polaroid integral film training guide
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PROBLEM ANALYSIS:Integral Films
To optimize the display of this program, choose FULL SCREENfrom the VIEW menu. Press ESC Key to return to normal view.Click mouse or use RIGHT ARROW Key to go to next screen.
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POLAROID FILM TRAINING
Purpose of the Program
Identify and understand the causes ofreported film problems, andPrevent the recurrence of problems
whenever possible.
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POLAROID FILM TRAINING
Integral Films
8.8 x 10.7 cm (3.5 x 4.2 in.) 600 & SX-70 cameras
10.2 x 10.5 cm (4.0 x 4.1 in.)
Spectra cameras95 Film 11.1 x 6.4 cm (4.4 x 2.5 in.) Captiva/Vision Cameras
AutoFilm 11.4 x 10.8 cm (4.5 x 4.2 in.) CB-33 camera back
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Basic Imaging Problems
Trainers and independent learners:click here for program overview.
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS (%): Approximate statistical probability, a guideline
5Description of problem
Cause of problem
Operator error (%)
Storage or handling problem (%)Camera malfunction (%)Film manufacturing defect (%)
Exampleof
Problem
Defect Code #
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Green or dark stain atpod end; expanse ofunprocessed negative
Pre-broken (ruptured)pod
Front seal improperly laminated (50%)
Operator squeezed pod end of film pack (25%)Improper handling (25%)
6
#201
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Incomplete coveragewith blowback
Uneven reagent spread;trapped air separates
negative from sheet
Defective manufacturing process (95%)
Improper storage/handling (5%)
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#224
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Fuzzy picture
Picture is not sharp
Camera or subject motion, subject too close,smudge or fingerprint on lens (60%)Defective lens, faulty sonar ranging device (40%)
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#632
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Hazy/white (fogged)picture
Film pre-exposed tolight prior to taking of
picture
Light leak in camera, if problem is repeated (40%)
Manufacturing defect, if isolated occurrence (40%)Film pack inserted while in bright sunlight (20%)
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#837
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Dark slide or picture isnot ejected (no sound)
Motor in camera is notactivated
Faulty battery in filmpack (90%)
Defective motor (5%)Damaged battery contacts in camera (5%)
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#143
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Dark slide or picture isnot ejected (with sound)
Dark slide or film framejammed in filmpack
Defective film or film pack (85%)
Defective camera, if occurrence is frequent (15%)
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#141
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Evenly spaced spotsand/or stripes/bars
Dust, plastic particles,or dried developer
stuck to rollers
Dirty rollers (100%)Rollers should be cleaned frequently as preventive maintenance.
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#603
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Developer leakage onback of picture startingat bottom (pod) end
Roller has picked upleaked developer
Pod tape not properly laminated (100%)
Rollers should be cleaned before next picture.
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#835
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Developer leakage onback of picture at top(trap) end
Developer leakage fromtrap end as picture
comes through rollers
White mask not properly laminated (70%)
Rollers should be cleaned before next picture.Film was used/stored in high temperature (30%)
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#836
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POLAROID FILM TRAINING
How to clean rollers
Use a soft, non-abrasive cloth orcotton swab moistened with waterTurn rollers to clean back side
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POLAROID FILM TRAINING
How to clean rollers
Do not use alcohol or othercleaning fluidNever scrape the rollers with a
hard objectDry the rollers thoroughlybefore use
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Picture too light
Overexposure (pictureexposed to too much
light)
Operator too close to subject (50%)
Lighten/darken control set towards lighten (25%)Shutter or exposure control or ranging systemmalfunction (25%)
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#635
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Picture too dark
Underexposure (pictureexposed to too little
light)
Operator too far from subject or backlighting (50%)
Lighten/darken control set towards darken (25%)Defective flash or exposure control or sonarranging sys tem malfunction (25%)
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#635
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Totally black picture
Film not exposed tolight
Shutter doesn't open or flash doesn't fire whentaking indoor picture in extremely low light (100%)
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#610
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Totally white oryellowish picture
Film is exposed to toomuch light
Partially used film pack is inserted and white pictureis automatically ejected (60%)Shutter stays open too long or doesn't close (35%)Film totally exp osed to light during manufacture (5%)
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#609
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Wind separation21
Rapid movementcauses negative and
sheet to separate
Picture is either waved or exposed to high windduring development (100%)
#639
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POLAROID FILM TRAINING
Proper storage and handling procedures areillustrated by the graphics on all cases ofPolaroid film.
