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POL 465S/2230S The G8 and Global Governance 2

Spring 2010

Tuesday 4:00–6:00 pm, Larkin 213

Professor John Kirton Office: Room 209N Munk Centre

Office Hours: Wednesday 9:30 am-12:00 pm or by appointment Phone: 416-946-8953, Fax: 416-946-8957

Email: john.kirton@utoronto.ca [put POL465 in the subject line]

Professor Ivan Savic Department of Political Science, Sidney Smith Hall

Office Hours: Tuesday 12.00-3.00 Email: is375@columbia.edu

Telephone: TBA

Website: <www.g8.utoronto.ca/teaching> This seminar examines the performance of, and prospects for, global governance in critical policy areas in the contemporary world. It does so by exploring the operation of the informal, plurilateral Group of Eight (G8) major market democracies and related international institutions such as the G20 Finance and MEM-16 on Climate change and energy, as they interact with the formal, multilateral United Nations’ (UN) system, with member and outside national governments, with networks of civil society actors and with empowered individuals such as philanthropists and celebrities. Using realist, liberal-institutionalist, constructivist, historical materialist and comparative politics theories and explanatory models of G8 behaviour, the seminar focuses on the role of the G8 as a “soft law” international institution in operating and shaping the regimes that govern outcomes in specific, salient policy areas in the economic, transnational-global, and political-security domains.

The point of entry for this analysis is the structure, performance, and impact of the “G8-Plus” system, and its emergence, amidst established and new international institutions and transnational civil society, as an effective centre of global governance in the twenty-first century. As an ongoing focus, the seminar critically assesses the proposition that especially in the post–Cold War, rapidly globalizing, post–September 11th world, the G8 system is emerging as the leading centre of effective global governance, relative to an allegedly predominant United States, non-member countries and groupings, markets and other private sector processes, multinational corporations, social movements, civil society actors, empowered individuals and other multilateral and regional international institutions, notably those of the UN galaxy. At the same time, G8 governance has moved through different phases of focus and approach, exhibited varying performance and effectiveness, raised questions of legitimacy, embedded values and justice, and inspired proposals for often far-reaching reform. How effective has the G8 system actually been, both internally and in relation to other actors and processes, in its core domestic, deliberative, directional, decisional, delivery and development of global governance functions? Does it enable governments to guide globalization? What global order is it creating? Above all, what causes it to produce the results it does?

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The program for the seminar is listed below, but can be tailored to meet the particular interests of participants. The first week introduces the course and reviews the G8’s structure, operation and performance. The second week explores the ten major explanatory models of G8 performance. Starting in the third week, students present on the role of the G8 in global governance in a particular policy area, drawn from the menu below. Topics for presentation are chosen in the first week. Those wishing to focus on the current concerns of the 2009 G8 summit should consider the issue areas of global finance, energy, development, food, climate change, and nuclear proliferation. The final session of the seminar is a simulation of the forthcoming G8 summit.

Each student is expected to participate in all seminars, present (perhaps with a partner) in the first hour of one seminar and lead the discussion in its second hour, write a brief critical review of one of the two required course texts, and write a major research paper based on the presentation. For details, see “Assignments” below. All submissions should be proofread before submission and follow the editorial style of the books in the “G8 and Global Governance” and “Global Finance” series.

Each student will be responsible for: 1. A critical review essay of 2,000 words on one text (not previously reviewed by that student), due by

16h00, Tuesday, February 2, 2010, for 25% of the overall grade; 2. Active participation in all seminars and the opening presentation in one seminar, for 25%; 3. A major research paper of 5,000 words (see “Assignments” below), due by 16h00, Tuesday, March 30,

2010, for 50%. (Note that this is not the end of classes.) Late penalty is 1% of assignment grade per calendar day without eligible cause as approved by the

instructor. During the first few weeks, in addition to the weekly readings, students should acquaint themselves

with the G8 through the following major works. Books marked with an asterisk (*) are the two course texts required for purchase. They are available at the University of Toronto bookstore. Major Books/Collections *Michele Fratianni, John Kirton, Paolo Savona and Alan Rugman, eds. (2005), New Perspectives on

Global Governance: Why America Needs the G8 (Ashgate: Aldershot). (New Perspectives) Course text.

*Fratianni, Michele, John Kirton and Paolo Savona, eds. (2007), Financing Development: G8 and UN Contributions (Ashgate: Aldershot). Course text.

G8 and Global Governance Series Michael Hodges, John Kirton and Joseph Daniels, eds. (1999), The G8’s Role in the New Millennium

(Ashgate: Aldershot). Peter Hajnal (1999), The G7/G8 System: Evolution, Role and Documentation (Ashgate: Aldershot). Nicholas Bayne (2000), Hanging In There: The G7 and G8 Summit in Maturity and Renewal (Ashgate:

Aldershot). Karl Kaiser, John Kirton and Joseph Daniels, eds. (2000), Shaping a New International Financial System:

Challenges of Governance in a Globalizing World (Ashgate: Aldershot). John Kirton, Joseph Daniels and Andreas Freytag, eds. (2001), Guiding Global Order: G8 Governance in

the Twenty-First Century (Ashgate: Aldershot). John Kirton and George von Furstenberg, eds. (2001), New Directions in Global Economic Governance:

Managing Globalization in the Twenty-First Century (Ashgate: Aldershot). Hall Gardner and Radoslava Stefanova, eds. (2001), The New Transatlantic Agenda: Facing the

Challenges of Global Governance (Ashgate: Aldershot). John Kirton and Junichi Takase, eds. (2002), New Directions in Global Political Governance: Creating

International Order for the Twenty-First Century (Ashgate: Aldershot).

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Theodore Cohn (2002), Governing Global Trade: International Institutions in Conflict and Convergence (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Nicholas Bayne and Steven Woolcock, eds. (2003), The New Economic Diplomacy: Decisionmaking and Negotiation in International Economic Relations (Ashgate: Aldershot).

John Kirton and Radoslava Stefanova, eds. (2004), The G8, the United Nations and Conflict Prevention (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Nicholas Bayne (2005), Staying Together: The G8 Summit Confronts the 21st Century (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Alison Bailin (2005), From Traditional to Group Hegemony: The Liberal Economic Order and the Core-Periphery Gap (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Global Finance Series Michele Fratianni, Paolo Savona and John Kirton, eds. (2002), Governing Global Finance: G7 and IMF

Contributions (Ashgate: Aldershot). Michele Fratianni, Paolo Savona and John Kirton, eds. (2003), Sustaining Global Growth and

Development: G7 and IMF Contributions and Challenges (Ashgate: Aldershot). Donato Masciandaro, ed. (2004), Global Financial Crime: Terrorism, Money Laundering and Offshore

Centres (Ashgate: Aldershot). Duncan Wood (2005), Governing Global Banking: The Basel Committee and the Politics of Financial

Globalisation (Ashgate: Aldershot). Fratianni, Michele, Paolo Savona and John Kirton, eds. (2007), Corporate, Public and Global

Governance: The G8 Contribution (Ashgate: Aldershot). Hajnal, Peter (2007), The G8 System and the G20: Evolution, Role and Documentation (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Available in Russian. John Kirton, Marina Larionova and Paolo Savona, eds. (2010), Making Global Economic Governance

Effective: Hard and Soft law Institutions in a Crowded World, (Ashgate: Farnham). Other Key Books Putnam, Robert D., and Nicholas Bayne (1987), Hanging Together: Cooperation and Conflict in the

Seven Power Summits, rev. ed. (Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA). Available in all G7 languages.

Bergsten, C. Fred and C. Randall Henning (1996), Global Economic Leadership and the Group of Seven (Institute for International Economics: Washington, D.C.).

Kokotsis, Eleonore (1999), Keeping International Commitments: Compliance, Credibility and the G7, 1988–1995 (Garland: New York).

