4orte" an t4ot

ea!, a$e "c4 er"onne a=aabe to t4o"e at4orte" n te 6or an! n=e"tgat=e or Fca

roceeng" reatng to t4e o66en"e t4 4c4 t4e er"on 4a" been c4arge n e<traornar!ca"e", t4e /4ne Go=ernent "4a re"ent t" o"ton to t4e 'nte -tate" Go=ernent

regarng c"to!, 4c4 t4e 'nte -tate" Go=ernent "4a ta$e nto 6 accont. n t4e e=ent

/4ne Fca roceeng" are not coete t4n one !ear, t4e 'nte -tate" "4a beree=e o6 an! obgaton" ner t4" aragra4. +4e one@!ear ero not nce t4e te

nece""ar! to aea. A"o, t4e one@!ear ero not nce an! te rng 4c4 "c4ee

tra rocere" are ea!e beca"e 'nte -tate" at4orte", a6ter te! not6caton b!/4ne at4orte" to arrange 6or t4e re"ence o6 t4e acc"e, 6a to o "o.

7. t4n t4e "coe o6 t4er ega at4ort!, 'nte -tate" an /4ne at4orte" "4a

a"""t eac4 ot4er n t4e carr!ng ot o6 a nece""ar! n=e"tgaton nto o66en"e" an "4a

cooerate n ro=ng 6or t4e attenance o6 tne""e" an n t4e coecton an rocton o6e=ence, ncng "ere an, n roer ca"e", t4e e=er! o6 obFect" connecte t4 an

o66en"e.

8. 4en 'nte -tate" er"onne 4a=e been tre n accorance t4 t4e ro="on" o6 t4"

Artce an 4a=e been acHtte or 4a=e been con=cte an are "er=ng, or 4a=e "er=e t4er

"entence, or 4a=e 4a t4er "entence rette or ""ene, or 4a=e been arone, t4e! a! not be tre agan 6or t4e "ae o66en"e n t4e /4ne". Not4ng n t4" aragra4, 4oe=er, "4a

re=ent 'nte -tate" tar! at4orte" 6ro tr!ng 'nte -tate" er"onne 6or an! =oatono6 re" o6 "cne ar"ng 6ro t4e act or o""on 4c4 con"ttte an o66en"e 6or 4c4

t4e! ere tre b! /4ne at4orte".

?. 4en 'nte -tate" er"onne are etane, ta$en nto c"to!, or ro"ecte b!

/4ne at4orte", t4e! "4a be accore a rocera "a6egar" e"tab"4e b! t4e a o6t4e /4ne". At t4e n, 'nte -tate" er"onne "4a be entte

(a% +o a rot an "ee! traI

(b% +o be n6ore n a=ance o6 tra o6 t4e "ec6c c4arge or c4arge" ae agan"t

t4e an to 4a=e rea"onabe te to reare a e6en"eI

(c% +o be con6ronte t4 tne""e" agan"t t4e an to cro"" e<ane "c4tne""e"I



(% +o re"ent e=ence n t4er e6en"e an to 4a=e co"or! roce"" 6or obtanng

tne""e"I

(e% +o 4a=e 6ree an a"""te ega rere"entaton o6 t4er on c4oce on t4e "ae ba"" a" natona" o6 t4e /4ne"I

(6% +o 4a=e t4e "er=ce o6 a coetent nterreterI an

(g% +o concate rot! t4 an to be ="te regar! b! 'nte -tate"

at4orte", an to 4a=e "c4 at4orte" re"ent at a Fca roceeng". +4e"e

roceeng" "4a be bc ne"" t4e cort, n accorance t4 /4ne a",e<ce" er"on" 4o 4a=e no roe n t4e roceeng".

10. +4e con6neent or etenton b! /4ne at4orte" o6 'nte -tate" er"onne "4a be

carre ot n 6acte" agree on b! arorate /4ne an 'nte -tate" at4orte". 'nte

-tate" /er"onne "er=ng "entence" n t4e /4ne" "4a 4a=e t4e rg4t to ="t" an atera

a"""tance.

11. 'nte -tate" er"onne "4a be "bFect to tra on! n /4ne cort" o6 ornar!

Fr"cton, an "4a not be "bFect to t4e Fr"cton o6 /4ne tar! or rego" cort".

Artce )Ca"

1. E<cet 6or contracta arrangeent", ncng 'nte -tate" 6oregn tar! "ae" etter" o6

o66er an accetance an ea"e" o6 tar! eHent, bot4 go=ernent" a=e an! an a

ca" agan"t eac4 ot4er 6or aage, o"" or e"trcton to roert! o6 eac4 ot4er" are 6orce"

or 6or eat4 or nFr! to t4er tar! an c=an er"onne ar"ng 6ro act=te" to 4c4 t4"agreeent ae".

2. *or ca" agan"t t4e 'nte -tate", ot4er t4an contracta ca" an t4o"e to 4c4

aragra4 1 ae", t4e 'nte -tate" Go=ernent, n accorance t4 'nte -tate" aregarng 6oregn ca", a! F"t an rea"onabe coen"aton n "etteent o6 ertoro"

ca" 6or aage, o"", er"ona nFr! or eat4, ca"e b! act" or o""on" o6 'nte -tate"

er"onne, or ot4er"e ncent to t4e non@cobat act=te" o6 t4e 'nte -tate" 6orce".

Artce )ortaton an E<ortaton

1. 'nte -tate" Go=ernent eHent, atera", "e", an ot4er roert! orte nto or

acHre n t4e /4ne" b! or on be4a6 o6 t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce" n connecton t4act=te" to 4c4 t4" agreeent ae", "4a be 6ree o6 a /4ne te", ta<e" an ot4er

"ar c4arge". +te to "c4 roert! "4a rean t4 t4e 'nte -tate", 4c4 a! reo=e

"c4 roert! 6ro t4e /4ne" at an! te, 6ree 6ro e<ort te", ta<e", an ot4er "ar

c4arge". +4e e<eton" ro=e n t4" aragra4 "4a a"o e<ten to an! t!, ta<, or ot4er"ar c4arge" 4c4 o ot4er"e be a""e""e on "c4 roert! a6ter ortaton nto, or



acH"ton t4n, t4e /4ne". -c4 roert! a! be reo=e 6ro t4e /4ne", or

"o"e o6 t4eren, ro=e t4at "o"ton o6 "c4 roert! n t4e /4ne" to er"on" or

entte" not entte to e<eton 6ro acabe ta<e" an te" "4a be "bFect to a!ent o6"c4 ta<e", an te" an ror aro=a o6 t4e /4ne Go=ernent.