Do not stackmore than
(16) cases high.
Avoid exposureto radiation.
Keep dry andavoid highhumidity.
Shield from directsunlight/ avoid
high temperatures.
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Here are some commonimaging problems due to
improper storage and handling
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Pictures are yellow orappear to be fadedthroughout the pack
Heat
24
Film stored at temperatures above 40 C (105 F)for an extended period of time (60%)Film exposed to extreme heat shortly before takingpicture (40%)
#651
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Pictures are too blue
Cold
Picture taken with film temperature below13 C (55 F) (100%)CAUTION: DO NOT FREEZE FILM
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#652
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POLAROIDFILM
TRAINING
PROBLEM:
CAUSE:
ANALYSIS:
Dull/faded; streaks/smears;incomplete coverage
throughout the pack
Outdated film
Film used after expiration date (100%)
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Use Bookmark or click onlogo to return to Library.
POLAROIDFILM TRAINING:Integral Films
End
INTEGRAL FILM TRAINING GUIDE 28
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RETUR
Green or dark stain at pod end;expanse of unprocessed negative
Cause The pod broke open prematurely and developer dried prior to
taking a picture and processing film through the rollers
Analysis If the film pack is squeezed at the end where the pods are all
stacked on top of each other, one or more pods will ruptureand developer will leak out
When developer leaks out prematurely, it eventually hardens(green stain), which accounts for the expanse of unprocessedfilm
This problem is most likely the result of improper handling bythe operator, or the pod's front seal may have beenimproperly laminated during manufacture
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RETUR
Green or dark stain at pod end;expanse of unprocessed negative
Prevention Always handle the film pack by the edges, never squeeze it in
the area where the pods are stacked on top of each other
Demonstration tips Show where the film pack should not be squeezed
Take the film pack apart and show how the pictures and podsare positioned inside
Squeeze a film pack and let it sit overnight; then take picturesthe next day
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Incomplete coverage with blowback
Cause Developer did not sufficiently bond the positive and negative
after the film was processed through the rollers
Analysis There was not enough developer to completely bond the
positive/negative sandwich at the far corners of the picture
In isolated instances, it may be caused by breaking the podseal just prior to taking a picture
With a poor bond, air will flow into the fold of the sealed film,then back into the picture causing white fingerlike streaks
This can be aggravated by bending or twisting the film whileit is developing
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INTEGRAL FILM TRAINING GUIDE
RETUR
Incomplete coverage with blowback
Prevention Always hold the film pack by the edges when removing the
outer wrapping and when loading it into the camera
Lay the film flat while it is developing; avoid bending, ortwisting, especially during the early stages of development
Demonstration tips This may be difficult to simulate because it is usually a film
manufacturing problem; try the following:
Squeeze the film on one side just prior to picture-taking
Bend the film slightly at the far end of the picture
immediately after it exits the camera (early stage ofdevelopment)
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Fuzzy picture
Cause Images are unsharp because of camera or subject motion,
subject too close, fingerprint smudge on the lens, ordefective camera
Analysis Either the camera or the subject may have moved while the
shutter button was being depressed
The image will also be fuzzy if the subject is closer than thecamera's closeup capability
A severe fuzzy image, along with some distortion, is usuallycaused by a smudged lens
In isolated instances, the camera's lens or sonar rangingsystem may be faulty
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RETUR
Fuzzy picture
Prevention Always use flash when taking indoor pictures
Hold the camera steady while depressing the shutter button;let the subject know when the picture is about to be taken
Periodically check the lens for smudges; clean it according tocamera instructions
Avoid taking extreme closeup shots; or use an auxiliarycloseup lens if available
Demonstration tips Demonstrate camera/subject movement indoors without flash
Take an extreme closeup picture; first check the instructionbook for the minimum required distance
Smudge the camera lens with a damp, or greasy finger, thentake a picture
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Hazy/white (fogged) picture
Cause There is no visible image transfer in portions of the picture
where the negative was exposed to light (or fogged) prior totaking a picture
Analysis A repetitive fogging pattern from picture-to-picture (and
pack-to-pack) indicates a possible light leak in the camera
If the fogging is an isolated occurrence, it may be the result ofa manufacturing defect
