plate by andy birch - surfbirds.com articles/dowitchers1005/dowitchertalke.ppt.pdf · figure 9. a)...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Plate by Andy Birch
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griseus
caurinus hendersoni
![Page 3: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Acknowledgements to the dowitcher and shorebird gurus
Richard Crossley
Julian Hough
Jean Iron
Alvaro Jaramillo
Frank Pitelka
Kevin Karlson
Ken Kaufmann
Michael O’Brien
Ron Pittaway
Claudia Wilds
![Page 4: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ruff Sharp-
tailed
Sandpiper
Pectoral
Sandpiper
Buff-breasted
Sandpiper
Upland
Sandpiper
What is Gestalt or Jizz? How Can Birders use It?
![Page 5: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gestalt ~ Anthropomorphizing field marks
Humans have an innate ability to recognize each
other
![Page 6: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Who are
these
people?
![Page 7: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Can gestalt be used as a field mark?
Drawbacks
no single gestalt field mark is conclusive
gestalt field marks are hard to quantify
gestalt field marks can vary
Advantages
when gestalt field marks are used together, one has a powerful tool
for field ID
![Page 8: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CAVEAT
No single field mark is fail proof
Holistic field identification is emphasized
![Page 9: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
OUTLINE FOR FIELD IDENTIFICATION
• IMPORTANCE OF GESTALT
• STRUCTURE
• ALTERNATE PLUMAGE
• BASIC PLUMAGE
• JUVENAL PLUMAGE
• DISCUSSIONS
![Page 10: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
STRUCTURE = GESTALT = GENERAL IMPRESSION
Gestalt = conservative field mark
Gestalt birding is not meant to replace looking at details
They should complement each other
![Page 11: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Semipalmated Sandpiper Western Sandpiper
![Page 12: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DOWITCHERS
gestalt
![Page 13: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Long-billed Dowitcher Short-billed Dowitcher
![Page 14: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Sep 4, 2004 – Brazoria, TX
LB Dow
![Page 15: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Aug 6, 2005 – Bolivar, TX
SB Dow
![Page 16: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
July 31, 2005, Bolivar, TX
Left = LBDO; upper right = SHBDO
![Page 17: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Aug 25, 2005 – Bolivar, TX
Top: L to R; LB, ShB, LB, Shb; BOTTOM: L to R, ShB, LB
![Page 18: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
AA
Long-billed Dowitcher Short-billed Dowitcher
B
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Loral Angle (degrees)
num
ber
Long-billedShort-billed
C FIGURE 1. A and B show how loral
angle is defined using Long-billed (A)
and Short-billed (B) dowitchers as
examples. C shows a histogram of
loral angles determined from
photographs of the two dowitcher
species.
LORAL ANGLE – DIFFERENCES IN FACIAL IMPRESSION
![Page 19: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SUMMARY OF STRUCTURAL FIELD MARKS
Long-billed Short-billed
Legs longer shorter
Supercilium straighter more arched
Loral angle smaller larger
Posterior more elongated less elongated
Posterior shape attenuated less attenuated
Bill longer, straighter shorter, more decurved at tip
Primary proj. shorter longer
![Page 20: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Aug 11, 2005 – Bolivar, TX
SB Dow
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SB Dow
![Page 22: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 3. This first-year, presumably male Long-billed Dowitcher was photographed 7 Jan
2006 at Bolivar Flats, TX. Note that although the length of the bill is on the shorter end of
the spectrum for Long-billed, it appears straighter than Short-billed. Note more acute loral
angle, straighter supercilium, dark chest and sides, barred (rather than chevroned) flanks),
and dark upperparts. Some juvenal scapulars are still present.