Kühne, Winrich, with Jochen Prantl (2000), The Security Council and the G8 in the New Millennium: Who Is in Charge of International Peace and Security? (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik: Berlin).

Penttila, Risto (2003), The Role of the G8 in International Peace and Security (Oxford University Press: Oxford), Adelphi Paper 355.

Ronald Labonte, Ted Schrecker, David Sanders and Wilma Meeus (2004), Fatal Indifference: The G8, Africa and Global Health (International Development Research Centre: Ottawa).

John English, Ramesh Thakur and Andrew Cooper, eds. (2005), Reforming from the Top: A Leaders’ 20 Summit (United Nations University Press: Tokyo).

Baker, Andrew (2006), The Group of Seven: Finance Ministers, Central Banks and Global Financial Governance (Routledge: London).

Dobson, Hugo (2007), The Group of 7/8 (Routledge: London and New York). Other useful books on G8 governance are available in Russian and Chinese

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Weekly Readings The weekly readings are listed below. Start with the relevant sections of the core books and the piece(s) marked by an asterisk (which will be read by all). Those new to the subject of the G8 should rapidly learn the history, by reading Putnam and Bayne (1987) and Bayne (2005, 2000), with further help as required from Hajnal (2007) and Dobson (2007) for a basic introduction. The presenters will consult the instructor in advance of their session for a larger and updated reading list. Presenters should also consult the Hajnal bibliography (available at the G8 Information Centre website at www.g8.utoronto.ca) and the most recent journals for additional sources. Some of the publications listed below and many relevant materials are available at, and are constantly being added to, the G8 Information Centre website, which should be consulted regularly. Presenters are responsible for providing to the class updated reading recommendations (assembled in consultation with the instructor) one week before their seminar presentation. In researching your essay, there may be primary materials you might wish to access from the G8 Research Library at the Trinity College Library or in the G8 Research Room. A finder’s guide for the former is on the G8 Information Centre website. 1. Introduction to the Course and the G8 (January 5) Studying global governance through the G8. The growth of the G8 as an international institution. The domestic, deliberative, directional, decisional, delivery, and development of global governance functions of international institutions and the G8. Assessing G8 performance through empirical applications, through the Bayne, Kirton and other methods. 2. Explanatory Models of G8 Governance (January 12) Why does the G8 perform well or poorly? How and how well is the G8’s performance explained by each of the ten major causal models? How can better models be built? *Kirton, John (2005), “New Perspectives on the G8,” New Perspectives, 231-256. *Kirton, John and Joseph Daniels (1999), “The Role of the G8 in the New Millennium,” in Hodges,

Kirton and Daniels, pp. 3-17. *Bayne, Nicholas (1999), “Continuity and Leadership in an Age of Globalization,” in Hodges, Kirton and

Daniels, pp. 21-44. *Kirton, John (1999), “Explaining G8 Effectiveness,” in Hodges, Kirton and Daniels, pp. 45-68. *Hodges, Michael (1999), “The G8 and the New Political Economy,” in Hodges, Kirton and Daniels, pp.

69-74. *Kokotsis, Ella and Joseph Daniels (1999), “G8 Summits and Compliance,” in Hodges, Kirton and

Daniels, pp. 75-91. For a full account of the democratic institutionalist model see Kokotsis (1999). *Payne, Anthony (2008), “The G8 in a Changing Global Economic Order,’ International Affairs 84 (3): 519-

533. Bailin, Alison (2001), “From Traditional to Institutionalized Hegemony,” G8 Governance 6 (February)

<www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/bailin/bailin2000.pdf>. For a full version of the group hegemony model see Bailin (2005).

Baker, Andrew (2000), “The G7 as a Global ‘Ginger Group’: Plurilateralism and Four-Dimensional Diplomacy,” Global Governance 6 (April-June): 165-190. For a full version of the ginger group model see Baker (2006).

Bayne, Nicholas (2005), especially pps. 3-18, 214-234. See also Bayne (2000), especially pp. 191-217.

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Bergsten, Fred and Randall Henning (1996), especially pp. 13-26. English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapter 1. Gill, Stephen (1998), “Structural Changes in Multilateralism: The G7 Nexus and the Global Crisis,” pp.

113-65 in Michael G. Schechter, ed., Innovation in Multilateralism (St. Martin’s Press: New York). Penttila, Risto (2003), especially Introduction and Conclusion. Putnam, Robert and Nicholas Bayne (1987), especially ch. 11. POLICY AREA PRESENTATIONS January 19 January 26 February 2: Critical Review Essay Due February 9 February 15-19: Reading Week. No Classes. February 23 March 2 March 9 March 16 March 23 March 30: Simulation 3. Global Financial Crises The core role of the G8 in crisis management has arisen recurrently in the field of finance, most recently in Mexico 1994-95, in the Asian-turned-global financial crisis of 1997-98, in Turkey and Argentina in 2001-02, and in the American bred global credit crisis of 2007-. How and why has the G8, its earlier and component G7, and its G20 since 1999 effectively served as the system stablilizer, and how well has it used crises to construct a new regime? *Daniels, Joseph (1999), “Supervising the International Financial System,” in Hodges, Kirton and

Daniels, pp. 107-118. *Goodhart, Charles (1999), “Managing the Global Economy,” in Hodges, Kirton and Daniels, pp. 135-

140. Baker (2006). English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapters 4, 6, 11. Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2002), chapters by Kirton and Introduction. Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), “Introduction, Observations and Conclusions,” pp. 1-17. Helleiner, Gerald (2001), “Markets, Politics and Globalization: Can the Global Economy Be Civilized?,”

Global Governance 7: 243-263. Kaiser, Kirton and Daniels (2000), chapters by Bayne, Kirton, Kiuchi, Wood, Introduction and

Conclusion. Kirton, John (2006), “Explaining Compliance with G8 Finance Commitments: Agency,

Institutionalization and Structure,” Open Economies Review 17 (November). Kirton, John (2006). “Explaining Compliance with G8 Financial and Development Commitments:

Agency, Institutionalization and Structure.” Paper prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2006/kirton_060322.pdf>.

Kirton and von Furstenberg (2001), chapters by Kirton, Introduction and Conclusion.

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*Savic, Ivan (2006). “Explaining Compliance with International Commitments to Combat Financial Crisis: The IMF and the G7.” Paper prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/savic.pdf>.

Wicks, Nigel, “Governments, the International Financial Institutions and International Co-operation,” in Bayne and Woolcock (2003), pp. 261-274.

4. International Financial Architecture Reform Reforming the international monetary and financial system, the Summit’s seminal purpose and accomplishment in 1975, returned as a priority issue in the mid 1990s with the 50th anniversary of the Bretton Woods system and the effort since 1997 to construct a new international financial architecture for a globalizing world. It has now arisen again in regard to “voice and vote” and “mission and mandate” at the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. How, how well and why has the G7 performed this system reform role? Kaiser, Kirton and Daniels (2000), chapters by von Furstenberg, Daniels, Walter and Giannini. Baker (2006). *Bayne (2005), pp. 61-78. Bayne (2000), pp. 121-123. Bergsten and Henning (1996), especially pp. 13-26. Donges, Juergen and Peter Tillmann (2001), “Challenges for the Global Financial System,” in Kirton,

Daniels and Freytag, pp. 33-44. Fratianni, Michele (2003), “The IMF and Its Critics,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 155-

176. Kirton and von Furstenberg (2001), chapters by Sébastien Dallaire, “Continuity and Change in the Global

Monetary Order”; Saori Katada, “Japan’s Approach to Shaping a New International Financial Architecture”; Kunihiko Ito, “Japan, the Asian Economy the International Financial System and the G8: A Critical Perspective”; and John Kirton, “Guiding Global Economic Governance: The G7, IMF and G20 at Century’s Dawn.”