2. Rea"onabe Hantte" o6 er"ona baggage, er"ona e66ect", an ot4er roert! 6or t4e er"ona "e o6 'nte -tate" er"onne a! be orte nto an "e n t4e /4ne" 6ree o6

a te", ta<e" an ot4er "ar c4arge" rng t4e ero o6 t4er teorar! "ta! n t4e/4ne". +ran"6er" to er"on" or entte" n t4e /4ne" not entte to ort r=ege"

a! on! be ae on ror aro=a o6 t4e arorate /4ne at4orte" ncng

a!ent b! t4e recent o6 acabe te" an ta<e" o"e n accorance t4 t4e a" o6t4e /4ne". +4e e<ortaton o6 "c4 roert! an o6 roert! acHre n t4e /4ne" b!

'nte -tate" er"onne "4a be 6ree o6 a /4ne te", ta<e", an ot4er "ar c4arge".

Artce )

#o=eent o6 )e""e" an Arcra6t

1. Arcra6t oerate b! or 6or t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce" a! enter t4e /4ne"

on aro=a o6 t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne" n accorance t4 rocere" "tate n

eentng arrangeent".

2. )e""e" oerate b! or 6or t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce" a! enter t4e /4ne" onaro=a o6 t4e Go=ernent o6 t4e /4ne". +4e o=eent o6 =e""e" "4a be n accorance

t4 nternatona c"to an ractce go=ernng "c4 =e""e", an "c4 agree eentng

arrangeent" a" nece""ar!.

3. )e4ce", =e""e", an arcra6t oerate b! or 6or t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce" "4a not be

"bFect to t4e a!ent o6 anng or ort 6ee", na=gaton or o=er 6g4t c4arge", or to" or ot4er"e c4arge", ncng g4t an 4arbor e", 4e n t4e /4ne". Arcra6t oerate b! or 6or

t4e 'nte -tate" are 6orce" "4a ob"er=e oca ar tra66c contro regaton" 4e n t4e/4ne". )e""e" one or oerate b! t4e 'nte -tate" "oe! on 'nte -tate" Go=ernent

non@coerca "er=ce "4a not be "bFect to co"or! otage at /4ne ort".

Artce 9

raton an +ernaton

+4" agreeent "4a enter nto 6orce on t4e ate on 4c4 t4e arte" 4a=e not6e eac4ot4er n rtng t4rog4 t4e oatc c4anne t4at t4e! 4a=e coete t4er con"tttona

reHreent" 6or entr! nto 6orce. +4" agreeent "4a rean n 6orce nt t4e e<ratono6 180 a!" 6ro t4e ate on 4c4 et4er art! g=e" t4e ot4er art! notce n rtng t4at te"re" to ternate t4e agreeent.

Via t4e"e con"oate<[11] etton" 6or certorar an ro4bton, ettoner" @ a" eg"ator",

non@go=ernenta organaton", cten" an ta<a!er" @ a""a t4e con"tttonat! o6 t4e )*A

an te to 4eren re"onent" gra=e ab"e o6 "creton n rat6!ng t4e agreeent.



e 4a=e "6e t4e ""e" ra"e b! t4e ettoner" nto t4e 6oong

o ettoner" 4a=e ega "tanng a" concerne cten", ta<a!er", or eg"ator" to He"ton

t4e con"tttonat! o6 t4e )*AJ

" t4e )*A go=erne b! t4e ro="on" o6 -ecton 21, Artce ) or o6 -ecton 25, Artce

9) o6 t4e Con"tttonJ

oe" t4e )*A con"ttte an abcaton o6 /4ne "o=eregnt!J

a.Are /4ne cort" er=e o6 t4er Fr"cton to 4ear an tr! o66en"e" cotte b! '-tar! er"onneJ

b. " t4e -ree Cort er=e o6 t" Fr"cton o=er o66en"e" n"4abe b! rec"on

ereta or 4g4erJ

)

oe" t4e )*A =oate

a. t4e eHa rotecton ca"e ner -ecton 1, Artce o6 t4e Con"tttonJ

b. t4e /ro4bton agan"t ncear eaon" ner Artce , -ecton 8J

c. -ecton 28 (D%, Artce ) o6 t4e Con"ttton grantng t4e e<eton 6ro ta<e" an

te" 6or t4e eHent, atera" "e" an ot4er roerte" orte nto or acHre n t4e

/4ne" b!, or on be4a6, o6 t4e '- Are *orce"J

LOCUS STANDI

At t4e ot"et, re"onent" c4aenge ettoner" "tanng to "e, on t4e gron t4at t4e atter 4a=e

not "4on an! ntere"t n t4e ca"e, an t4at ettoner" 6ae to "b"tantate t4at t4e! 4a=e

""tane, or ""tan rect nFr! a" a re"t o6 t4e oeraton o6 t4e )*A.<

[12] /ettoner",on t4e ot4er 4an, conter t4at t4e =at! or n=at! o6 t4e )*A " a atter o6 tran"cenenta

ortance 4c4 F"t6e" t4er "tanng.<[13]

A art! brngng a "t c4aengng t4e con"tttonat! o6 a a, act, or "tatte "t "4o not

on! t4at t4e a " n=a, bt a"o t4at 4e 4a" ""tane or n " n eate, or nentanger o6 ""tanng "oe rect nFr! a" a re"t o6 t" en6orceent, an not ere! t4at 4e

"66er" t4ereb! n "oe ne6nte a!. e "t "4o t4at 4e 4a" been, or " abot to be, ene



"oe rg4t or r=ege to 4c4 4e " a6! entte, or t4at 4e " abot to be "bFecte to

"oe bren" or enate" b! rea"on o6 t4e "tatte coane o6. <=[1D]

n t4e ca"e be6ore ", ettoner" 6ae to "4o, to t4e "at"6acton o6 t4" Cort, t4at t4e! 4a=e""tane, or are n anger o6 ""tanng an! rect nFr! a" a re"t o6 t4e en6orceent o6 t4e

)*A. A" ta<a!er", ettoner" 4a=e not e"tab"4e t4at t4e )*A n=o=e" t4e e<erc"e b!Congre"" o6 t" ta<ng or "enng oer".<=[15] On t4" ont, t bear" "tre""ng t4at a ta<a!er"

"t re6er" to a ca"e 4ere t4e act coane o6 rect! n=o=e" t4e ega "br"eent o6 bc 6n" er=e 6ro ta<aton.<=[1>] +4", n Bugnay Const. & Development Corp. vs.

Laron xvii [17] , e 4e

< < < t " e<gent t4at t4e ta<a!er@ant66 "66cent! "4o t4at 4e o be bene6te ornFre b! t4e Fgent or entte to t4e a=a" o6 t4e "t a" a rea art! n ntere"t. Be6ore 4e

can n=o$e t4e oer o6 Fca re=e, 4e "t "ec6ca! ro=e t4at 4e 4a" "66cent ntere"t

n re=entng t4e ega e<entre o6 one! ra"e b! ta<aton an t4at 4e ""tan a rect

nFr! a" a re"t o6 t4e en6orceent o6 t4e He"tone "tatte or contract. t " not "66cent t4at

4e 4a" ere! a genera ntere"t coon to a eber" o6 t4e bc.

