pola dan tahapan pengembangan pelabuhan
TRANSCRIPT
Pola dan TahapanPengembangan Pelabuhan
Dr. Saut Gurning
Staf Pengajar Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan ITS
Surabaya 28 Maret 2012
Bahan Utama Presentasi
• Pengembangan Dalam Ruang Pelayanan
• Pengembangan Dalam Ruang Jasa
• Pengembangan Dalam Ruang Spasial
• Pengembangan Atas Espektasi Pengguna Jasa
• Pengembangan Atas Interaksi Langsung dan Tidak Langsung
Pengaturan Jasa Kepelabuhanan
Entitas Pemerintah
Jasa
Jasa
Pelabuhan
Keselamatan
Keamanan,
Lingkungan
Kementerian Perhubungan
Ditjen Perhubungan Laut
Pemerintah Lokal
Faktor
Komersial
Danl fasilitas
Infrastruktur
Pel
ayan
anT
hd
kap
al
Pelayan
an terh
adap
Baran
g / p
np
Pel
Regional
Pel
Utama
FDC
Pel
Regional
FDC
Pel
Utama
Hin
terland
Fo
rela
nd
Aktivitas Eksportase
Aktivitas Importase
Kereta Api
FDC
Transportasi Darat / Udara
Pusat Distribusi Barang
Transportasi
Laut
Fungsi Pelabuhan
Ruang MaritimArea Darat
FDC
FDC
Port Generations
FIRST
GENERATION
SECOND GENERATION THIRD GENERATION
Implementation period Before the 60's Between the 60's and 80´s After the 80's
Principal traffic General Cargo General Cargo and Dry/Liquid Bulk Bulk, Unitised Cargo, Containerised Cargo
Attitude and strategy as
regards port facilities
- Traditional
- Interface between two
transport modes
- Expansion policy
- Transport centre, industrial and
commercial activities
- Commercial outlook
- International transport and logistics centre
Field of activity 1/ Loading/Unloading of
goods, warehousing,
services of assistance to
navigation
- Quays and edges of the
water surface
1/ +
2/ Transformation of goods, industrial
and commercial services regarding
ships
- Widened port area
1/ + 2/ +
3/ Goods and information distribution, logistics –
-Inward distribution terminals and areas of activity.
Organisational features - Independent activities
inside the port
- Informal relationship
between the port and the
users
- Closer relations between the port and
its users
- Barely any links between the
activities undertaken inside the port
- Occasional relations between the
port and the Municipal Authorities
- United Port Community – Integrating the port in the
trade and transport chain
- Close connections between port and Municipal
Authorities
-Extended harbour organisation
Production features - Flow of goods
- Simple individual service
- Reliable added value
- Goods flow
- Transformation of the goods
- Combined services
- Higher added value
- Goods Flow
- Transformation of the goods
- Combined services
- Higher added value
Determining factors Labour / Capital Capital Technology / Know-how
Port ownership & management models
Source: Adapted and modified from World Bank
(2001).
Port type Port management responsibility
Infrastructure Superstructure Stevedoring Other functions
Landlord Public Private Private Mixed
Tool Public Public Private Mixed
Service Public Public Public Majority public
Private Private Private Private Majority private
Ownership and management
Source: Alderton, P.M. (2008) Port Management & Operations, Informa, London.
ActivityTypes of ownership (%)
Private Independentbody
Local port authority
Ministry -government
The ship
Channels, breakwaters, docks, etc 4 4 72 20
Aids to navigation - VTS 0 16 72 12
Pilotage 12 28 52 8
Tugs and boatman 32 0 52 16
Stores and bunkering 84 0 8 8
Repairs 40 12 28 20
Ownership and management
Source: Alderton, P.M. (2008) Port Management & Operations, Informa, London.
ActivityTypes of ownership (%)
Private Independentbody
Local port authority
Ministry -government
Cargo and passengers
Terminals 16 12 68 4
Thank farms 44 16 28 12
Cranes, etc. 28 0 64 8
Cargo-handling 44 0 48 8
Lighterage 32 8 44 16
Land transport
Trucks and car parks 8 8 64 20
Roads 36 8 40 16
Railway tracks and depots 0 40 36 24
Private Independentbody
Local port authority
Ministry -government
Inland waterways (within the port) 0 8 66 26
Pipelines 44 16 24 16
General services
Conservancy 0 8 52 40
Lighting 0 16 74 10
Firefighting 0 24 60 16
Police 0 28 48 24
Labour amenities 0 40 48 12
Sanitation 4 24 60 12
Ownership and management
Source: Alderton, P.M. (2008) Port Management & Operations, Informa, London.