Kirton, John (2001), “The G20: Representativeness, Effectiveness, and Leadership in Global Governance,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 143-172.

Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2002), chapters by Kirton, Gomel and Introduction. English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapter 2, 8, 9. 5. Financial Supervision, Corporate and Public Governance The 1995 collapse of Barings Bank and the Asian financial crisis of 1997, together with the underlying process of globalization, gave the G7, new G20 and Financial Stability Forum a growing interest in improving banking and private financial system surveillance. The broader concern with money laundering and terrorist financing intensified this interest for the G7 and G8. The emergence of major corporate scandals in the twenty-first century and the growing awareness of the role of corporate responsibility in growth, development and conflict have heightened G8 concern with firm and government roles in a responsible market economy. The 2007- global credit crisis has placed financial supervision and regulation at the centre of attention again. How effective have G7 and G8-centered efforts been and why? *Daniels, Joseph (1999), “Supervising the International Financial System,” in Hodges, Kirton and

Daniels, pp. 107-118.

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*Brean, Don (2001), “Corporate Governance: International Perspectives,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 223-244.

*Fratianni, Michele, Paolo Savona and John Kirton, eds. (2007), Corporate, Public and Global Governance: The G8 Contribution (Ashgate: Aldershot). Especially Introduction, Fratianni and Pattison.

Kirton, John and Michael Trebilcock (2004), eds., Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade, Environment and Social Governance. (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Savona, Paolo and Chiara Oldani (2003), “Globalization, Growth and Health: The Private Sector Perspective,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 99-115.

Wood, Duncan (2005), Governing Global Banking: The Basel Committee and the Politics of Financial Globalisation (Ashgate: Aldershot).

6. Exchange Rate Management and Monetary Policy The G7’s first achievement, at the opening Summit in 1975, was to institute a new regime of managed floating exchange rates. The G7 again proved its efficacy in the Plaza and Louvre Accords of 1985 and 1987 and, less clearly, in the adjustment of the dollar-yen exchange rate in the summer of 1995, the U.S.-Japan joint intervention of June 1998 and subsequently. Yet its poor compliance record on this issue, the limited ability of many G7 governments to control their central banks, and the rise of massive daily foreign exchange trading in the globalizing 1990s, call into question what the G7 can and should do in this domain, even as the advent of the now appreciating Euro and rise of China with an undervalued currency and fixed exchange rate generate a new need for such management. This session treats exchange rate management within the broader context of monetary policy. Baker (2006). Bergsten and Henning (1996). *Davanne, Olivier and Pierre Jacquet (2001), “Practicing Exchange Rate Flexibility,” in Kaiser, Kirton

and Daniels pp. 153-186. Gallarotti, Giulio M (2004). “Confronting the Impediments to International Economic Cooperation:

Domestic Politics and International Monetary Relations in the G8.” G8 Governance No. 10 (June). <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/gallarotti_g8g.pdf>.

Von Furstenberg, George and Jianjun Wei (2003), “The Chinese Crux of Monetary Union in East Asia,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 191-205.

*Von Furstenberg, George (2001), “Can Small Countries Keep Their Own Money and Floating Exchange Rates?” in Kaiser, Kirton and Daniels, pp. 187-202.

*Von Furstenberg, George (2001), “U.S. Dollarization: A Second Best Form of Regional Currency Consolidation,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 45-54.

7. Macroeconomic Policy A core G8 concern is macroeconomic policy co-ordination, through the large package deals of Bonn 1978, the move toward convergence in the 1980s, and the emphasis on fiscal consolidation and anti-inflation measures in the 1990s. The return of a synchronous slowdown in all three G7 regions in 2001 brought this issue back to the forefront, with a new interest in generating sustained productivity-based growth. The issue again rose prominently in 2007 and 2008 but the G8 summit did little in the end. Why do countries sometimes co-ordinate rather than merely co-operate or consult, and is comprehensive macroeconomic co-ordination necessary or desirable in a globalizing age? Is the G7/8 the right place to try?

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Dobson, Wendy (1991), Economic Policy Co-ordination: Requiem or Prologue? Policy Analyses in

International Economics, vol. 30 (Institute for International Economics: Washington, D.C.). *Hodges, Kirton and Daniels (1999), chapters by Bronwen Curtis, “Promoting Growth in the World

Economy,” pp. 119-134, and Koji Watanabe, “Japan’s Summit Contributions and Economic Challenges,” pp. 95-106.

Kirton, Daniels and Freytag (2001), chapters by Andreas Freytag, “Internal Macroeconomic Policies and International Governance,” pp. 21-32, and Martin Theuringer, “International Macroeconomic Policy Co-operation in the Era of the Euro,” pp. 173-188.

Kiuchi, Takase (2003), “Evaluating Koizumi’s Reforms and The Implications for the Global Economy,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 177-190.

Salvatore, Dominique (2003), “Globalization, International Competitiveness, the New Economy and Growth in the G7,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton, pp. 19-34.

Salvatore, Dominick (2002), “Problems and Reforms of the International Monetary System,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton, eds. (2002), pp. 103-116.

*Savona, Paolo (2007), “Global Development and the Dollar: A Conflict to be Solved,” Financing, pp.241-261.

*Webb, Michael (1991), “International Economic Structures, Government Interests, and the International Co-ordination of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies,” International Organization 45 (Summer).

8. The New Electronic Economy and Information Technology While the G7 has long dealt with information technology and its revolutionary potential, most notably at the 1982 Summit, it became deeply and continuously involved with the subject with its mid 1990s Global Information Society Initiative. This gave rise to separate ministerial meetings with expanding membership, an important role for the EU, and the first direct involvement of multinational corporations. By Okinawa 2000, the issue had broadened to embrace the new electronic economy, become a focus for the leaders, and prompt innovative new principles and processes, with a new charter and “Dot Force.” It has arisen in various guises since. *Hart, Jeffrey (2005), “The G8 and the Governance of Cyberspace,” in New Perspectives, pp. 137-152. *Bayne (2001), “Managing Globalization and the New Economy: The Contribution of the G8 Summit,”

in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 23-38. Crawford, Allan (2003), “Productivity Growth in Canada and the G7,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton

(2003), pp. 35-64. Freytag, Andreas (2003), “The Global Information Society and Development: Smoke without a Fire?”, in

Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 65-80. Lawton, Thomas (2001), “The New Global Electronic Economy: Consensus, Confusion Contradictions,”

in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 39-60. Mastroeni, Michele (2001), “Creating Rules for the Global Information Economy: U.S. and G8

Leadership,” in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 61-74. Stephens, Gina (2006), “G8 Institutionalization as a Cause of Compliance: The Dot Force Case.” Paper

prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/stephens_060326.pdf>.

Ullrich, Heidi and Alan Donnelly (1999), “The Group of Eight and the European Union”: The Evolving Partnership, G7 Governance 5 (January). <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/gov5/>.

Von Furstenberg, George (2001), “Transparent End-Use Technology and the Changing Nature of Security Threats,” in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 75-94.

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9. Employment The G8’s concern with microeconomic policy, particularly employment, dates back to its earliest days. The third cycle brought a major emphasis on this area and a direct focus on related microeconomic issues, including the structural reform of members’ economies. The year 1994 bred a ministerial forum on employment, 1998 the choice of employment as a summit focus, and 2003 a spontaneous discussion of structural reform. Is globalization making microeconomic issues more a subject of international and G8 co-operation? How effective is the G8’s “compare-and-contrast” best practices approach? Is more active co-ordination possible and desirable? *Layard, Richard (1999), “Designing Effective Policies for Employment Creation,” in Hodges, Kirton

and Daniels, pp. 159-168. Bayne (2000), “Economic Interdependence: The OECD,” Hanging Together, pp. 45-58. *Kirton, John (2002), “Embedded Ecologism and Institutional Inequality: Linking Trade, Environment

and Social Cohesion in the G8,” in John Kirton and Virginia Maclaren, eds., Linking Trade, Environment and Social Cohesion: NAFTA Experiences, Global Challenges (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 45-72.