Cear!, na"c4 a" no bc 6n" ra"e b! ta<aton are n=o=e n t4" ca"e, an n t4e

ab"ence o6 an! aegaton b! ettoner" t4at bc 6n" are beng ""ent or ega!

e<ene, ettoner", a" ta<a!er", 4a=e no ega "tanng to a""a t4e egat! o6 t4e )*A.

-ar!, Rere"entat=e" gberto +aaa, Agato AHno an &o$er Arro!o, a" ettoner"@

eg"ator", o not o""e"" t4e reH"te locus standi to antan t4e re"ent "t. 4e t4"

Cort, n Phil. Constitution Association vs. Hon. Salvador nri!ue", xviii [18] ""tane t4e ega"tanng o6 a eber o6 t4e -enate an t4e o"e o6 Rere"entat=e" to He"ton t4e =at! o6

a re"enta =eto or a conton o"e on an te n an aroraton b, e cannot, at t4"

n"tance, "ar! 4o ettoner" "tanng a" eber" o6 Congre"", n t4e ab"ence o6 a cear"4ong o6 an! rect nFr! to t4er er"on or to t4e n"ttton to 4c4 t4e! beong.

Be!on t4", t4e aegaton" o6 arent o6 eg"at=e oer, "c4 a" t4e eegaton o6 t4e

oer o6 Congre"" to grant ta< e<eton", are ore aarent t4an rea. 4e t a! be tre

t4at ettoner" onte to ro="on" o6 t4e )*A 4c4 aege! ar t4er eg"at=e oer",

ettoner" 6ae 4oe=er to "66cent! "4o t4at t4e! 4a=e n 6act "66ere rect nFr!.

n t4e "ae =en, ettoner ntegrate Bar o6 t4e /4ne" (B/% " "tre o6 "tanng n

t4e"e ca"e". A" at! ob"er=e b! t4e -octor Genera, t4e B/ ac$" t4e ega caact! to brng

t4" "t n t4e ab"ence o6 a boar re"oton 6ro t" Boar o6 Go=ernor" at4orng t" Natona

/re"ent to coence t4e re"ent acton.

<<

[1?]

Nott4"tanng, n =e o6 t4e araont ortance an t4e con"tttona "gn6cance o6 t4e

""e" ra"e n t4e etton", t4" Cort, n t4e e<erc"e o6 t" "on "creton, br"4e" a"e t4e

rocera barrer an ta$e" cognance o6 t4e etton", a" e 4a=e one n t4e ear!

mergency Po#ers Cases, xx [20] 4ere e 4a occa"on to re



< < < ornar! cten" an ta<a!er" ere aoe to He"ton t4e con"tttonat! o6 "e=era

e<ect=e orer" ""e b! /re"ent ;rno at4og4 t4e! ere n=o=ng on! an nrect an

genera ntere"t "4are n coon t4 t4e bc. +4e Cort """e t4e obFecton t4at t4e!ere not roer arte" an re t4at transcendental importance to the public of these cases

demands that they be settled promptly and definitely, brushing aside, if we must,

technicalities of procedure. e 4a=e "nce t4en ae t4e e<ceton n an! ot4er ca"e".(A""ocaton o6 -a anoner" n t4e /4ne", nc. =. -ec. o6 Agraran Re6or, 175

-CRA 3D3%. ('ner"corng -e%

+4" rnce a" reterate n t4e "b"eHent ca"e" o6 $on"ales vs. C%LC ,<<[21] Da"a vs.

Singson,<<[22] an Basco vs. Phil. Amusement and $aming Corporation, xxiii [23] 4ere ee4atca! 4e

Con"erng 4oe=er t4e ortance to t4e bc o6 t4e ca"e at bar, an n $eeng t4 t4e

Cort" t!, ner t4e 1?87 Con"ttton, to eterne 4et4er or not t4e ot4er branc4e" o6 t4e

go=ernent 4a=e $et t4e"e=e" t4n t4e t" o6 t4e Con"ttton an t4e a" an t4at t4e!

4a=e not ab"e t4e "creton g=en to t4e, t4e Cort 4a" br"4e a"e tec4ncate" o6 rocere an 4a" ta$en cognance o6 t4" etton. < < <

Agan, n t4e ore recent ca"e o6 'ilos(ayan vs. $uingona, )r.,<<=[2D] t4"Cort re t4at n

ca"e" o6 tran"cenenta ortance, the Court may relax the standing requirements and allow

a suit to prosper even where there is no direct injury to the party claiming the right of

judicial review.

At4og4 cort" genera! a=o 4a=ng to ece a con"tttona He"ton ba"e on t4e octrneo6 "earaton o6 oer", 4c4 enFon" on t4e eartent" o6 t4e go=ernent a becong

re"ect 6or eac4 ot4er" act",<<=[25] t4" Cort ne=ert4ee"" re"o=e" to ta$e cognance o6 t4e

n"tant etton". APPLICABL CONSTITUTIONAL P!OVISION

One 6oca ont o6 nHr! n t4" contro=er"! " t4e eternaton o6 4c4 ro="on o6 t4eCon"ttton ae", t4 regar to t4e e<erc"e b! t4e "enate o6 t" con"tttona oer to

concr t4 t4e )*A. /ettoner" arge t4at -ecton 25, Artce 9) " acabe con"erng

t4at t4e )*A 4a" 6or t" "bFect t4e re"ence o6 6oregn tar! troo" n t4e /4ne".Re"onent", on t4e contrar!, antan t4at -ecton 21, Artce ) "4o a! na"c4 a" t4e

)*A " not a ba"ng arrangeent bt an agreeent 4c4 n=o=e" ere! t4e teorar! ="t" o6

'nte -tate" er"onne engage n Font tar! e<erc"e".

+4e 1?87 /4ne Con"ttton contan" to ro="on" reHrng t4e concrrence o6 t4e-enate on treate" or nternatona agreeent". -ecton 21, Artce ), 4c4 4eren re"onent"

n=o$e, rea"

No treat! or nternatona agreeent "4a be =a an e66ect=e ne"" concrre n b! at ea"t

to@t4r" o6 a t4e #eber" o6 t4e -enate.



-ecton 25, Artce 9), ro=e"

A6ter t4e e<raton n 1??1 o6 t4e Agreeent beteen t4e Rebc o6 t4e /4ne" an t4e

'nte -tate" o6 Aerca concernng #tar! Ba"e", 6oregn tar! ba"e", troo", or 6acte""4a not be aoe n t4e /4ne" e<cet ner a treat! ! concrre n b! t4e "enate an,

4en t4e Congre"" "o reHre", rat6e b! a aFort! o6 t4e =ote" ca"t b! t4e eoe n a natonare6eren 4e 6or t4at ro"e, an recogne a" a treat! b! t4e ot4er contractng -tate.

