Pleural cavities

Fig. 17-11

Diaphragm

Right pleuralcavity

Left pleuralcavity

Pleural cavities

Fig. 17-2

Right lung

Pericardialcavity

Right pleuralcavity

Pleuralmembranes

Left pleuralcavity

Left lung

Heart

Fig. 17-12

Intrapleuralspace

Pleuralmembranes

Diaphragm

P = –3 mm HgRibs

Pneumothorax

Fig. 17-12

P = Patm

Lung collapses tounstretched size

Knife

Intrapleuralspace

Pleuralmembranes

If the sealed pleural cavity is openedto the atmosphere, air flows in.

The rib cageexpands slightly.

Air

Alveolar ventilation

Fig. 17-14

2

3

4

1

150

150mL

350

150

2700 mL

2200 mL

2200 mL

150mL

2200 mL

150mL

150

350

100%

� 58%plasmavolume

42%packedred cellvolume

<1%whitecells

MALES FEMALES

Hematocrit 40%–54% 37%–47%

Hemoglobin (g Hb/dL* blood) 14–17 12–16

Red cell count (cells/µL) 4.5–6.5 x 106 3.9–5.6 x 106

Total white cell count (cells/µL) 4–11 x 103 4–11 x 103

Differential white cell count

Neutrophils 50%–70% 50%–70%

Eosinophils 1%–4% 1%–4%

Basophils <1% <1%

Lymphocytes 20%–40% 20%–40%

Monocytes 2%–8% 2%–8%

Platelets (per µL) 150–450 x 103 150–450 x 103

*1 deciliter (dL) = 100 mL

Fig. 16-3

Blood composition

Fig. 16-1

BLOOD

Gases such as

such asPlasma

Ions

Trace elementsand vitamins

O2

CO2

Proteins

Glucose

Lipids

Nitrogenouswaste

Globulins

Fibrinogen

Amino acids Albumins

Organicmolecules

Water

iscomposed

of

Blood composition

Cellularelements

Red bloodcells

Whiteblood cells

Platelets

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

include

m 0

5

10

15

BLOODis

composedof

Fig. 16-1

Hemoglobin

Chain

Hemegroup

R = additional C, H, O groups

Porphyrinring

Chain

Fig. 18-8

Control centers

DRG

VRG

Output to expiratory,some inspiratory,

pharynx, larynx, andtongue muscles

Outputprimarily toinspiratory

muscles

Peripheral chemo-

receptors

Medullarychemo-

receptors

Higherbrain

centers

pre-Bötzingercomplex

Pons

Medulla

KEY

DRG = Dorsal respiratory groupVRG = Ventral respiratory group

Fig. 18-17