Charnovitz, Steve (1995), “Strengthening the International Employment Regime,” Intereconomics (September/October): 221-233.

Engen, Klaus E. (1993), “Benign Neglect Revisited: It’s Time for the G7 to Stop Talking and Start Acting on the Worldwide Jobs Crisis,” The International Economy 7: 42-44.

10. Education and Social Policy Since 1988, the G8 has given increasing attention to social policy, including literacy, education, pension reform, aging, cultural diversity and other once fully domestic issues, both within and beyond G8 members. This trend culminated in the 2006 summit, where education was a priority theme. What has the G8 accomplished, beyond the work of the OECD, ILO, UNESCO, the World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the UN Millennium Summit? *Kirton, John and Laura Sunderland (2006), “The G8 and Global Education Governance,” Paper

presented at a conference on “On the Road to St. Petersburg,” sponsored by The State University — Higher School of Economics, The Experts Council for the Steering Committee for the G8 Presidency of the Russian Federation in 2006, and the University of Toronto G8 Research Group, at The Center for Strategic Research, Moscow, April 3, 2006. Also in the HSE Bulletin 2006 (5): 30-61. Web.

*Kirton, John and Michael Trebilcock (2004), eds., Hard Choices, Soft Law: Voluntary Standards in Global Trade, Environment and Social Governance (Ashgate: Aldershot).

Banting, Keith (1996), “Social Policy,” in Bruce Doern et al. eds., Border Crossings: The Internationalization of Canadian Public Policy (Oxford University Press: Toronto), pp. 27-54.

Heller, Peter (1989), Aging, Savings and Pensions in the Group of Seven Countries, 1980-2025, IMF Working Paper No. WP/89/13 (International Monetary Fund: Washington, D.C.).

Langille, Brian (1997), “Eight Ways to Think about International Labor Standards,” Journal of World Trade 31 (August): 27-54.

Labonte et al. (2004), pp. 79-95.

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11. Multilateral Trade Trade has been a continuing, core concern of the Summit since the start. Leaders have helped conclude the Tokyo Round, launch the Uruguay Round (with disciplines on agricultural subsidies), conclude the round in 1993, and launch the Doha “round” in November 2001. But they have done little to successfully conclude Doha and ministerial Quadrilateral has fallen into disuse. How and how much has the G8 Summit and Trade Ministers Quadrilateral contributed to multilateral trade liberalization and containing protectionism? Why has the G8 been relatively successful in co-operation and compliance in this field relative to others? Why is it having such difficulty in getting the Doha “round” done? *Ostry, Sylvia (2005), “Summitry and Trade: What Sea Island Could Do for Doha,” New Perspectives,

205-212. *Ullrich, Heidi (2005), “Effective or Defective? The G8 and Multilateral Trade Negotiations,” New

Perspectives, 213-229. Bayne (2005), pp. 105-126. *Bayne (2001), “The G7 and Multilateral Trade Liberalization: Past Performance, Future Challenges,” in

Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 171-189. Bayne (2000), “Internationalizing Domestic Policy: The Uruguay Round,” pp. 93-113. Carden, Richard (2003), “The World Trading System,” in Bayne and Woolcock (2003), pp. 275-285. *Cohn, Theodore (2002), especially chapters 7-9. Cohn, Theodore (2001), “Securing Multilateral Trade Liberalization: International Institutions in Conflict

and Convergence,” in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 189-218. English, John, Ramesh Thakur and Andrew Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapters 2, 5, 7, 9, 11. Fischer, Klemens (2001), “The G7/8 and the European Union,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 123-

142. Fratianni, Kirton, Rugman and Savona (2005), Chapters 13, 14. Labonte et al. (2004), pp. 138-152. *Page, Sheila (2007), “Doing Doha for Development: A Development Perspective,” Financing, pp. 201-

218. *Ostry, Sylvia (2007), “Assymetry in the Post-Doha Trading System,” Financing, pp. 219-234. Sally, Razeen (2001), “Looking Askance at Global Governance,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 55-

78. Ullrich, Heidi (20-06), “Explaining G7/8 Multilateral Trade Commitments: Is the G7/8 Still Relevant?”

Paper prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/ullrich.pdf>.

Ullrich, Heidi (2001), “Stimulating Trade Liberalization after Seattle: G7/8 Leadership in Global Governance,” in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 219-241.

Verbecke, Alain and Alan Rugman (2003), “The World Trade Organization, Multinational Enterprise and the Civil Society,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 81-98.

Wolfe, Robert (2008), “Can the Trading System be Governed? Institutional Implications of the WTO’s Suspended Animation,” ” in Alan Alexandroff, ed, Can the World be Governed: Possibilities of Effective Multilateralism, (Wilfred Laurier University Press: Waterloo), 289-352.

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12. Investment, Competition Policy, and Intellectual Property In a globalizing world of integrated production, trade is becoming fused with foreign direct investment (FDI) and corporate alliances. The G8 has begun focusing on the regulation of FDI, including the failed effort to reach a Multilateral Agreement on Investment at the OECD, and the operations of multinational corporations themselves, through a concern with competition policy. It has most recently focused on intellectual property, in dialogue with China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa in the Heiligendamm Process. What has it done, accomplished and why? Fratianni, Michele et al., eds. (2007), Corporate, Public and Global Governance: The G8 Contribution.

Chapters by Brean and Kobrak, and Rugman. *Rugman, Alan (1999), “Negotiating Multilateral Rules to Promote Investment,” in Hodges, Kirton and

Daniels, pp. 143-158. *Brean, Donald (2001), “Corporate Governance: International Perspectives,” in Kirton, Daniels and

Freytag, pp. 223-244. Rugman, Alan (2000) “From Globalisation to Regionalism: The Foreign Direct Investment Dimensions

of International Finance,” in Kaiser, Kirton and Daniels, pp. 203-220. Rugman, Alan and Alina Kudina (2002), “Britain, Europe and North America,” in Fratianni, Savona and

Kirton (2002), pp. 185-197. 13. Energy and Nuclear Safety The seminal focus of the G8 on energy receded after the second oil shock of 1979 but has become more prominent with the advent of President Bush, an institutionalized G8 Energy Ministerial forum, the 2003 war against Iraq, ongoing concerns about climate change and oil prices spiking to historic highs in 2008. Energy security served as the primary theme at the Summit in 2006. Particularly since the Chernobyl nuclear explosion just prior to the 1986 Tokyo Summit, with the disintegration of the USSR, and with more recent nuclear accidents in other G8 countries such as nuclear-sensitive Japan, the G8 has also tried to ensure the safety of civilian nuclear reactors in the former USSR, including through such innovations as the first and only subject-specific, intersessional summit — the Nuclear Safety Summit in Moscow in 1996. The closure of the final Chernobyl reactor in December 2000 shows the success of the G8 in this realm, even as concerns in other countries suggest the G8’s work is incomplete. *Rugman, Alan (2005), “U. S. Energy Security and Regional Business,” New Perspectives, 153-167. *Kirton, John J. “The G8 and Global Energy Governance: Past Performance, St. Petersburg

Opportunities.” Paper presented at a conference on “The World Dimension of Russia’s Energy Security,” sponsored by the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO), Moscow, April 21, 2006. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2006/kirton_energy_060623.pdf>.