![Page 23: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
LB Dow
![Page 24: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
LB Dows
![Page 25: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
OTHER CONSERVATIVE FIELD MARKS
TAIL PATTERN
Cin-Ty Lee
SB Dow
LB Dow
![Page 26: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
TAIL PATTERN SCHEMATIC
Short-billed Long-billed
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2. ALTERNATE PLUMAGE
Usually attained in full by mid- to late April
(molt begins on wintering grounds)
Southward migration occurs in alternate plumage
Main molt takes place on wintering grounds
But LBDO undergoes partial molt during migration
Spring birds are in fresh alternate (or transitioning into alternate)
Summer/fall birds are in worn alternate
(except for 1st summer birds)
![Page 28: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,
TX in mid-April 2002. Note the squared off white feather tips on the median and greater coverts.
Note also the black-barred sides of the breast and the diagnostic white edges to the black bars
(these will be worn away by mid summer). Note also that the primaries do not project beyond the
longest tertial. In this bird, black stripes on tail feathers distinctly thicker than white stripes. B) Long-
billed Dowitcher in fresh alternate plumage photographed in spring in Japan, showing small loral
angle, short primary projection, and long and straight bill, barred sides. Squared off white feather tips
give this bird an overall white-barred appearance from a distance. Photo A by Lee and B by
Yamamoto.
A B
![Page 29: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
caurinus
hendersoni
griseus
![Page 30: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Long-billed Dowitcher
Short-billed Dowitcher
A B C
D E F G
Alternate Greater Covert Feathers
C-T Lee
Figure 7. Fresh (A, B) alternate greater covert feathers in Long-billed. Worn Long-billed covert in C.
Variations in fresh covert feathers in Short-billed (D-F) along with worn covert feather (G).
![Page 31: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
LB Dows SB Dows
![Page 32: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
SB Dow
LB Dow
![Page 33: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Top – Long-billed Dowitcher, Bottom – Short-billed Dowitcher
![Page 34: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Top: LBDO (early April, bolivar); bottom LBDO
![Page 35: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
July 31, 2005, Bolivar, TX
Left = LBDO; upper right = SHBDO
![Page 36: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Aug 25, 2005 – Bolivar, TX
Top: L to R; LB, ShB, LB, Shb; BOTTOM: L to R, ShB, LB
![Page 37: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
30 July 2006 – Ventura, CA
SHBDO
![Page 38: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
SUMMARY OF ALTERNATE PLUMAGE
FIELD MARKS
Long-billed Short-billed
Covert feathers flat white tips V-shaped white tips
Flanks vertical bars fringed white bars or spots
![Page 39: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2. BASIC PLUMAGE
Usually attained in full by early September
(although vestiges of juvenal plumage persist well into fall)
Beware of first summer birds
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Short-billed Long-billed
![Page 41: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Short-billed Dowitcher
Aug 11, 2004 – San Diego, CA
Pale, contrasting throat
Scalloped/spotted sides which are lighter than neck
![Page 42: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pale chin, but less contrasting
Barred sides which are same color as neck
LB Dow
![Page 43: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Short-billed Dowitcher, Wexford,
Lady's Island 8th July 2004 © Tom
Shevlin
Short-Billed Dowitcher, Azores,
Cabo da Praia 14/12/03 © Martin
Oomen
SB Dows - vagrants in Europe
![Page 44: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
23 Nov 2006, Pelican Island, TX
Ted Eubanks
Long-billed Dowitcher
19 Nov, 2005
Bolivar, TX
LBDOs
![Page 45: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Aug, 2005
Bolivar, TX
SB Dow
![Page 46: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
LB Dows
![Page 47: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Short-billed Dowitchers
![Page 48: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
3. JUVENAL PLUMAGE
Short-billed Long-billed
![Page 49: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Long-billed Dowitcher,
Cornwall, Drift reservoir 23
Sept 2005 © Mike Barker
Canon 20D 1/320 @ f5.6
Long-billed Dowitcher,
Cornwall, Drift Res.
25/09/05 © Andy Cook
![Page 50: Plate by Andy Birch - Surfbirds.com Articles/dowitchers1005/DowitcherTalke.ppt.pdf · Figure 9. A) Long-billed Dowitcher in fresh-alternate plumage at Anahuac National Wildlife Refuge,](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051913/6004d9a64ee8d44ad94c0578/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sep 4, 2005, Bolivar, TX ShbDo