-ecton 21, Artce ) ea" t4 treat"e or nternatona agreeent" n genera, n 4c4 ca"e,t4e concrrence o6 at ea"t to@t4r" (23% o6 a t4e #eber" o6 t4e -enate " reHre to a$e

t4e "bFect treat!, or nternatona agreeent, =a an bnng on t4e art o6 t4e /4ne".

+4" ro="on a!" on t4e genera re on treat"e or nternatona agreeent" an ae" toan! 6or o6 treat! t4 a e =aret! o6 "bFect atter, "c4 a", bt not te to, e<traton or

ta< treat"e or t4o"e econoc n natre. A treate" or nternatona agreeent" entere nto b!

t4e /4ne", regare"" o6 "bFect atter, co=erage, or artcar e"gnaton or aeaton,

reHre" t4e concrrence o6 t4e -enate to be =a an e66ect=e.

n contra"t, -ecton 25, Artce 9) " a "eca ro="on t4at ae" to treate" 4c4 n=o=e

t4e re"ence o6 6oregn tar! ba"e", troo" or 6acte" n t4e /4ne". 'ner t4"

ro="on, t4e concrrence o6 t4e -enate " on! one o6 t4e reH"te" to rener coance t4

t4e con"tttona reHreent" an to con"er t4e agreeent bnng on t4e /4ne". -ecton25, Artce 9) 6rt4er reHre" t4at 6oregn tar! ba"e", troo", or 6acte" a! be aoe

n t4e /4ne" on! b! =rte o6 a treat! ! concrre n b! t4e -enate, rat6e b! a

aFort! o6 t4e =ote" ca"t n a natona re6eren 4e 6or t4at ro"e 6 "o reHre b!Congre"", an recogne a" "c4 b! t4e ot4er contractng "tate.

t " or con"ere =e t4at bot4 con"tttona ro="on", 6ar 6ro contractng eac4 ot4er,

acta! "4are "oe coon gron. +4e"e con"tttona ro="on" bot4 ebo! 4ra"e" n t4enegat=e an t4", are eee ro4btor! n anate an c4aracter. n artcar, -ecton 21oen" t4 t4e ca"e No treat! < < <, an -ecton 25 contan" t4e 4ra"e "4a not be aoe.

Atona!, n bot4 n"tance", t4e concrrence o6 t4e -enate " n"en"abe to rener t4e treat!

or nternatona agreeent =a an e66ect=e.

+o or n, t4e 6act t4at t4e /re"ent re6erre t4e )*A to t4e -enate ner -ecton 21, Artce), an t4at t4e -enate e<tene t" concrrence ner t4e "ae ro="on, " atera. *or n

et4er ca"e, 4et4er ner -ecton 21, Artce ) or -ecton 25, Artce 9), t4e 6naenta

a " cr!"tane t4at t4e concrrence o6 t4e -enate " anator! to co! t4 t4e "trctcon"tttona reHreent".

On t4e 4oe, t4e )*A " an agreeent 4c4 e6ne" t4e treatent o6 'nte -tate" troo" an

er"onne ="tng t4e /4ne". t ro=e" 6or t4e gene" to go=ern "c4 ="t" o6 tar!

er"onne, an 6rt4er e6ne" t4e rg4t" o6 t4e 'nte -tate" an t4e /4ne go=ernent nt4e atter o6 crna Fr"cton, o=eent o6 =e""e an arcra6t, ortaton an e<ortaton

o6 eHent, atera" an "e".



'nobte!, -ecton 25, Artce 9), 4c4 "ec6ca! ea" t4 treate" n=o=ng 6oregn

tar! ba"e", troo", or 6acte", "4o a! n t4e n"tant ca"e. +o a certan e<tent an n a

te "en"e, 4oe=er, t4e ro="on" o6 "ecton 21, Artce ) 6n acabt! t4regar to t4e ""e an 6or t4e "oe ro"e o6 eternng t4e nber o6 =ote" reHre to obtan

t4e =a concrrence o6 t4e -enate, a" be 6rt4er "c""e 4erener.

t " a 6ne!@bee rnce n "tattor! con"trcton t4at a "eca ro="on or a re=a"

o=er a genera one. Lex specialis derogat generali. +4", 4ere t4ere " n t4e "ae "tatte a artcar enactent an a"o a genera one 4c4, n t" o"t core4en"=e "en"e, o

nce 4at " ebrace n t4e 6orer, t4e artcar enactent "t be oerat=e, an t4e

genera enactent "t be ta$en to a66ect on! "c4 ca"e" t4n t" genera angage 4c4 arenot t4n t4e ro="on o6 t4e artcar enactent.<<=[2>]

n Leveri"a vs. *ntermediate Appellate Court ,<<=[27] e enncate

< < < t4at anot4er ba"c rnce o6 "tattor! con"trcton anate" t4at genera eg"aton "t

g=e a! to a "eca eg"aton on t4e "ae "bFect, an genera! be "o nterrete a" toebrace on! ca"e" n 4c4 t4e "eca ro="on" are not acabe (-to. ongo =". e o"

Angee", ?> -CRA 13?%, t4at a "ec6c "tatte re=a" o=er a genera "tatte (e &e"" =".

/eoe, 120 -CRA 7>0% an t4at 4ere to "tatte" are o6 eHa t4eoretca acaton to a

artcar ca"e, t4e one e"gne t4ere6or "eca! "4o re=a ( 4en"en nc. =".Ba!ot, 83 -CRA 38%.

#oreo=er, t " "eco" to arge t4at -ecton 25, Artce 9) " nacabe to ere tran"ent

agreeent" 6or t4e rea"on t4at t4ere " no eranent acng o6 "trctre 6or t4e e"tab"4ent o6a tar! ba"e. On t4" "core, t4e Con"ttton a$e" no "tncton beteen tran"ent an

eranent. Certan!, e 6n not4ng n -ecton 25, Artce 9) t4at reHre" "orei#n troops or

"acilities to be "tatone or ace permanently n t4e /4ne".

t " a rent n ega 4erenetc" t4at 4en no "tncton " ae b! a, t4e Cort "4onot "tng"4@ +(i lex non distinguit nec nos distinguire de(emos.

n $e anner, e o not "b"crbe to t4e argent t4at -ecton 25, Artce 9) " not

controng "nce no 6oregn tar! ba"e", bt ere! 6oregn troo" an 6acte", are n=o=e

n t4e )*A. Notab!, a er"a o6 "a con"tttona ro="on re=ea" t4at t4e ro"crtonco=er" "orei#n $ilitar% &ases, troops, or "acilities. -tate 66erent!, t4" ro4bton " not

te to t4e entr! o6 troo" an 6acte" t4ot an! 6oregn ba"e" beng e"tab"4e. +4e

ca"e oe" not re6er to "orei#n $ilitar% &ases, troops, or "acilities coect=e! bt treat" t4e a"

"earate an neenent "bFect". +4e "e o6 coa an t4e "Fnct=e or or cear!"gn6e" "a""ocaton an neenence o6 one t4ng 6ro t4e ot4er" nce n t4e

eneraton,<<=[28] "c4 t4at, t4e ro="on conteate" t4ree 66erent "taton" @ a tar!

treat! t4e "bFect o6 4c4 co be et4er (a% 6oregn ba"e", (b% 6oregn troo", or (c% 6oregn6acte" @ an! o6 t4e t4ree "tanng aone ace" t ner t4e co=erage o6 -ecton 25, Artce

9).