Another possibility is that the operator may have partiallyremoved, then reinserted, the dark slide prior to loading thefilm
Or, the camera was opened and the film pack partiallyremoved, then reinserted, prior to taking a picture
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RETUR
Hazy/white (fogged) picturePrevention
If it is necessary to open the camera for any reason, such ascleaning the rollers or clearing a jam, be careful not todislodge the film pack
Note: Partially removing and reinserting the film pack will ruinthat picture only, all remaining pictures should be unaffected
Do not tamper with the dark slide prior to loading the film Have the camera checked if the problem is repetitive
Demonstration tips Punch a hole in the dark slide before inserting the film and
taking a picture
Open the camera, partially remove (about 1/4) and reinsertthe film, then take a picture
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Dark slide or picture is not ejected (no sound)
Cause The motor in the camera is not activated either because it is
defective, or because the film battery is dead
Analysis When the dark slide doesn't eject and the motor doesnt
sound, try another film pack
If the second pack still doesn't work, the camera motor isprobably defective; if it does work, the battery in the firstpack caused the problem
If there is weak sound, the battery may be weak
In isolated instances, the camera's battery contacts may befaulty
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RETUR
Dark slide or picture is not ejected (no sound)
Prevention Since age reduces the battery's power, avoid using outdated
film
When purchasing film, always check the expiration date
If using large quantities of film for high-volume applications,be sure to keep the inventory current
Demonstration tips Place tape over the films battery contacts, then load the film
and take a picture
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Dark slide or picture is not ejected (with sound)
Cause The dark slide or picture jammed in the film pack, or the
camera's film pick mechanism was defective
Analysis When the motor sounds and the picture doesn't eject, open
the camera and remove the jammed frame, then reinsert thefilm pack and close the camera
If remaining films eject, it was probably a film problem
If remaining films do not eject, try another film pack and if theproblem persists, the camera's film picking system is faulty
Note: Sometimes an empty film cassette needs to be insertedto clear camera cycle (e.g., if camera shut down in mid-cycle)
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RETUR
Dark slide or picture is not ejected (with sound)
Prevention Whenever this problem occurs from pack-to-pack, even
intermittently, the camera should be returned for service
Demonstration tips Point out the pick slot opening in the film box and explain
how the cameras pick pulls the film out
Using a partial pack, tape the first picture to the film box andinsert the pack in the camera; demonstrate how the camerasounds and the picture doesn't eject
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Evenly spaced spots and/or stripes/bars
Cause Dust, plastic particles, or dried developer is stuck on the
camera's rollers
Analysis Material that is stuck to the rollers puts pressure on the film
as it is transported between them
This pressure causes blemishes in the picture
The pattern is evenly spaced because the film is compressedeach time the camera makes one full revolution
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RETUR
Evenly spaced spots and/or stripes/bars
Prevention The rollers should be checked, and cleaned if necessary,
prior to loading each new pack of film
Demonstration tips Simulate dirty rollers by placing a piece of tape on one of the
rollers prior to taking a picture
Demonstrate the proper cleaning method: Rotate the rollerswhile cleaning them with a damp cloth or cotton swab; makesure they are dry before loading and processing more film
Never scrape the rollers with a hard object; a scratch or nickon the rollers will permanently alter picture quality
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Developer leakage on back of picturestarting at bottom (pod) end
Cause: The pod tape was not properly laminated
Analysis During manufacture, a thin strip of tape secures the front
edge of the pod to the back of the film (in the area of the filmcode); this prevents developer from spreading on the back ofthe film as it is transported through the rollers
If a portion of this tape is not laminated properly, somedeveloper will leak onto the back of the picture as developerspreads between the positive and negative
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RETUR
Developer leakage on back of picturestarting at bottom (pod) end
Prevention Open the camera and clean the rollers before continuing; be
careful not to dislodge the film
Note: Poor lamination often occurs in "bunches" and a newpack of film may have to be inserted
Demonstration tips Remove a picture from the pack and cut open a portion of the
pod tape, then replace the picture and process the film;developer will leak from the back of the damaged picture as itejects from the camera
