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PoetryPoetryMAISRULMAISRUL

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Intro to Intro to LiteratureLiterature

What is Poetry?What is Poetry?Some definitions of poetry:Some definitions of poetry: Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of

powerful feeling (W. Wordsworth)powerful feeling (W. Wordsworth) An artistically concrete expression of An artistically concrete expression of

human thought in the rhythmical human thought in the rhythmical emotional language (Watts-Danton)emotional language (Watts-Danton)

Ingenious fiddle - faddle (Isaac Newton)Ingenious fiddle - faddle (Isaac Newton) The rhythmical creation of beauty (The rhythmical creation of beauty (Edgar Edgar

Allan PoeAllan Poe))

What is Poetry?What is Poetry?““A Form of literary work having A Form of literary work having metrical language and certain metrical language and certain measurement (meter) measurement (meter) composition”composition”

Metrical means ‘language or sound Metrical means ‘language or sound which contains a meter like rhythm, which contains a meter like rhythm, rhyme, etc’rhyme, etc’

Meter is a unit for measuring versesMeter is a unit for measuring verses

What is Poetry?What is Poetry?Poetry refers to a general Poetry refers to a general

sense or poetry as a whole.sense or poetry as a whole.Poem means certain work of Poem means certain work of

poetry.poetry.Poet refers to person who Poet refers to person who

writes or composes poems.writes or composes poems.

Components of PoetryComponents of Poetry Sound DevicesSound Devices

Technique for producing a musical Technique for producing a musical or pleasing effect of language in or pleasing effect of language in Literature, esp. Poetry.Literature, esp. Poetry.

Language/Structure DevicesLanguage/Structure DevicesThe internal (language) The internal (language) organization of a poem’s content. organization of a poem’s content. It refers to the style of language It refers to the style of language used by the poet.used by the poet.

Sound DevicesSound Devices RhythmRhythm

““Any wavelike recurrence of Any wavelike recurrence of sound having pattern or sound having pattern or Measured flow of word sounds”Measured flow of word sounds”

It is determined by Accented It is determined by Accented (stressed) syllables of words. (stressed) syllables of words. Unaccented (unstressed) syllables Unaccented (unstressed) syllables of words.of words.- Accented is marked by- Accented is marked by/ / '' / /- Unaccented is marked by /- Unaccented is marked by /ˇ/ˇ/

Sound DevicesSound Devices Metrical FeetMetrical Feet

- Metrical Feet is the division Metrical Feet is the division of foot according to the of foot according to the numbers of accented and numbers of accented and unaccented syllables in one unaccented syllables in one foot.foot.

- FootFoot is the unity of grouped is the unity of grouped rhythm. It is the basic unit rhythm. It is the basic unit used in used in scansion scansion of verses.of verses.

- Scansion is the process of Scansion is the process of measuring versesmeasuring verses

Sound Devices:Sound Devices:Metrical FeetMetrical Feet

Five types of metrical FeetFive types of metrical Feet

1.1. Iambic (iamb): foot consisting Iambic (iamb): foot consisting of one of one //ˇ/ˇ/ and one / and one /''// / / ˇ '/ ˇ '/ (rehearse)(rehearse)

2.2. Trochaic (trochee): One Trochaic (trochee): One //'/ and one '/ and one //ˇ/ --ˇ/ --> > //'' ˇ ˇ / = (barter)/ = (barter)

3.3.Anapestic (Anapest): two/Anapestic (Anapest): two/ ˇ ˇ / and / and one /one /''// / / ˇ ˇ ' ˇ ˇ '/ = (understand)/ = (understand)

Sound Devices:Sound Devices:Metrical FeetMetrical Feet

4.4. Dactylic (dactyl): foot Dactylic (dactyl): foot consisting of one consisting of one //''// and and two /two / ˇ ˇ // / / ' ˇ ˇ / (merrily) ' ˇ ˇ / (merrily)

5.5. Spondaic (Spondee): two Spondaic (Spondee): two //''/''/ = (blue bird)= (blue bird)

Sound Devices:Sound Devices:Metrical LineMetrical Line

Metrical LineMetrical Line is the division of line is the division of line of a verse according to the of a verse according to the number of feetnumber of feet

1.1. Monometer: One foot lineMonometer: One foot line2.2. Dimeter: two feet lineDimeter: two feet line

Take her up/ tenderly (dactylic Take her up/ tenderly (dactylic dimeter)dimeter)

3. Trimeter: three feet line3. Trimeter: three feet lineHe stood/and heard/the steepleHe stood/and heard/the steeple(iambic trimeter)(iambic trimeter)

Sound Devices:Sound Devices:Metrical LineMetrical Line

4.4. Tetrameter: Four feet lineTetrameter: Four feet lineMy heart/is like/a sing/ing birdMy heart/is like/a sing/ing bird(iambic tetrameter)(iambic tetrameter)

5.5. Pentameter: Five feet linePentameter: Five feet lineThe summ/er thun/der, like/a The summ/er thun/der, like/a wood/en bell (iambic pentameter)wood/en bell (iambic pentameter)