Kirton, John (2007), “The G8’s Climate-Energy Connection,” UNESCO Energy Bulletin, August 2008. Kirton, John (2007)“G8 Governance for Energy Security and Climate Change,” Paper prepared for a

Conference on “Workshop or Talking Shop? Globalization, Security and the Legitimacy of the G8,” organized by the Belgian Institute for International Relations, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, the G8 Research Group, and the Freidrich Ebert Stiftung, Egmont Palace, Brussels, May 24-5.

Connolly, Barbara, and Martin List (1996), “Nuclear Safety in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union,” in Robert Keohane and Mark Levy, Institutions for Environmental Aid, pp. 233-280.

*Donnelly, Michael (2002), “Criticality at Tokaimura: A Failure of Governance,” in Kirton and Takase, pp. 141-166.

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Ikenberry, John (1988), “Market Solutions for State Problems: The International and Domestic Politics of American Oil Decontrol,” International Organization 42 (Winter): 151-177.

Kirton, John (2003), “Governing Globalization: The G8’s Contribution for the Twenty-First Century,” in Vadim Razumovsky, ed, Russia Within the Group of Eight (Institute for Applied International Research: Moscow).

*Panova, Victoria (2006). “Explaining Compliance with International Energy Compliance: The G8 and the IEA. Paper prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/panova_060324.pdf>.

14. Development Along with macroeconomic policy and trade, development has been a constant concern of the G8. Its emphasis has shifted from the north-south “dialogue” of the 1970s to the debt crisis of the 1980s, the debt of the poorest during the 1990s, and more recently the integration of the poor into the international economic system and poverty reduction in Africa. Development, with official development assistance, debt relief and the Millennium Development Goals at the core, have dominated G8 summits in recent years. *Fratianni et al, eds. (2007), Financing, Introduction and Chapters by Lyman, Wickstead, Adefuye, von

Furstenburg, Chainey and Jacquet and Fauver. Bayne, Nicholas (2003), “The New Partnership for Africa’s Development and the G8’s Africa Action

Plan: A ‘Marshall Plan for Africa’?” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 117-130. *Bayne (2005), pp. 61-78, 105-126, 169-190. Bayne (2000), pp. 123-4, 179-187. Collier, Paul (2008), “facing the Global Problems of Development,” in Alan Alexandroff, ed, Can the

World be Governed: Possibilities of Effective Multilateralism, (Wilfred Laurier University Press: Waterloo), 241-288.

Dluhosch, Barbara (2001), “The G7 and the Debt of the Poorest,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 79-93.

English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapters 2, 3, 12. Fratianni, Michele, John Kirton and Paolo Savona, eds. (2007), Financing Development: G8 and UN

Contributions (Ashgate: Aldershot). Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2002), Introduction, pp. 1-23. Hajnal, Peter (2002), “Partners or Adversaries? The G7/8 Encounters Civil Society,” in Kirton and

Takase, pp. 210-222. Also in Peter Hajnal (2002), pp. 215-242. Johnson, Pierre Marc (2001), “Creating Sustainable Global Governance,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag,

pp. 245-282. Kirton, John and Ella Kokotsis (2003), “The G8 Contribution at Kananaskis and Beyond,” in Fratianni,

Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 207-227. Kokotsis, Ella (1999). Labonte et al. (2004), pp. xii-38, 116-137. Mbirimi, Ivan (2003), “Designing for Development in Africa: The Role of International Institutions,” in

Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 131-140. Santiso, Carlos (2002), “Governance Conditionality and the Reform of Multilateral Development

Finance: The Role of the Group of Eight,” G8 Governance 7 (March). <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/santiso2002-gov7.pdf>.

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15. The Environment and Climate Change The G8’s great emphasis on energy in the 1970s has given way since the mid-1980s to a growing concern with environmental issues and above all climate change, supported by the emergence of a G8 environment ministers forum in 1992. How and why has the G8 been effective in advancing the global environmental agenda, especially in the lead-up and follow-up to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development in September 2002 and at Gleneagles in 2005, and in shaping the post-Kyoto regime since 2005. *Loy, Frank (2007), “Controlling Climate Change Beyond Kyoto: The American Contribution,”

Financing, pp. 253-261. Doumbé-Billé, Stéphane (2003), “Is African Development through the New Partnership for Africa’s

Development Synonymous with Sustainable Development?” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 141-153.

English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapters 2, 9. Fischer, Klemens (2001), “The G7/8 and the European Union,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 123-

142. Johnson, Pierre Marc (2001), “Creating Sustainable Global Governance,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag

pp. 245-282. Kirton, John (2007), “G8 Governance for Energy Security and Climate Change,” Paper prepared for a

Conference on “Workshop or Talking Shop? Globalization, Security and the Legitimacy of the G8,” organized by the Belgian Institute for International Relations, the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, the G8 Research Group, and the Freidrich Ebert Stiftung, Egmont Palace, Brussels, May 24-5.

*Kirton (2002), “Embedded Ecologism and Institutional Inequality: Linking Trade, Environment and Social Cohesion in the G8,” in John Kirton and Virginia Maclaren, eds., Linking Trade, Environment and Social Cohesion: NAFTA Experiences, Global Challenges (Aldershot: Ashgate), pp. 45-73.

Kirton, John (1993), “The Seven-Power Summit as a New Security Institution,” in David Dewitt et al., Building a New Global Order: Emerging Trends in International Security (Toronto: Oxford University Press), pp. 335-312.

*Kokotsis, Ella (2006). “Explaining Compliance with G7/8 Sustainable Development Commitments, 1975-2005.” Paper prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kokotsis_060324.pdf>.

Kokotsis, Ella (1999). Labonte et al. (2004), pp. 153-171. Lucyk, Christine and John Kirton (2002), “Safeguarding Environmental Values and Social Cohesion

under Trade Liberalization: Global Governance, G8 Principles and Local Initiatives,” in Kirton and Takase, pp. 223-236.

*Risbud, Sheila (2006), “Civil Society Engagement: A Case Study of the 2002 G8 Environment Ministers Meeting,” in John Kirton and Peter Hajnal, eds. Sustainability, Civil Society and International Governance: Local, North American and Global Contributions (Ashgate: Aldershot), 337-342.

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16. Health and Infectious Disease From an initial interest in cancer, and a subsequent concern with AIDS, through a focus on malaria at the 1998 Birmingham Summit, to the creation of the Global Health Fund starting at Okinawa 2000 and culminating at Genoa 2001, the G8 has developed a substantial concern with international public health and infectious disease. September 11th added a direct security dimension and a ministerial institution to its public health work. The 2006 St. Petersburg Summit highlighted health as a priority theme and it has been a major agenda item at summits ever since. Kirton, John, Nick Roudev and Laura Sunderland (2007), “Making Major Powers Deliver: Explaining

Compliance with G8 Health Commitments, 1996-2006, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85, No. 3 (March):192-199.

Kirton, John J. “The G8 and Global Health Governance: The Case for a 2006 Eurasian HIV/AIDS Initiative.” Paper prepared for the International Parliamentary Conference in Conjunction with Russia’s G8 Presidency on HIV/AIDS in Eurasia and the Role of the G8,” sponsored by the Transatlantic Partners Against AIDS at the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, June 8, 2006. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2006/kirton_health_060609.pdf>.

*Cooper, Andrew, John Kirton and Ted Schrecker, eds. (2007), Governing Global Health: Challenge, Response, Innovation (Ashgate: Aldershot). Especially Introduction and chapters by Kirton and Mannell, , Aginam, Kirton and Kokotsis, and Schrecker, Labonte and Sanders..

Cooper, Richard (1989), “International Co-operation in Public Health as a Prologue to Macroeconomic Co-operation,” Can Nations Agree? Issues in International Co-operation (Washington DC: Brookings), pp. 178-254.

Fidler, David (2004), SARS, Governance, and the Globalization of Disease (Palgrave Macmillan, London).