+o t4" en, t4e ntenton o6 t4e 6raer" o6 t4e C4arter, a" an6e"te rng t4e eberaton" o6

t4e 1?8> Con"tttona Co""on, " con""tent t4 t4" nterretaton

#R. #AA#BONG. F"t ant to are"" a He"ton or to to Co""oner Berna".

+4" 6oraton "ea$" o6 t4ree t4ng" 6oregn tar! ba"e", troo" or 6acte". #! 6r"tHe"ton " If the country does enter into such kind of a treaty, must it cover the three-

bases, troops or facilities-or could the treaty entered into cover only one or two

*R. BERNA-. !efinitely, it can cover only one. "hether it covers only one or it covers

three, the requirement will be the same.

#R. #AA#BONG. In other words, the #hilippine government can enter into a treaty

covering not bases but merely troops

*R. BERNA-. $es.

#R. #AA#BONG. cannot 6n an! rea"on 4! t4e go=ernent can enter nto a treat!

co=erng on! troo".

*R. BERNA-. 4! notJ /robab! 6 e "tretc4 or agnaton a tte bt ore, e 6n

"oe. e F"t ant to co=er e=er!t4ng.<<<[2?] ('ner"corng -e%

#oreo=er, tar! ba"e" e"tab"4e t4n t4e terrtor! o6 anot4er "tate " no onger =abe

beca"e o6 t4e aternat=e" o66ere b! ne ean" an eaon" o6 ar6are "c4 a" nceareaon", ge ""e" a" e a" 4ge "ea =e""e" t4at can "ta! a6oat n t4e "ea e=en 6or

ont4" an !ear" t4ot retrnng to t4er 4oe contr!. +4e"e tar! ar"4" are acta!

"e a" "b"ttte" 6or a an@4oe ba"e not on! o6 tar! arcra6t bt a"o o6 tar! er"onne an 6acte". Be"e", =e""e" are obe a" coare to a an@ba"e tar!

4eaHarter".

At t4" Fnctre, e "4a t4en re"o=e t4e ""e o6 4et4er or not t4e reHreent" o6 -ecton 25

ere coe t4 4en t4e -enate ga=e t" concrrence to t4e )*A.

-ecton 25, Artce 9) "ao" 6oregn tar! ba"e", troo", or 6acte" n t4e contr!,ne"" t4e 6oong conton" are "66cent! et, vi'( (a% t "t be ner a treatyI (b% t4e

treat! "t be duly concurred in by the %enate an, 4en "o reHre b! congre"", rat6e b! a

aFort! o6 t4e =ote" ca"t b! t4e eoe n a natona re6erenI an (c% recogni&ed as a treaty

b! t4e ot4er contractng "tate.

+4ere " no "te a" to t4e re"ence o6 t4e 6r"t to reH"te" n t4e ca"e o6 t4e )*A. +4e

concrrence 4ane b! t4e -enate t4rog4 Re"oton No. 18 " n accorance t4 t4e

ro="on" o6 t4e Con"ttton, 4et4er ner t4e genera reHreent n -ecton 21, Artce ),or t4e "ec6c anate entone n -ecton 25, Artce 9), t4e ro="on n t4e atter artce

reHrng rat6caton b! a aFort! o6 t4e =ote" ca"t n a natona re6eren beng nnece""ar!

"nce Congre"" 4a" not reHre t.



A" to t4e atter o6 =otng, %ection '(, )rticle *II artcar! reHre" t4at a treat! or

nternatona agreeent, to be =a an e66ect=e, "t be concurred in by at least two-thirds

of all the members of the %enate. On t4e ot4er 4an, -ecton 25, Artce 9) "! ro=e"t4at t4e treat! be duly concurred in by the %enate.

A!ng t4e 6oregong con"tttona ro="on", a to@t4r" =ote o6 a t4e eber" o6 t4e-enate " cear! reHre "o t4at t4e concrrence conteate b! a a! be =a! obtane

an eee re"ent. 4e t " tre t4at -ecton 25, Artce 9) reHre", aong ot4er t4ng",t4at t4e treat!@t4e )*A, n t4e n"tant ca"e@be ! concrre n b! t4e -enate, t " =er! tre

4oe=er t4at "a ro="on "t be reate an =ee n g4t o6 t4e cear anate eboe n

-ecton 21, Artce ), 4c4 n ore "ec6c ter", reHre" t4at t4e concrrence o6 a treat!, or nternatona agreeent, be ae b! a to @t4r" =ote o6 a t4e eber" o6 t4e -enate. nee,

-ecton 25, Artce 9) "t not be treate n "oaton to "ecton 21, Artce, ).

A" note, t4e concrrence reHreent ner -ecton 25, Artce 9) "t be con"tre n

reaton to t4e ro="on" o6 -ecton 21, Artce ). n a ore artcar angage, t4e

concrrence o6 t4e -enate conteate ner -ecton 25, Artce 9) ean" t4at at ea"t to@t4r" o6 a t4e eber" o6 t4e -enate 6a=orab! =ote to concr t4 t4e treat!@t4e )*A n t4e

n"tant ca"e.

'ner t4e"e crc"tance", t4e c4arter ro=e" t4at t4e -enate "4a be coo"e o6 tent!@6or (2D% -enator".<<<[30] t4ot a tnge o6 obt, to@t4r" (23% o6 t4" 6gre, or not e"" t4an

"<teen (1>% eber", 6a=orab! actng on t4e roo"a " an nHe"tonabe coance t4 t4e

reH"te nber o6 =ote" entone n -ecton 21 o6 Artce ). +4e 6act t4at t4ere ereacta! tent!@t4ree (23% ncbent -enator" at t4e te t4e =otng a" ae,<<<[31] not

ater n an! "gn6cant a! t4e crc"tance t4at ore t4an to@t4r" o6 t4e eber" o6 t4e

-enate concrre t4 t4e roo"e )*A, e=en 6 t4e to@t4r" =ote reHreent " ba"e on

t4" 6gre o6 acta eber" (23%. n t4" regar, t4e 6naenta a " cear t4at to@t4r" o6t4e 2D -enator", or at ea"t 1> 6a=orabe =ote", "66ce "o a" to rener coance t4 t4e "trct

con"tttona anate o6 g=ng concrrence to t4e "bFect treat!.

a=ng re"o=e t4at t4e 6r"t to reH"te" re"crbe n -ecton 25, Artce 9) are re"ent,e "4a no a"" on an e=e on t4e reHreent t4at t4e )*A "4o be recogne a" a

treat! b! t4e 'nte -tate" o6 Aerca.