Demonstrate the proper cleaning method: Rotate the rollerswhile cleaning them with a damp cloth or cotton swab; makesure they are dry before loading and processing more film
Never scrape the rollers with a hard object; a scratch or nickon the rollers will permanently alter picture quality
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Developer leakage on back of pictureat the top (trap) end
Cause Developer leaked from the top of the picture because the
white mask was not properly laminated (pin holes in mask)
Film stored or loaded in high heat may weaken the lamination
Analysis
During manufacture, the white mask which borders the backof the picture was not properly laminated at the top (trap) end
Developer, which is normally trapped at this end of thepicture, leaked out as the picture exited the rollers
As a result, developer was deposited on the rollers
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RETUR
Developer leakage on back of pictureat the top (trap) end
Prevention Open the camera and clean the rollers before continuing
Demonstration tips Remove a picture from the pack and cut open a portion of the
mask at the trap end, then replace the picture and processthe film; developer will leak from under the mask as thepicture exits the camera
Demonstrate the proper cleaning method: Rotate the rollerswhile cleaning them with a damp cloth or cotton swab; makesure they are dry before loading and processing more film
Never scrape the rollers with a hard object; a scratch or nickon the rollers will permanently alter picture quality
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Picture too light
Cause When the picture was taken, the negative received too much
light, causing the subject to be overexposed (too light)
Analysis When the subject is closer than the recommended minimum
camera-to-subject distance, too much light reflects from thesubject, through the lens and onto the negative
A light subject close to a white/light background or simply alarge portion of the picture being white will causeoverexposure
Another possible cause of overexposure is setting thecamera's lighten/darken control toward lighten
If the problem persists, the camera's exposure control orranging system may be faulty; camera should be repaired
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RETUR
Picture too light
Prevention Follow instructions for the recommended camera-to-subject
distance
Make sure the lighten/darken control is properly adjusted forlighting conditions in the scene
Demonstration tips Take some closeup pictures indoors with flash and outdoors
in available light; be sure to move in closer than therecommended distance
Do an exposure series (indoors and outdoors) at eachlighten/darken setting keep the same camera-to-subject
distance for each picture
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Picture too dark
Cause When the picture was taken, the negative did not receive
enough light and the subject was underexposed (too dark)
Analysis Pictures will be underexposed if...
The camera-to-subject distance exceeds the flash rangewhen taking indoor pictures
The subject is positioned in front of a very bright background
Dark subject is close to dark background or large portionof scene is dark
The lighten/darken control is set towards darken A persistent problem indicates possible equipment failure
such as a defective flash, or a malfunctioning exposurecontrol or sonar ranging system
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RETUR
Picture too dark
Prevention
Do not exceed the recommended camera-to-subject distancewhen taking indoor flash pictures
Avoid backlit situations; place the subject in front of a neutralbackground, or move in closer so the subject fills most of theimage area
Demonstration tips Take some indoor pictures with the subject positioned
beyond the flash range
Simulate a backlit situation by placing the subject indoors infront of a brightly lit window and taking a picture without
flash; make sure the sonar ranging device is turned off
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Totally black picture
Cause
The negative was either not exposed to light at all, or it wassignificantly underexposed
Analysis Either the flash didn't fire when taking an indoor picture in
extremely low light, or the shutter didn't open
When the flash doesn't fire, there is usually not enoughavailable light to expose an image on the film
If the shutter doesn't open, the film will be completelyunexposed (black)
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RETUR
Totally black picture
Prevention
Make sure the flash is turned on when taking indoor pictures If the problem persists, the camera should be returned for
repair
Demonstration tips
Purposely disable the flash and take an indoor picture undertypical home lighting conditions
Note: When taking an indoor picture without flash, an imagemay be slightly visible if the room light is extremely bright
To simulate a shutter that didnt open, hold a dark slideagainst the lens and take a picture
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Totally white or yellowish picture
Cause
The negative was exposed to too much light
Analysis The first picture of a partial pack will come out white because