Fidler, David (2002), Global Health Governance: Overview of the Role of International Law in Protecting and Promoting Global Public Health, Department of Health and Development, World Health Organization, Discussion Paper No. 3, May.

Labonte, Ronald, Ted Schrecker, D. Sanders and W, Meeus (2004), Fatal Indifference: The G8, Africa and Global Health (University of Capetown Press), pp. 39-78, 172-232.

Lewis, Stephen (2005), Race Against Time (Anansi: Toronto). Orbinski, James (2002), “AIDS, Médecins Sans Frontières, and Access to Essential Medicines,” in Peter

Hajnal, ed., Civil Society in the Information Age (Ashgate: Aldershot), pp, 128-137. Sanger, M. (2003), Globalizing Health: Why Canada’s Foreign Policies and Trade Commitments Matter

to Our Health and Health Care. *Savona, Paolo and Chiara Oldani (2003), “Globalization, Growth and Health: The Private Sector

Perspective,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 99-115. “The Denver G8 Summit Highlights Infectious Disease,” Press Release WHO/50, June 24, 1997

<www.who.org/inf/pr/1997/pr97-50.html>. Ullrich, Heidi (2008), “Global Health Governance and Multi-Level Policy Coherence: Can the G8

Provide a Cure?” CIGI Working Paper No. 35, July, www.cigionline.org 17. Transnational Crime and Corruption In a G8 context, this issue area includes drugs and money laundering at the initial core, but expands to embrace people smuggling, nuclear and weapons smuggling, intellectual property theft, and cybercrime. It has increasingly expanded to embrace corruption.

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*Staple, George (1999), “Combating Transnational Financial Crime,” in Hodges, Kirton and Daniels, pp. 169-180.

*Masciandaro, Donato (2005), “Combatting Black Money: International Co-operation and the G8,” New Perspectives, 169-192.

Bayne (2000), various pages. English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapter 2. Masciandaro, Donato, ed. (2004), Global Financial Crime (Ashgate: Aldershot). Rudich, Denisse V (2005). “Performing the Twelve Labors: The G8’s Role in the Fight against Money

Laundering.” G8 Governance, No. 12 (May 2005). <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/rudich_g8g.pdf>. *Scherrer, Amandine (2006). “Explaining Compliance with International Commitments to Combat

Financial Crime: The G8 and FATF.” Paper prepared for the annual convention of the International Studies Association, San Diego, March 22-25. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/scherrer.pdf>.

Scherrer, Amandine (2005). “Le G8 face au crime organisé.” G8 Governance. No. 11 (February). <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/scherrer_g8g.pdf>.

Sussmann, Michael (1999), “The Critical Challenges from International High-Tech and Computer-Related Crime at the Millennium,” Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 9: 451-489.

Williams, Phil (1994), “Transnational Criminal Organizations and International Security,” Survival 36 (Spring):

Wechsler, Wolfgang (2001), “Follow the Money,” Foreign Affairs (July/August). 18. Terrorism Terrorism, from skyjacking in the 1970s through Libya in 1986 to the Middle East in 1996, has been a recurrent focus of the G8, a major continuing concern since Bin Laden’s terrorist network began targeting G8 members in 1993 and the G8 Summit itself in 1996, and an overriding focus since September 11th, 2001. How effective has G8 action been? *Penttila, Risto (2005), “Advancing American Security Interests through the G8,” New Perspectives, 83-

104. *Audretsch, David, Richard Stazinski, and Taylor Aldridge (2005), “Economic Growth and National

Security,” New Perspectives, 105-118. *Fratianni, Michele and Heejoon Kang (2005), “Borders and International Terrorism,” New Perspectives,

119-136. *von Furstenberg, George (2005), “Terrorist Finance: Within the Grip of the G8?” New Perspectives,

193-203. *Bayne (2001), “The G8’s Role in the Fight Against Terrorism,” Remarks to the G8 Research Group,

November 8. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/speakers/baynenov2001.html>. Bayne (2005), pp. 169-190. *Belelieu, Andre (2002), “The G8 and Terrorism: What Role Can the G8 Play in the 21st Century? G8

Governance 8 (June). <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/belelieu2002-gov8.pdf>. Belelieu, Andre (2004), “International Counterterrorism Efforts and the G8: Prospects for Future Action,”

The Monitor 10 (Summer): 11-15. Kirton, John and Ella Kokotsis (2003), “The G8 Contribution at Kananaskis and Beyond,” in Fratianni,

Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 207-227. Volgy, Thomas, Kristin Kanthak and Robert Stewart Ingersoll (2004), “The G7, International Terrorism

and Domestic Politics: Modelling Policy Cohesion in response to Systemic Disturbance,” International Interactions 30 (July-September): 191-210.

Von Furstenberg, George (2001), “Transparent End-Use Technology and the Changing Nature of Security Threats,” in Kirton and von Furstenberg, pp. 75-94.

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Wechsler, Wolfgang (2001), “Follow the Money,” Foreign Affairs (July/August). 19. East-West Relations and Russia Since the start, the G8 has co-ordinated the democratic world’s collective economic response to the Soviet Union, its successor republics, and those in Central and Eastern Europe. It has had varying success, from its consensus on bank lending to the USSR at Puerto Rico 1976 to the failure over gas pipeline sanctions in the early 1980s. During the third cycle, this issue rose to dominate, as the G8 became the primary vehicle through which the democratic world managed the end of the cold war and democratic and market reform in Russia and Central and eastern Europe, largely through the use of financial assistance and institutional inclusion in the new G8. Making Russia a full partner and deeply democratic polity remains an ongoing challenge, especially after Russia’s invasion of Georgia in August 2008.. *Panova, Victoria (2007), “Russia and the G8: Matured Partnership,” Financing, pp.99-119. *Panova, Victoria (2005), “Russia in the G8: From Sea Island 2004 to Russia 2006,” New Perspectives

51-66. *Kokotsis, Ella (1999). Connolly, Barbara, Tamar Gutner, and Hildegard Bedarff (1996), “Organizational Inertia and

Environmental Assistance to Eastern Europe,” in Keohane and Levy, eds. Institutions for Environmental Aid, pp. 281-324.

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann and Christian Meier (1997), “Russia, “Summit of the Eight” and International Economic Organizations,” Aussenpolitik 48 (Number 4): 335-345.

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann and Christian Meier (1996), “The Halifax G7 Summit and Western Assistance for Russia and the Ukraine,” Aussenpolitik 47 (Number 1): 53-61.

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann and Christian Meier (1996), “Before and After Yeltsin’s Election Victory: On Prospects of Western Cooperation with Russia,” Aussenpolitik 47 (Number 3): 263-273.

Hoehmann, Hans-Hermann and Christian Meier (1994), “The World Economic Summit in Naples: A New Political Role for Russia?” Aussenpolitik 45 (Number 4): 336-345.

Kirton, John (1999), “Economic Co-operation: Summitry, Institutions, and Structural Change,” in John Dunning and Gavin Boyd, eds., Structural Change and Co-operation in the Global Economy (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar). In unrevised form at <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton199702/>.

Larson, Deborah and Alexi Shevchenko, “Bringing Russia into the Club,” in Richard Rosencrance, ed., The New Great Power Coalition (Rowman and Littlefield: London), pp. 311-326.

Laux, Jeanne Kirk (1997), “Double Discourse: National Politics and Global Governance, Fables from Central Europe,” Paper prepared for the Canadian Political Science Association Annual meetings, St. John’s Newfoundland, June 7-10. (Available at Trinity library.)

Laux, Jeanne Kirk (1994), “From South to East? Financing the Transition in Central and Eastern Europe,” in Maureen Appel Molot and Harald von Riekhoff, eds., A Part of the Peace: Canada Among Nations 1994 (Carleton University Press: Ottawa), pp. 173-189.