/ettoner" content t4at t4e 4ra"e recogne a" a treat!, eboe n "ecton 25, Artce 9),

ean" t4at t4e )*A "4o 4a=e t4e a=ce an con"ent o6 t4e 'nte -tate" -enate r"ant tot" on con"tttona roce"", an t4at t "4o not be con"ere ere! an e<ect=e

agreeent b! t4e 'nte -tate".

n oo"ton, re"onent" arge t4at t4e etter o6 'nte -tate" Aba""aor bbar "tatng t4at

t4e )*A " bnng on t4e 'nte -tate" Go=ernent " conc"=e, on t4e ont t4at t4e )*A "recogne a" a treat! b! t4e 'nte -tate" o6 Aerca. Accorng to re"onent", t4e )*A, to be

bnng, "t on! be accete a" a treat! b! t4e 'nte -tate".



+4" Cort " o6 t4e 6r =e t4at t4e 4ra"e recogni"ed as a treaty ean" t4at t4e ot4er

contractng art! accepts or acno#ledges t4e agreeent a" a treat!.<<<[32] +o reHre t4e ot4er

contractng "tate, t4e 'nte -tate" o6 Aerca n t4" ca"e, to "bt t4e )*A to t4e 'nte-tate" -enate 6or concrrence r"ant to t" Con"ttton,<<<[33] " to accor "trct eanng to

t4e 4ra"e.

e@entrenc4e " t4e rnce t4at t4e or" "e n t4e Con"ttton are to be g=en t4er

ornar! eanng e<cet 4ere tec4nca ter" are eo!e, n 4c4 ca"e t4e "gn6cancet4" attac4e to t4e re=a". t" angage "4o be ner"too n t4e "en"e t4e! 4a=e n

coon "e.<<<=[3D]

#oreo=er, t " ncon"eHenta 4et4er t4e 'nte -tate" treat" t4e )*A on! a" an e<ect=eagreeent beca"e, ner nternatona a, an e<ect=e agreeent " a" bnng a" a treat!.<<<=

[35] +o be "re, a" ong a" t4e )*A o""e""e" t4e eeent" o6 an agreeent ner nternatona

a, t4e "a agreeent " to be ta$en eHa! a" a treat!.

A treat!, a" e6ne b! t4e )enna Con=enton on t4e a o6 +reate", " an nternatonan"trent conce beteen -tate" n rtten 6or an go=erne b! nternatona a, 4et4er

eboe n a "nge n"trent or n to or ore reate n"trent", an 4ate=er t"

artcar e"gnaton.<<<=[3>] +4ere are an! ot4er ter" "e 6or a treat! or nternatona

agreeent, "oe o6 4c4 are act, rotoco, agreeent, co$pro$is d ar&itra#e, concorat,con=enton, ecaraton, e<c4ange o6 note", act, "tatte, c4arter an $odus vivendi. A rter",

6ro go Grot" onar, 4a=e onte ot t4at t4e nae" or tte" o6 nternatona agreeent"

nce ner t4e genera ter treaty 4a=e tte or no ega "gn6cance. Certan ter" are"e6, bt t4e! 6rn"4 tte ore t4an ere e"crton.<<<=[37]

Artce 2(2% o6 t4e )enna Con=enton ro=e" t4at t4e ro="on" o6 aragra4 1 regarng t4e

"e o6 ter" n t4e re"ent Con=enton are t4ot reFce to t4e "e o6 t4o"e ter", or to t4eeanng" 4c4 a! be g=en to t4e n t4e nterna a o6 t4e -tate.

+4", n nternatona a, t4ere " no 66erence beteen treate" an e<ect=e agreeent" n

t4er bnng e66ect on "tate" concerne, a" ong a" t4e negotatng 6nctonare" 4a=e reane

t4n t4er oer".<<<=[38] nternatona a contne" to a$e no "tncton beteen treate"

an e<ect=e agreeent" t4e! are eHa! bnng obgaton" on naton".<<<<[3?]

n or Fr"cton, e 4a=e recogne t4e bnng e66ect o6 e<ect=e agreeent" e=en t4ot

t4e concrrence o6 t4e -enate or Congre"". n Commissioner o- Customs vs. astern Sea

rading, xl [D0] e 4a occa"on to rononce

< < < t4e rg4t o6 t4e E<ect=e to enter nto bnng agreeent" )it*out t4e nece""t! o6"b"eHent congre""ona aro=a 4a" been con"ir$ed &% lon# usa#e. *ro t4e eare"t a!" o6

or 4"tor! e 4a=e entere nto e<ect=e agreeent" co=erng "c4 "bFect" a" coerca an

con"ar reaton", o"t@6a=ore@naton rg4t", atent rg4t", traear$ an co!rg4t rotecton, o"ta an na=gaton arrangeent" an t4e "etteent o6 ca". T*e validit% o" t*ese *as never

&een seriousl% +uestioned &% our courts.



< < << < < < < <

*rt4erore, t4e 'nte -tate" -ree Cort 4a" e<re""! recogne t4e =at! an

con"tttonat! o6 e<ect=e agreeent" entere nto t4ot -enate aro=a. + Columbia

aw /eview, pp. 01-0123 +%ee, also, 4.%. vs. Curtis "right 5xport Corporation, ' 4.%.

62, 7( . ed. '118 4.%. vs. 9elmont, 6( 4.%. '2, 7( . ed. ((28 4.%. vs. #ink, (1 4.%.'6, 7: . ed. 0:8 ;&anic vs. 4.%. (77 <. 'd. '778 $ale aw =ournal, *ol. (1 pp. (61-(6:8

California aw /eview, *ol. '1, pp. :06-:018 >yde on International aw ?revised 5dition@,

*ol. ', pp. (261, (2(:-(2(78 willoughby on the 4.%. Constitution aw, *ol. I ?'d ed.@, pp.

10-1268 Aoore, International aw !igest, *ol. *, pp. '(6-'(78 >ackworth, International

aw !igest, *ol. *, pp. 6-2603. +Italics %upplied3 (E4a"" Or"%

+4e eberaton" o6 t4e Con"tttona Co""on 4c4 ra6te t4e 1?87 Con"ttton "

eng4tenng an 4g4!@n"trct=e

A/. A))A9;B. O6 cor"e t goe" t4ot "a!ng t4at a" 6ar a" rat6caton o6 t4e ot4er "tate

" concerne, t4at " entre! t4er concern ner t4er on a".