6. Hexameter : Six feet line6. Hexameter : Six feet line7. Heptameter: Seven feet line7. Heptameter: Seven feet line8. Octameter: eight feet line8. Octameter: eight feet line

Sound Devices :Sound Devices :Rhyme (Rime)Rhyme (Rime)

Rhyme is the repetition of identical or Rhyme is the repetition of identical or similar sounds esp. the accented one similar sounds esp. the accented one Ex. Old – ColdEx. Old – Cold Vane – ReignVane – Reign

Perfect (exact) rhyme : Differing sound are Perfect (exact) rhyme : Differing sound are followed by identical stress, vowel sound =followed by identical stress, vowel sound =

ffoeoe – t – toeoe, buff, buffer er – rough– rougherer Half rhyme (off rhyme): only the final Half rhyme (off rhyme): only the final

consonant sounds of the words are identical consonant sounds of the words are identical = sou= soull – oi – oill mirmirthth – for – forthth

Masculine rhyme: The final stressed Masculine rhyme: The final stressed syllables are identical: stasyllables are identical: starkrk – ma – markrksuppsupportort - ret - retortort

Feminine rhyme: Repeated accented vowel Feminine rhyme: Repeated accented vowel in either the second or third last syllable of in either the second or third last syllable of the word: revthe word: revivalival – arr – arrivalival flflatter atter - b- batteratter

Sound Devices:Sound Devices: Rhyme Rhyme (Rime)(Rime)

Internal rhyme: Internal rhyme: Occurs when the Occurs when the rhyming words are in the same linerhyming words are in the same line

Ex. Here is the grackle, peopleEx. Here is the grackle, peopleHere is the foHere is the foxx, folk, folkss

Alliteration: the repetition at close Alliteration: the repetition at close interval of initial sounds and interval of initial sounds and sometimes as prominent repetition sometimes as prominent repetition of a consonant.of a consonant.

Ex. Ex. BBring me my ring me my bbow or ow or bburning goldurning goldFFull ull ffathom athom ffive thy ive thy ffather liesather lies

Sound Devices:Sound Devices: Rhyme Rhyme (Rime)(Rime)

Assonance: The repetition at Assonance: The repetition at close interval of similar close interval of similar vowel sounds which have vowel sounds which have different consonant different consonant sounds.sounds.

Ex. Full fEx. Full faathom fthom fiive thy fve thy faather ther lliieses

Stanzaic PatternsStanzaic Patterns

Lines of poetry arranging in Lines of poetry arranging in rhythmical unitrhythmical unit

a.a. Couplet: A Stanza of two linesCouplet: A Stanza of two lines

b.b. Triplet (tercet): A three line Triplet (tercet): A three line stanza (usually with one rhyme)stanza (usually with one rhyme)

c.c. Quatrain: A four line stanza Quatrain: A four line stanza rhyme or unrhymedrhyme or unrhymed

d.d. Quantain: A five line stanzaQuantain: A five line stanza

Stanzaic Patterns

e. Sestet: Six line stanzae. Sestet: Six line stanza

f. octet/octave: Eight line stanzaf. octet/octave: Eight line stanza

g. Sonnet: Fourteen line poemg. Sonnet: Fourteen line poem

- Italian / Petrachan (Francesco - Italian / Petrachan (Francesco Petrach, 14Petrach, 14thth c) : arranged by c) : arranged by octave rhyming octave rhyming abba abba abba abba and sestet (six lines) rhyming and sestet (six lines) rhyming cd cd cdcd cd cd or variant. or variant.

Stanzaic PatternsStanzaic Patterns- English (Shakespeare) Sonnet: English (Shakespeare) Sonnet:

arranged by three quatrain and arranged by three quatrain and couplet rhyming couplet rhyming abab cdcd efef abab cdcd efef gggg

Blank Verse: Blank Verse: Unrhymed iambic Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Introduced in pentameter. Introduced in English by Henry Howard (16English by Henry Howard (16thth c) c)

Free VerseFree Verse: Non-metrical verse; : Non-metrical verse; rhythmical lines varying in rhythmical lines varying in length; no fixed metrical pattern length; no fixed metrical pattern and usually unrhymedand usually unrhymed

Language/Structure Language/Structure DevicesDevices

The internal (language)organization The internal (language)organization of a poem’s content. It refers to the of a poem’s content. It refers to the style of language used by the poet.style of language used by the poet.

A. Simile: A. Simile: A figure of speech in A figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is which an explicit comparison is made between two things made between two things essentially unlike. It usually uses essentially unlike. It usually uses some words as: some words as: like, as, than, like, as, than, similar to, resembles, similar to, resembles, andand seem. seem.

The Silken Tent The Silken Tent by Robert by Robert FrostFrost

She is as in a field a silken tentShe is as in a field a silken tentAt midday when a sunny summer breezeAt midday when a sunny summer breezeHas dried the dew and all its ropes relent,Has dried the dew and all its ropes relent,So that in guys it gently sways at ease,So that in guys it gently sways at ease,And its supporting central cedar pole,And its supporting central cedar pole,That is its pinnacle to heavenwardThat is its pinnacle to heavenwardAnd signifies the sureness of the soul,And signifies the sureness of the soul,Seems to owe naught to any single cord,Seems to owe naught to any single cord,But strictly held by none, is loosely boundBut strictly held by none, is loosely boundBy countless silken ties of love and thoughtBy countless silken ties of love and thoughtTo everything on earth the compass round,To everything on earth the compass round,And only by one's going slightly tautAnd only by one's going slightly tautIn the capriciousness of summer airIn the capriciousness of summer airIs of the slightest bondage made aware.Is of the slightest bondage made aware.

