pmel-energy source-enviroment-ghg 3.pdf

SUMBER ENERGI UNTUK

PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK

Permasalahan GHG (Gas Rumah

Kaca) serta Solusi dengan

ENERGI BARU TERBARUKAN

Dosen : Ir.SYARIFFUDDIN MAHMUDSYAH,M.Eng.

2

Oil rig & ocean drilling for oil

3

Oil extraction

• Primary Recovery – oil rig drilling

– Only removes 1/3 of a deposit.

• Secondary Recovery

– Force water or gas into wells.

As oil prices increase, more expensive

and aggressive secondary recovery

methods will need to be used.

4

9. Uses of oil - Processing Crude Oil

5

Oil products

6

Oil Use Issues

• Processing

– As it comes from the ground, oil is not in a

form suitable for use, and must be refined.

Multiple products can be produced from a

single barrel of crude oil.

• Oil Spills

– Accidental spills only account for about 1/3

of oil pollution resulting from shipping.

60% comes from routine shipping

operations.

7

Advantages of oil use

• More concentrated than coal, burns cleaner,

and is easily transported through pipelines.

– Ideal for automobile use.

– Difficult to extract.

– Causes less environmental damage than

coal mining.

8

Natural Gas Use

• Drilling requirements similar to oil.

• Hard to transport - flamed off at oil fields.

• As demand increases, new transportation

methods will be developed and implemented.

– Liquefaction at -126o F

(1/600 volume of gas)

• Least environmentally damaging fossil fuel.

– Almost no air pollution.

• Use is increasing (45% from 1985-2003).

MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.

FLUE GAS CO2 CAPTURE

KM-CDR PROCESS


Process Flow for Amine Absorption

C.W.

C.W.

Steam

Reboiler

C.W.

ABSORBER

Flue Gas

Cooler

CO2

Flue Gas

Outlet

Flue Gas

STRIPPER

Purity : 99.9 %


Features• KEPCO & MHI‘s proprietary Flue gas CO2 capturing

Technology

• Hindered Amine Solvent “KS-1” with the specialproprietary equipment

• Proprietary energy efficient process

• Enables large scale unit by MHI’s FGD experiences

• Advantages

KS-1 solvent

- High CO2 Loading

- Negligible Corrosion

- Negligible Solvent Degradation

Process

- Low Utility & Solvent Consumption

- Easy operation & Maintenance

Economy

- Minimize Operation Costs

- Scale of Economy by Large Scale UnitCONFIDENTIAL


Amine Reaction Mechanism

Mono-ethanol Amine (MEA)

2 R-NH2 + CO2 R-NH3+ + R-NH-COO-

R-NH2 + CO2 + H2O R-NH3+ + HCO3

-

Sterically Hindered Amine (KS-1)

2 R-NH2 + CO2 R-NH3+ + R-NH-COO-

R-NH2 + CO2 + H2O R-NH3+ + HCO3

-


MHI’s Experience on Flue Gas CO2 Recovery

PILOT PLANT

Location : Nanko Power Plant, Osaka, Japan

Capacity : Flue Gas 600 Nm3/H

CO2 Recovery Rate 2 Ton/D

Start Up : April, 1991

Purpose of the Plant

• Development of Energy Minimizing Solvent

• Development of Equipment Size Minimizing Technology

Result of the Development

• New Solvent KS-1 and KS-2 have been developed. These two

solvent can reduce steam consumption about 20% than MEA.

• New high efficient and very low pressure loss Packing (KP-1)

has been developed.

• Energy efficient steam systems have been developed.


Malaysia Commercial Plant•Client : Petronas Fertilizer (Keda) Sdn. Bhd.

•Location : Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia

•Flue Gas Source : Steam Reformer Flue Gas

• Capacity : CO2 Recovery 210 Tons/day Max

• CO2 Recovery % : 90%

•Solvent : KS-1 Solvent

•Use of CO2 : Urea Production

•Start of Operation : October 1999

•Project Scope : Turnkey Lumpsum

Comp. vol.%

N2 67.79

O2 0.85

H2O 22.28

CO2 8.08

Ar 1.00

SOx 0.85 ppmv

NOx 160 ppmv


CO2 Capturing : Max. 210 Metric ton/day

CO2 purity : 99.95 % vol.dry

Utility requirement :

Steam 1.5 ton/ton-CO2

Electricity 18 kWh/ton-CO2

Cooling water 159 m3/ton-CO2

Chemical requirement :

Solvent 0.4-0.5 kg/ton-CO2

Operating Result of Malaysia Commercial Plant


System

150 T/D CO2 Capture Plant

Client : Kokusai Tansan

Location : Chiba, Japan

Feed Gas : Naphtha Cracked

Heavy Oil Firing Boiler Flue

Gas

Capacity : Flue Gas 36,500 Nm3/H

Use of CO2 : Dry Ice, Etc.

Start Up : April, 1994

MHI’s Experience on MEA Flue Gas CO2 Recovery

pmel-energy source-enviroment-ghg 3.pdf

Documents