it was totally exposed to light prior to insertion
If for any reason (such as removing a jammed picture) thefilm is removed from the camera and then reinserted, the firstpicture will be white; all remaining pictures will be normal
Another possibility is that the film was exposed to lightduring manufacture, or that a malfunctioning shutter stayedopen too long
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RETUR
Totally white or yellowish picture
Prevention
If the problem continues from pack-to-pack, evenintermittently, have the camera checked at a service center
Demonstration tips Show how the first picture in a partial pack is exposed to
available light
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Wind separation
Cause
Portions of the positive and negative separated before thefilm was fully developed
Analysis When the picture first exits the camera it is most susceptible
to disturbances such as flapping, or bending; the image isn'tfully developed and the bond between positive and negativehas not hardened
Portions of the film that separate prematurely will beunderdeveloped, or muddy; this is because developmentstops once the positive/negative/developer bond is broken
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RETUR
Wind separation
Prevention
Lay the picture flat immediately after it exits the camera,shield it from the wind and avoid bending, twisting, orotherwise disturbing the picture during development
Demonstration tips Cut open an unused film assembly and point out the negative
and transparent positive; explain how developer flowsbetween the two layers and eventually hardens after a fewhours
Demonstrate the problem by disturbing (bending or flapping)pictures at various development intervals 1) Immediatelyafter exiting the camera, 2) After 5 seconds, 3) After 10seconds, 4) After 15 seconds, and so on; compare the results
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Pictures are yellow or appearto be faded throughout the pack
Cause
The film was stored at high temperatures for an extendedperiod, or the film was exposed to extreme heat just prior topicture-taking
Analysis If stored at temperatures exceeding 40 C (105 F) for an
extended period, the film will prematurely age, simulating thegreenish color of outdated film
Damage from long-term hot storage is irreversible, even afterthe film has been brought back to room temperature for 24hours or more
The same yellowish color will result if the film is exposed toextreme heat just prior to picture-taking; however, colorquality returns to normal if the film and camera are broughtback to room temperature before continuing
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RETUR
ctu es a e ye ow o appeato be faded throughout the pack
Prevention
Always store the film at room temperature, or colder; in hotclimates, keep it in an air conditioned room
Note: If the film is kept in cold storage, allow it to warm up forat least 24 hours before taking pictures
Protect the camera and film from extreme heat during
picture-takingDemonstration Tips
Store two packs of film in a hot location for at least two hours
Take pictures with one pack immediately after removing itfrom hot storage, then take pictures with the other pack afterletting it sit at room temperature for 24 hours
Compare the results
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Pictures are too blue
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Pictures are too blue
Cause
The film was too cold when the picture was taken
Analysis When film temperature is below 13 C (55 F), pictures will
have an overall bluish color tone; cold also reduces filmspeed, which is why the pictures are darker than normal
This will occur if the film was stored in a cold area and notallowed to return to room temperature prior to picture-taking
It will also occur if the film was kept at room temperature butpictures were taken and developed in cold surroundings
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Pictures are too blue
Prevention
If the film was stored in a cold location for an extendedperiod, allow it to return to room temperature for at least 24hours before taking pictures
Camera and film should be at room temperature duringpicture-taking; also, the film should be at room temperaturewhile developing
Important: Never freeze the film
Demonstration Tips Store two packs of film in a refrigerator
Take pictures with one pack while it is still cold, then takepictures with the other pack after letting it warm up for 24hours
Compare the results
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RETUR
; ; pcoverage throughout the pack
Cause
Film degradation occurred because the film was outdatedAnalysis
The affects of outdated film are irreversible
INTEGRAL FILM TRAINING GUIDE
Dull/faded; streaks/smears; incomplete61
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7/30/2019 Polaroid Integral Film Training Guide
61/61
RETUR
pcoverage throughout the pack
Prevention
Always check the film expiration date at the time of purchase;do not accept film that has exceeded the expiration dateprinted on the outside of the film box
When using large quantities of film, the inventory should becontrolled so that film does not become outdated
Demonstration Tips Not applicable