She is / as in / a field /a silk/en tentShe is / as in / a field /a silk/en tentAt mid/day when /a sun/ny sum/mer breezeAt mid/day when /a sun/ny sum/mer breezeHas dried /the dew/and all/ its ropes / relent,Has dried /the dew/and all/ its ropes / relent,So that /in guys /it gent/ly sways/ at ease,So that /in guys /it gent/ly sways/ at ease,

And its supporting central cedar pole,And its supporting central cedar pole,That is its pinnacle to heavenwardThat is its pinnacle to heavenwardAnd signifies the sureness of the soul,And signifies the sureness of the soul,Seems to owe naught to any single cord,Seems to owe naught to any single cord,

But strictly held by none, is loosely boundBut strictly held by none, is loosely boundBy countless silken ties of love and thoughtBy countless silken ties of love and thoughtTo everything on earth the compass round,To everything on earth the compass round,And only by one's going slightly tautAnd only by one's going slightly tautIn the capriciousness of summer airIn the capriciousness of summer airIs of the slightest bondage made aware.Is of the slightest bondage made aware.

But strictly held by none, is loosely boundBut strictly held by none, is loosely boundBy countless silken ties of love and thoughtBy countless silken ties of love and thoughtTo everything on earth the compass round,To everything on earth the compass round,And only by one's going slightly tautAnd only by one's going slightly taut

In the capriciousness of summer airIn the capriciousness of summer airIs of the slightest bondage made aware.Is of the slightest bondage made aware.


A.A. Simile:Simile:Ex. Ex. Seem be a dove? Seem be a dove?

His feathers are but borrowed His feathers are but borrowed (Shakespeare)(Shakespeare)

The holy time is quiet as a Hun The holy time is quiet as a Hun (Wordsworth)(Wordsworth)


B. Metaphor: B. Metaphor: Explicit Explicit comparison between two things comparison between two things without connective words such without connective words such as like, as etc.as like, as etc.

Ex. She is the rose, the glory of Ex. She is the rose, the glory of the daythe day(Spancer)(Spancer)


C. Personification:C. Personification: a figure of a figure of speech in which human speech in which human attributes are given to an attributes are given to an animal, an object or concept.animal, an object or concept.

Ex.Ex. But time did beckon to the flowers, But time did beckon to the flowers, and theyand they

(Herbert)(Herbert)


d. Overstatement(hyperbole): d. Overstatement(hyperbole): a figure of speech containing a figure of speech containing

exaggeration statement = I’ve told you exaggeration statement = I’ve told you a thousand times.a thousand times.

- Understatement;- Understatement; is the is the opposite of overstatementopposite of overstatement

e. Paradox:e. Paradox: a statement that at first a statement that at first strikes as self-contradictory but that strikes as self-contradictory but that on reflection makes some sense.on reflection makes some sense.

Ex.Ex. ““The peasant lives in a The peasant lives in a larger larger world than world than the globe-trotter”the globe-trotter”

larger = contrasted : greater in values larger = contrasted : greater in values Vs milesVs miles


Imaginary and Symbolism:Imaginary and Symbolism: Imaginary: the representation Imaginary: the representation

through the language of sense through the language of sense experience like pressure, heat, experience like pressure, heat, sight, smell, taste, touch, and sight, smell, taste, touch, and soundsound

Ex. Ex. I have eaten the plumsI have eaten the plumsthat were in the iceboxthat were in the icebox……Forgive me they were deliciousForgive me they were deliciousSo sweet and so coldSo sweet and so cold


Symbol Symbol : A figurative of speech : A figurative of speech in which something means more in which something means more than what it is.than what it is.

- Natural symbol: Natural symbol:

rain rain ‘fertility/renewal of ‘fertility/renewal of lifelife

- Conventional symbol:Conventional symbol:

rose rose ‘love’ / ‘woman’ ‘love’ / ‘woman’

Similes or Metaphors?Similes or Metaphors?1.1. The baby was like an octopus, … The baby was like an octopus, …

SimileSimile2.2. As the teacher entered the room, she muttered under her As the teacher entered the room, she muttered under her breath, “This class is like a three-ring circus!”breath, “This class is like a three-ring circus!”

SimileSimile3.3. The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack.The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack.

MetaphorMetaphor4.4. The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it after a long day.The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it after a long day.

MetaphorMetaphor5.5. Those girls are like two peas in a pod.Those girls are like two peas in a pod.

SimileSimile The fluorescent light was the sun during our test.The fluorescent light was the sun during our test.

MetaphorMetaphor7. The bar of soap was a slippery eel…7. The bar of soap was a slippery eel…

MetaphorMetaphor

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