Perkembangan Spasial Pelabuhan dan Kota
Trafik Pelabuhan
Uku
ran
Kot
a
Kecil Medium Besar
Kec
ilM
ediu
mB
esar
Pelabuhan Pesisir Pelabuhan Regional Pelabuhan Besar
Kota RegionalKota Pelabuhan
RegionalKota dan Pelabuhan
Besar
Kota Metro Pesisir Pelabuhan Metropolis Kota Pelabuah Dunia
Kota Pelabuhan
Trafik Pelabuhan
Uku
ran
Kot
a
Kecil Medium Besar
Kec
ilM
ediu
mB
esar
Pelabuhan Pesisir Pelabuhan Regional Pelabuhan Besar
Kota RegionalKota Pelabuhan
RegionalKota dan Pelabuhan
Besar
Kota Metro Pesisir Pelabuhan Metropolis Kota Pelabuah Dunia
Kota Pelabuhan
Fase Pengembangan Pelabuhan
Rintisan Ekspansi Spesialisasi
1 2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
Perkotaan
Ekspansi Urban
Fasilitias Terminal
Aktivitas Pelabuhan
Kereta Api
Jalan /Tol Kedalaman Rekonversi
3
Perkembangan kewilayahan
Di Delta Ujung Delta Sungai Pelabuhan
Alamiah
Di Estuari Dekat Estuari Di Selat Dilindungi
Tuntutan Perubahan Moda Transportasi
A
B
Moda
1 2
3
A
B
Infrastruktur / Rute
A
B
A
B
4 5
6
A
B
Area Persambungan
Permintaan Para Pengguna Jasa Kepelabuhanan Nasional
Tingkat Penerimaan: Perdagangan sebagai penggerak pertumbuhan ekonomi
Kebijakan untuk mereduksi hambatan perdagangan dan investasi
Mempercepat
pertumbuhan
perdagangan
dalam volume
Berpindah pada
kargo dengan
unit nilai
perdagangan
Kesempatan
untuk
mengembangan
jasa pelayaran
Ekspektasi
kinerja
pelayaran yang
membaik
Butuh kesadaran tinggi
pelabuhan memiliki
peran penting
Harapan yang tinggi
untuk meningkatkan
kinerja pelabuhan
Pandangan Masyarakat Pengguna Jasa Logistik dan Pelabuhan Indonesia (2007-2011)
0,00 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00
Kondisi dan pengaturan persaingan
Total biaya operasional
Kestabilan mata uang
Ketersediaan tenaga kerja trampil
Partner lokal
Sosial/budaya termasuk bahasa
Prosedur pelayanan dan jasa
Dukungan Teknologi
Potensi pasar dan daya beli
Praktek bisnis dan sistem operasi
Industri penunjang
Strategi rantai suplai dan logistik
Kejelasan kebijakan dan regulasi
Politik dan ekonomi domestik
Perkembangan infrastruktur
Insentif untuk investor asing
Logistics
Pelabuhan
FAKTOR PENGGERAK UTAMA TRANSFORMASI
Jaringan Internasional
Econ
om
ic L
iberaliz
atio
n
In
tern
atio
naliz
atio
n
Menaiknya peran ganda dan kombinasi laut, darat dan udara
Tahapan dan Institusi
Institusi Studi Pembangunan Pengembangan Multi-Terminal Spesialisasi
Pemerintah
Pusat/Kemenhub
Otoritas
Pelabuhan
Otoritas Wilayah
Harbour Master
Terminal
Operator
Pelayaran
Pemerintah
Daerah
Peran Utama Peran tidak
langsung
Peran tidak
dominan
Government Rule
69 /2001 about National
Port System
• Indonesia Port System
• Port Operators
• Industrial Ports
• Operational Unit System
• Decision making system
on port tariffs
• Port governance
Government Rule
81 / 2000 about
Marine Navigation System
Minister Instruction about
Port Navigation system
Indonesia Shipping Law
17 / 2008
REGULATIONS RELATED TO PORT OPERATIONS
Government Rule
82 / 1999 about
Water Transportation
• Commercial Shipping
• Standard for tariffs system
• Cargo handling system and
• operation
• Port operator system
Pengelolaan Kepelabuhanan Baru (Pasca UU 17/08)
Nasional
SyahbandarMan
ag
ing
Operator Terminal Opr.Fasilitas
Pelayan
an
Otoritas Pelabuhan
Pemerintah Daerah
MenteriPerhubungan
KementrianTeknis
T.O F.O. T.O. F.O.
Ken
dali
Op
era
ting
Reg
ula
ting
ORIENTASI KARGO
Peren
canaan
Periode Pencapaian Dan Kesesuaian
CONCEPT
DEVELOPMENT
PLANNING
DESIGN AND
DEVELOPMENT
COMMERCIAL
PREPARATION
LAUNCH
DEVELOPMENT TIME
Koordinasi, koopetasi, dan
kolaborasi menjadi
pendekatan penting
PENYEDIAAN KAWASAN
DERMAGA MULTI-PURPOSE
ALIANSI STRATEGIS (KSO, JV, JO)
LAYANAN LOGISTIK & KERETA API
CONTAINERISED AND BULK FEEDERING SERVICE
INV
ES
TM
EN
T L
EV
EL