20. Arms Control, Proliferation and Weapons of Mass Destruction The east-west arms race and the proliferation of nuclear weapons and delivery systems have been contining concerns of the G8, with major advances in 1976, 1983, 1991 and 1998 (with the Indian and Pakistan nuclear explosions). It became a centrepiece at Kananaskis in 2002 and after, with the G8’s “Global Partnership” against weapons of mass destruction. Bayne (2005), pp. 169-190.

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Bayne, Nicholas (1998), “Lessons of the Birmingham Summit,” The Round Table 248. Kirton, John (1993), “The Seven-Power Summit as a New Security Institution,” in David Dewitt et al.,

Building a New Global Order: Emerging Trends in International Security (Oxford University Press: Toronto), pp. 335-312.

*Kirton, John (1997), “Le Rôle du G7 sur le couple intégration régionale/sécurité globale,” Études Internationales 28 (Juin). (In English as “The Role of the G7 in the Regional Integration-Global Security Link,” G7 Governance 2, June 1997 <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/gov2/>. Also available at Trinity library.)

*Kirton, John and Ella Kokotsis (2003), “The G8 Contribution at Kananaskis and Beyond,” in Fratianni, Savona and Kirton (2003), pp. 207-227.

Kühne with Prantl (2000). *Kurosawa, Mitsuru (2002), “Curbing Nuclear Proliferation: Japanese, G8 and Global Approaches,” in

Kirton and Takase, pp. 117-140. *Pentilla (2003). “Prosperity, Security and Freedom? The Sea Island G8 Summit,” The Monitor 10 (Summer 2004). Rasmussen, Greg (2001), “Non-Proliferation Regimes,” in Richard Rosencrance, ed., The New Great

Power Coalition (Rowman and Littlefield: London), pp. 181-202. 21. Regional Security Since the 1980s, the G8 has increasingly focused on critical regional conflicts such as those in Kosovo, the rest of the former Yugoslavia, the Korean peninsula, and the Middle East (including the Persian Gulf and Iraq). Its attention has spanned all of the world’s major regions and many of its minor regions. The G8 also acquired a major role in the governance of combat operations, with the war to liberate Kosovo starting on March 24, 1999. Egami, Takayoshi (2002), “Okinawan and Japanese Perspectives on U.S. Military Bases and the G8

Summit,” in Kirton and Takase, pp. 97-104. English, Thakur and Cooper, eds. (2005), Chapter 13. Fearon, James (2008), “International Institutions and Collective Authorization of the Use of Force,” in

Alan Alexandroff, ed., Can the World be Governed: Possibilities of Effective Multilateralism, (Wilfred Laurier University Press: Waterloo), 160-195.

Kirton, Daniels and Freytag (2001), “The G8’s Contributions to Twenty First Century Governance,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 283-306.

*Kirton, John (1997), “Le Rôle du G7 sur le couple intégration régionale/sécurité globale,” Études Internationales 28 (Juin). (In English as “The Role of the G7 in the Regional Integration-Global Security Link,” G7 Governance 2, June 1997 <www.g8.utoronto.ca/governance/gov2/>. Also available at Trinity library.)

*Kühne with Prantl (2000). *Pentilla (2003). Schmunk, Michael (2000), “Ein neuer Global Player? Moeglichkeiten und Grenzen der G-8

Aussenminister,” International Politik 8 (August): 59-65. *Schwegmann, Christoph (2001), “Modern Concert Diplomacy: The Contact Group and the G7/G8 in

Crisis Management,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 93-122.

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22. Conflict Prevention and Human Security The 1999 Cologne Summit and the December 1999 Berlin foreign ministers meeting brought conflict prevention and the broader issues of humanitarian intervention and human security to the forefront of the G8’s agenda. The 2000 Okinawa Summit moved from principles to concrete action in this domain. The momentum led some to fear and others to welcome the fact that the G8 might here be creating in practice a de facto alternative to the United Nations Security Council as the centre of global security governance. *Kirton and Stefanova, eds. (2004). *Kirton, John (2002), “The G8, the United Nations and Global Security Governance,” in Kirton and

Takase, pp. 191-208. Kirton, John (2004), “Co-operation Between the EU and G8 in Conflict Prevention,” in Jan Wouters and

Vincent Kronenberger, eds., Conflict Prevention: Is the European Union Ready? (TMC Asser Press, 2004).

Kirton, Kirton and Ella Kokotsis (2001), Compliance with G8 Commitments: The Peace and Security and Conflict Prevention Agenda, From Okinawa 2000 to Genoa 2001, Report prepared for the DFAIT’s Policy Planning Division in Preparation for the Canadian Presidency of the G8 Foreign Ministers’ Process in 2002, October 24, 2001 <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2001/kirton-kokotis.pdf>.

Kirton, John (2000), “Creating “Peace and Human Security: The G8 and Okinawa Summit Contribution,” Paper presented at Soka University, Japan, May 26.

Kühne with Prantl (2000). Lamy, Stephen (2002), “Creating Human Security: Competing Conceptions: Civil Society

Contributions,” in Kirton and Takese, pp. 167-187. Pentilla (2003). 23. Democratization and Human Rights From its seminal and continuous concern with democratization and good governance, through its interest in apartheid in South Africa, and human rights in China (with Tiananmen Square in 1989 and the Hong Kong transition in 1997), the G8 has sought to promote this core element of its fundamental normative order, against a Westphalian order and United Nations committed to the constitutional principle of non-intervention in the internal affairs of sovereign states. *Kirton, John (2004), “After Westphalia: Security and Freedom in the G8’s Global Governance,” in

Thomas Jaeger, Gergard Kümmel, Marika Lerch and Thomas Noetzel eds., Sicherheit und Freiheit: Außenpolitische, innenpolitische und ideengeschichtliche Perspektiven (Security and Freedom: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics and Political Theory Perspectives) (Nomos: Baden-Baden, 2004).

*Kirton (2001), “The G7/8 and China: Toward a Closer Association,” in Kirton, Daniels and Freytag, pp. 189-222.

Kirton (1997), “Canada, the G7, and the Denver Summit of the Eight: Implications for Asia and Taiwan,” Revised version of a paper prepared for a conference on “Canada-Taiwan Relations in the 1990s,” Department of Diplomacy, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, November 13-16, 1997. Available at Trinity Library or <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton199701/>.

Kirton (1991), “Sustaining the Democratic Revolution: The Role of International Organization,” paper prepared for a lecture tour organized by the Cincinnati Council on World Affairs, October 12-19, 1991. Available at Trinity Library.

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24. United Nations Reform Since it selected this subject as a major theme at Halifax in 1995, the G8 has been active in trying to reform the economic, social and political institutions of the United Nations, including its specialized agencies and in the security sphere as well. In 2003, host President Chirac’s interest in a “Council of Economic and Social Security” kept the subject alive in the economic sphere. The quest of Japan and Germany for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council has done so since. Bayne (2000), pp. 124-126. Commission on Global Governance (1995), Our Global Neighbourhood: The Report of the Commission

on Global Governance (Oxford University Press: Oxford). Ionescu, Ghita (1995), “Reading Notes, Summer 1995: From International to Global...” Government and

Opposition 30 (Summer): 394-397. *Kirton, John (2005), “From Collective Security to Concert: The UN, G8 and Global Security

Governance.” Paper prepared for the conference on “Security Overspill: Between Economic Integration and Social Exclusion,” Centre Études Internationales et Mondialisation, Université de Québec à Montréal, Montreal, October 27-28, 2005. <www.g8.utoronto.ca/scholar/kirton2005/kirton_montreal2005.pdf>.

*Kirton, John (2002), “The G8, the United Nations and Global Security Governance,” in Kirton and Takase, pp. 191-208.