</. 95/B)%. Ye", bt e accet 4ate=er t4e! "a!. 6 t4e! "a! t4at e 4a=e onee=er!t4ng to a$e t a treat!, t4en a" 6ar a" e are concerne, e accet t a" a treat!.<

[D1]

+4e recor" re=ea t4at t4e 'nte -tate" Go=ernent, t4rog4 Aba""aor +4oa" C. bbar,

4a" "tate t4at t4e 'nte -tate" go=ernent 4a" 6! cotte to =ng to t4e ter" o6 t4e

)*A.<[D2] *or a" ong a" t4e nte -tate" o6 Aerca accet" or ac$noege" t4e )*A a" atreat!, an bn" t"e6 6rt4er to co! t4 t" obgaton" ner t4e treat!, t4ere " nee

ar$e coance t4 t4e anate o6 t4e Con"ttton.

ort4 "tre""ng too, " t4at t4e rat6caton, b! t4e /re"ent, o6 t4e )*A an t4e concrrence o6t4e -enate "4o be ta$en a" a cear an neH=oca e<re""on o6 or naton" con"ent to be bon b! "a treat!, t4 t4e concotant t! to 4o t4e obgaton" an re"on"bte"

eboe t4erener.

Rat6caton " genera! 4e to be an e<ect=e act, nerta$en b! t4e 4ea o6 t4e "tate or o6 t4ego=ernent, a" t4e ca"e a! be, t4rog4 4c4 t4e 6ora accetance o6 t4e treat! "

rocae.<[D3] A -tate a! ro=e n t" oe"tc eg"aton t4e roce"" o6 rat6caton o6 a

treat!. +4e con"ent o6 t4e -tate to be bon b! a treat! " e<re""e b! rat6caton 4en (a% t4e

treat! ro=e" 6or "c4 rat6caton, (b% t " ot4er"e e"tab"4e t4at t4e negotatng -tate"agree t4at rat6caton "4o be reHre, (c% t4e rere"entat=e o6 t4e -tate 4a" "gne t4e treat!

"bFect to rat6caton, or (% t4e ntenton o6 t4e -tate to "gn t4e treat! "bFect to rat6catonaear" 6ro t4e 6 oer" o6 t" rere"entat=e, or a" e<re""e rng t4e negotaton.<=[DD]

n or Fr"cton, t4e oer to rat6! " =e"te n t4e /re"ent an not, a" coon! bee=e,n t4e eg"atre. +4e roe o6 t4e -enate " te on! to g=ng or t44ong t" con"ent, or

concrrence, to t4e rat6caton.<=[D5]



t4 t4e rat6caton o6 t4e )*A, 4c4 " eH=aent to 6na accetance, an t4 t4e e<c4ange

o6 note" beteen t4e /4ne" an t4e 'nte -tate" o6 Aerca, t no becoe" obgator!

an ncbent on or art, ner t4e rnce" o6 nternatona a, to be bon b! t4e ter" o6t4e agreeent. +4", no e"" t4an -ecton 2, Artce o6 t4e Con"ttton,<=[D>] ecare" t4at t4e

/4ne" aot" t4e genera! accete rnce" o6 nternatona a a" art o6 t4e a o6 t4e

an an a4ere" to t4e oc! o6 eace, eHat!, F"tce, 6reeo, cooeraton an at! t4 anaton".

A" a eber o6 t4e 6a! o6 naton", t4e /4ne" agree" to be bon b! genera! accete

re" 6or t4e conct o6 t" nternatona reaton". 4e t4e nternatona obgaton e=o=e"

on t4e "tate an not on an! artcar branc4, n"ttton, or n=a eber o6 t"go=ernent, t4e /4ne" " nonet4ee"" re"on"be 6or =oaton" cotte b! an! branc4

or "b="on o6 t" go=ernent or an! o66ca t4ereo6. A" an ntegra art o6 t4e cont! o6

naton", e are re"on"be to a""re t4at or go=ernent, Con"ttton an a" carr! otor nternatona obgaton.<=[D7] ence, e cannot rea! ea t4e Con"ttton a" a

con=enent e<c"e 6or non@coance t4 or obgaton", te" an re"on"bte" ner

nternatona a.

Be!on t4", Artce 13 o6 t4e ecaraton o6 Rg4t" an te" o6 -tate" aote b! t4enternatona a Co""on n 1?D? ro=e" ver% State *as t*e dut% to carr% out in #ood

"ait* its o&li#ations arisin# "ro$ treaties and ot*er sources o" international la), and it $a% not

invoe provisions in its constitution or its la)s as an e-cuse "or "ailure to per"or$ t*is dut%. -lviii

[D8]

EHa! ortant " Artce 2> o6 t4e con=enton 4c4 ro=e" t4at E=er! treat! n 6orce "

bnng on t4e arte" to t an "t be er6ore b! t4e n goo 6at4. +4" " $non a" t4e

rnce o6 pacta sunt servanda 4c4 re"er=e" t4e "anctt! o6 treate" an 4a=e been one o6 t4e

o"t 6naenta rnce" o6 o"t=e nternatona a, "orte b! t4e Fr"rence o6nternatona trbna".<<[D?]

NO !AV ABUS O/ DISC!TION

n t4e n"tant contro=er"!, t4e /re"ent, n e66ect, " 4ea=! 6ate 6or e<erc"ng a oer an

er6orng a ta"$ con6erre on 4 b! t4e Con"ttton@t4e oer to enter nto an rat6!treate". +4rog4 t4e e<eenc! o6 Re >5 o6 t4e Re" o6 Cort, ettoner" n t4e"e

con"oate ca"e" te grave abuse of discretion on t4e art o6 t4e c4e6 E<ect=e n

rat6!ng t4e )*A, an re6errng t4e "ae to t4e -enate r"ant to t4e ro="on" o6 -ecton 21,Artce ) o6 t4e Con"ttton.

On t4" artcar atter, gra=e ab"e o6 "creton e" "c4 carco" an 4"ca

e<erc"e o6 Fgent a" " eH=aent to ac$ o6 Fr"cton, or, 4en t4e oer " e<erc"e n an

arbtrar! or e"otc anner b! rea"on o6 a""on or er"ona 4o"tt!, an t "t be "o atentan gro"" a" to aont to an e=a"on o6 o"t=e t! enFone or to act at a n conteaton o6

a.[50]



B! con"tttona 6at an b! t4e ntrn"c natre o6 4" o66ce, t4e /re"ent, a" 4ea o6 -tate, "

t4e "oe organ an at4ort! n t4e e<terna a66ar" o6 t4e contr!. n an! a!", t4e /re"ent "

t4e c4e6 arc4tect o6 t4e naton" 6oregn oc!I 4" onance n t4e 6e o6 6oregn reaton" "(t4en% concee.[51] eng =a"t oer" an n6ence, 4" conct n t4e e<terna a66ar" o6

t4e naton, a" &e66er"on e"crbe", " e-ecutive alto#et*er .K[52]

A" regar" t4e oer to enter nto treate" or nternatona agreeent", t4e Con"ttton =e"t" t4e

