plates vs. plumes: a geological controversy gillian r. foulger durham university, u.k
TRANSCRIPT
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Plates vs. Plumes: A Geological Controversy
Gillian R. FoulgerDurham University, U.K.
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Morgan (1971)The Plume Hypothesis
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The Plate hypothesis
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Predictions of the Plume Hypothesis
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8Burov (2005)
1. Precursory uplift
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9Coffin & Eldholm (1993)
2. Flood basalt eruption
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10Campbell (2005)
3. Plume “tail” to the core-mantle boundary
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Hawaii
4. Time-progressive chain
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5. High temperature
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Predictions of the Plate Hypothesis
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1. Lithospheric extension
2. Source fusibility
3. Shallow mantle source
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Plume predictions are not confirmed
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Precursory uplift
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Emeishan basalts, China – 260 Ma
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?
Ukstins-Peate & Bryan, Nature Geoscience, 2009
Campbell,Elements, 2005
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Time-progressive volcanic chains
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Hawaii
80 Ma
50 Ma
0 Ma
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Seismology – looking for plume tails
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Seismic imaging is a can of worms
Hmm… Is this a multi-headed plume?
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Bruce map
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Hawaii: Tomography
Li et al. (2008) Wolfe et al. (2009)
NW SE NW SE
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Cao et al. (2011)
2000 km
W E
Hawaii: Receiver functions
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No-one can agree onhow many plumes there are,
or where they are
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Many “hot spot” lists
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31Tholeiitic provinces
Ritsema & Allen (2003)Courtillot et al. (2003)
Montelli et al. (2006)
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32Flood basalt & volcanic chain: only 3/49!
None fit all the predictions
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Endless plume variants
• Lateral flow of plume material • Tabular plumes• Pulsing plumes• High 3He/4He plumes• Low 3He/4He plumes• Headless plumes• Tailless plumes
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Comparison with geosynclines
• Mio-geosyncline• Eu-geosyncline• Ortho-geosyncline• Primary geosyncline• Zeugo-geosyncline• Para-geosyncline• Exo-geosyncline• Taphro-geosyncline• Paralia-geosyncline
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This is not scientific
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What about the Plate hypothesis?
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The Plate hypothesis involves diverse processes
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This immediately fits the observations
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Examples
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Continental breakup
Van Wijk et al. (2001); Jones (2005)
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41Silver et al. (2006)
Southern Africa
Melt ponding & draining is required
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European Intraplate Volcanism
Tamar Graben?
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?
??
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44Beutel (2005)
Extensional stress at plate boundary junctions
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Slab tearing at Samoa
Samoa
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A comment on boxing matches…
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That’sall
folks