Kühne with Prantl (2000). Ruggie, John Gerard (2003), “The United Nations and Globalization: Patterns and Limits of Global

Adaptation,” Global Governance 9 (July-September): 301-322. Smith, Gordon (1996), “Canada and the Halifax Summit,” in Canada Among Nations 1996: Big Enough

to Be Heard (Carleton University Press: Ottawa), pp. 83-94. 25. The G8 Summit Simulation (April 7) For this final session of the seminar, students will assume the roles of members and participants of the G8 and simulate the 2009 G8 Summit to be hosted by Italy, with a focus on its priority themes. A draft communiqué (chair’s statement) will be produced in advance for consideration during the seminar. Students will be evaluated as part of their presentation and participation mark. Information Sources Most of the books and weekly readings for this course are on reserve at the Trinity College John Graham Library in the East House of the Munk Centre for International Studies. They are on two-hour in-library reserve for the first copy, but there may be additional copies available for overnight takeout. The G8 Research Room on the second floor of the Trinity Library should have most materials. A complete collection of published works should also exist in the Robarts Library.

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A comprehensive, authoritative and up-to-date source of information and analysis on the G8 is available at <www.g8.utoronto.ca>. It contains an extensive bibliography of works on the G8, compiled by Peter Hajnal, together with the full text of some pieces and a separate listing of scholarly writings. It also contains the documentation issued by and at the annual G8 summit and some ancillary ministerial meetings, a list of delegations and, since 1996, an evaluation of the performance of the annual summit and its participating members. It contains links to other G8 sites established for particular meetings or subjects. Those wishing daily or weekly updates of unfolding developments in the G8 can sign up for G8 News. The physical version of the materials on the University of Toronto website, together with additional documentation and audio recording of briefings at the Summit, is available at the G8 Documentation Centre at the Trinity College Library. Special arrangements are required for access. Basic Information Sources Major Journals G8 Governance (refereed working papers at g8.utoronto.ca) Global Governance International Organization International Security International Studies Quarterly Millennium Review of International Organizations Review of International Political Economy The World Economy The World Today World Politics Country Centred Journals Aussenpolitik (Germany) Behind the Headlines (Canada) Canadian Foreign Policy (Canada) Foreign Affairs (USA) Foreign Policy (USA) HSE Bulletin (Russia) International Affairs (Britain) International Politik (Germany, now in an English edition) International Journal (Canada) Russia in International Affairs (Russia) NIRA Review (Japan) Politique Étrangère (France) International Spectator (Italy) Other Periodicals The International Economy: The Magazine of the G7 Council The OECD Observer Government Documents International Monetary Fund World Bank Group World Trade Organization

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development United Nations ASSIGNMENTS The Critical Review Essay should follow the general form of book or literature reviews in scholarly journals. Although there are many existing reviews of G7/8 related books (see below for the citations of examples), these are generally much weaker than what is required here. Your critical review should deal with both the overall book and the individual chapters and, in balanced fashion but with a clear overall argument, address such questions as: 1. What is the author’s/editors’ stated purpose(s) central thesis, argument, and explicit or underlying analytical

or causal model? 2. What is your overall thesis about or evaluation of the book? 3. How logically integrated, consistent and complete is the author’s/editor(s)’ argument or model? 4. How well is the argument or model supported by the evidence as assembled and interpreted by the author?

Does this evidence point to anomalies, puzzles or alternative patterns? 5. How well does the argument/model account for other evidence from the same or a subsequent time period,

as you have encountered it in other reading for the course to date? 6. How does the argument compare, in quality and substance, with alternative explanations you have

encountered in your readings for the course to date? 7. How would you refine (if you do not reject) the author’s/editor(s)’ argument to better account for the

evidence? 8. How adequate is the author’s argument as a general model of G7/8 performance? That is, how well does it

explain the full range of issue areas, time periods and G7/8 functions (domestic political management, deliberation, direction-setting, decision-making, delivery and development of global governance)?

9. How well does it relate to, draw from or contribute in turn to more general theories of international institutions and global governance?

10. How logically related, practical and appealing are any judgements it might have on reform of the summit process?

11. How prescient have its predictions, projections and prescriptions (proposals) been? 12. How well have the stated purposes of the book been achieved and what is its overall contribution to G8

literature? You may wish to start by reading Tony Porter’s review of the Hodges, Kirton and Daniels book in the International Journal 55 (Spring 2000), pp. 337-338; or Heidi Ullrich’s review of the Hodges, Kirton, and Daniel’s book in Millennium vol. 29, no. 1 (2000), pp. 222-224. A Framework for Research Essays on Policy Areas Each student must do a paper on the entire issue area, rather than just the portion he or she presented in class. You may exchange ideas and data with your presentation partner(s), but not text. Your presentation and paper should follow the following framework, in the order of the sections listed below. A. Introduction 1. What is the theoretical and policy significance of this case?

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2. What is the debate among competing schools of thought that describe and explain the G8’s role and performance and their causes in this specific issue area (as distinct from the ten major causal models that explain G8 performance as a whole)?

3. What unexplained patterns or “puzzles” are left from each of these existing schools? 4. What is your thesis about G8 performance and its key causes? 5. How do you define the issue area for purposes of this analysis? B. An Overview of G8 Performance Patterns What is the available systematic, often quantitative, evidence on the overall pattern of G8 performance on this issue in the G8’s: 1. overall achievement; (For evidence see, inter alia, Putnam and Bayne (1987); Bayne (2000, p. 195);

the G8 Research Group Performance Assessments; the Kokotsis, Kirton, Juricevic scores on significant commitments; and G8 Research Group Personal Evaluations.)

2. domestic political management; 3. deliberative agenda setting and learning; 4. directional principle- and norm-setting; 5. decisional commitment; 6. delivery through remit mandates, resource mobilization, member compliance, and moral suasion; 7. development of global governance within the G8 and through reform of the multilateral system. 8. How well has the summit performed on this issue across its various functions at each annual encounter, in hosting cycle or within each phase? C. Critical Cases in G8 Diplomacy What critical cases in G8 diplomacy on this issue have produced the peaks, depths and turning points in these patterns of performance? What are the cases at individual summits where the G8 has produced its greatest successes and failures on this issue? In each case (usually between three to six), use the process tracing or historical method, to identify the member’s initiative, alignment, and bargaining or persuasion dynamics that produce high or low performance. Identify what causes, especially in the consciousness of the actors involved, produced the observed result. D. Causes of G7 Performance What does a detailed historical process-tracing of each Summit’s treatment of the policy area suggest are the major proximate, most closely connected causes of high performance? How and how well are variations in G8 performance explained by variations in the major causal factors at different levels of analysis, notably: 1. Relative Vulnerability (Global Problem/Demand, Interdependence, Sensitivity, Vulnerability,

Shocks): 2. Relative International Institutional Capacity and performance of bodies outside and inside the G8; 3. Relative Capability among members and among countries and actors in the global system; 4. Common Principles (Charter, identities/values, epistemes, historical lessons and policy failures; 5. Constricted Participation (membership, outside participation, civil society, and Summit format); 6. Political Control by secure popularly elected leaders (Domestic Institutional freedom, political

capital); 7. Other Factors

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E. Conclusions 1. Under what circumstances is high performance most likely and desirable, i.e., what are the key causes

of the core patterns of performance and how are these causes and effects connected? 2. Why is your thesis right, and how should it be modified? 3. How much does each of the competing schools of thought contribute? 4. What does this issues areas case suggest about the adequacy of each of the ten major causal models of

G8 governance and how they should be refined or replaced? 5. What do they suggest for more general international relations theories of global governance? 6. What are the consequences of G8 action at the international and domestic level, that is, who benefits

and who loses from G8 governance? 7. How can the G8 process and structure be reformed to improve performance? 8. How does G8 performance compare with and relate to that of other international institutions and

modes of global governance?