"ae n t4e /re"ent, "bFect on! to t4e concrrence o6 at ea"t to@t4r" =ote o6 a t4eeber" o6 t4e -enate. n t4" g4t, t4e negotaton o6 t4e )*A an t4e "b"eHent rat6caton o6

t4e agreeent are e<c"=e act" 4c4 ertan "oe! to t4e /re"ent, n t4e a6 e<erc"e o6

4" =a"t e<ect=e an oatc oer" grante 4 no e"" t4an b! t4e 6naenta a t"e6. Into t*e "ield o" ne#otiation t*e Senate cannot intrude, and Con#ress itsel" is po)erless to invade

it .[53] Con"eHent!, t4e act" or Fgent ca" o6 t4e /re"ent n=o=ng t4e )*A@"ec6ca!

t4e act" o6 rat6caton an enterng nto a treat! an t4o"e nece""ar! or ncenta to t4e e<erc"eo6 "c4 rnca act" @ "Hare! 6a t4n t4e "4ere o6 4" con"tttona oer" an t4", a!

not be =a! "trc$ on, c4 e"" cabrate b! t4" Cort, n t4e ab"ence o6 cear "4ong o6

gra=e ab"e o6 oer or "creton.

t " t4e Cort" con"ere =e t4at t4e /re"ent, n rat6!ng t4e )*A an n "bttng t4e"ae to t4e -enate 6or concrrence, acte t4n t4e con6ne" an t" o6 t4e oer" =e"te n

4 b! t4e Con"ttton. t " o6 no oent t4at t4e /re"ent, n t4e e<erc"e o6 4" e atte

o6 "creton an n t4e 4one"t bee6 t4at t4e )*A 6a" t4n t4e abt o6 -ecton 21, Artce) o6 t4e Con"ttton, re6erre t4e )*A to t4e -enate 6or concrrence ner t4e a6oreentone

ro="on. Certan!, no ab"e o6 "creton, c4 e"" a gra=e, atent an 4"ca ab"e o6

Fgent, a! be te to t4e /re"ent n 4" act o6 rat6!ng t4e )*A an re6errng t4e "ae

to t4e -enate 6or t4e ro"e o6 co!ng t4 t4e concrrence reHreent eboe n t4e6naenta a. n ong "o, t4e /re"ent ere! er6ore a con"tttona ta"$ an e<erc"e

a rerogat=e t4at c4e6! ertan" to t4e 6ncton" o6 4" o66ce. E=en 6 4e erre n "bttng t4e)*A to t4e -enate 6or concrrence ner t4e ro="on" o6 -ecton 21 o6 Artce ), n"tea o6-ecton 25 o6 Artce 9) o6 t4e Con"ttton, "t, t4e /re"ent a! not be 6ate or "carre,

c4 e"" be aFge gt! o6 cottng an ab"e o6 "creton n "oe atent, gro"", an

carco" anner.

*or 4e t " concee t4at Artce ), -ecton 1, o6 t4e Con"ttton 4a" broaene t4e "coeo6 Fca nHr! nto area" nora! e6t to t4e otca eartent" to ece, "c4 a" t4o"e

reatng to natona "ecrt!, t 4a" not atoget4er one aa! t4 otca He"ton" "c4 a" t4o"e

4c4 ar"e n t4e 6e o6 6oregn reaton".=[5D] +4e g4 +rbna" 6ncton, a" "anctone b!Artce ), -ecton 1, is $erel% 0to1 c*ec )*et*er or not t*e #overn$ental &ranc* or a#enc%

*as #one &e%ond t*e constitutional li$its o" its 2urisdiction, not t*at it erred or *as a di""erent

vie). In t*e a&sence o" a s*o)in# 0o"1 #rave a&use o" discretion a$ountin# to lac o" 2urisdiction, t*ere is no occasion "or t*e Court to e-ercise its corrective po)erIt *as no po)er to

loo into )*at it t*ins is apparent error.lv[55]

A" to t4e oer to concr t4 treate", t4e con"ttton oge" t4e "ae t4 t4e -enate aone.

+4", once t4e -enate=[5>] er6or" t4at oer, or e<erc"e" t" rerogat=e t4n t4e bonare" re"crbe b! t4e Con"ttton, t4e concrrence cannot, n $e anner, be =ee to



con"ttte an ab"e o6 oer, c4 e"" gra=e ab"e t4ereo6. Coroar!, t4e -enate, n t4e

e<erc"e o6 t" "creton an actng t4n t4e t" o6 "c4 oer, a! not be "ar! 6ate

6or 4a=ng "! er6ore a ta"$ con6erre an "anctone b! no e"" t4an t4e 6naentaa.

*or t4e roe o6 t4e -enate n reaton to treate" " e""enta! eg"at=e n c4aracterI=

[57] t4e-enate, a" an neenent bo! o""e""e o6 t" on erte n, 4a" t4e rerogat=e to et4er

accet or reFect t4e roo"e agreeent, an 4ate=er acton t ta$e" n t4e e<erc"e o6 t" eatte o6 "creton, ertan" to t4e "o rat4er t4an t4e egat! o6 t4e act. n t4" "en"e, t4e

-enate arta$e" a rnca, !et ecate, roe n $eeng t4e rnce" o6 separation o" po)ers

an o6 c*ecs and &alances a=e an =gant! en"re" t4at t4e"e c4er"4e rent" reantre to t4er 6or n a eocratc go=ernent "c4 a" or". +4e Con"ttton t4" anate",

t4rog4 t4" treat!@concrrng oer o6 t4e -enate, a 4eat4! "!"te o6 c4ec$" an baance"

n"en"abe toar or naton" r"t o6 otca atrt! an grot4. +re enog4,rentar! " t4e rnce t4at atter" ertanng to t4e "o o6 a eg"at=e act are be!on

t4e abt an ro=nce o6 t4e cort" to nHre.

n 6ne, ab"ent an! cear "4ong o6 gra=e ab"e o6 "creton on t4e art o6 re"onent", t4"

Cort@ a" t4e 6na arbter o6 ega contro=er"e" an "tanc4 "entne o6 t4e rg4t" o6 t4e eoe @" t4en t4ot oer to conct an ncr"on an ee t4 "c4 a66ar" re! e<ect=e an

eg"at=e n c4aracter an natre. *or t4e Con"ttton no e"", a" ot t4e "tnct bonare"

an t" t4e ete" an bon" t4n 4c4 eac4 o6 t4e t4ree otca branc4e" o6 go=ernenta! e<erc"e t4e oer" e<c"=e! an e""enta! con6erre to t b! a.

">5/5<;/5, n g4t o6 t4e 6oregong "H"ton", t4e n"tant etton" are 4ereb!

-#--E.

-O ORERE.



i[1] Article V. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall be

immediately reported to the Security Council of the United Nations. Such measures shall

be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measure necessary to restore and

maintain international peace and security.

ii[2] oint !eport of the Senate Committee on "orei#n !elation and the Committee on

National $efense and Security on the %isitin# "orces A#reement.

iii[&] oint Committee !eport.

=[D] /etton, G.R. No. 138>?8, Anne< B, !ollo, . >1@>2. N-+R'#EN+ O*

RA+*CA+ON

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