Index

ABS plastics, 443-9 processing, 447-8 production, 444-8 properties and applications, 328, 449, 464,

895 ABSPVC blends, 447 Acetal-polyurethane alloys, 544 Acetal resins, 8, 49, 515-28, 533-44

additives, 543-4 applications, 544-6 electrical insulation properties, 540 mechanical properties, 538-40 polymerisation of formaldehyde, 533-6 processing, 542-3 structure and properties, 533-6 thermal properties, 538-42

Acetone, 17 Acetylene, 9 Acetyl tributyl citrate, 333 Achieve range, 248 Acid hardening systems, 758-61 Acrilan, 416 Acry-ace, 399 Acrylate rubbers, 417-18 Acrylic plastics, 398-424

acrylate rubbers, 417-18 acrylic adhesives, 419-20 chloroacrylate polymers and copolymers,

hydrophilic polymers, 420 methacrylate and chloroacrylate polymers

methacrylate polymers and copolymers, 421 -3 nitrile resins, 415-17 poly(methacrylimide), 420-21 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 390-415 thermosetting acrylic polymers, 418-19

42 1-3

and copolymers, 421-3

Acryloid, 399 Acrylonitrile, 10

Acsium, 302 Activators, 279 Acyclic aliphatic resins, 766-7 Addition polymerisation, 33-7

see Polymerisation, addition Additive method, 91 Additives. 124-57

acetal resins, 543-4 anti-aging, 124, 135-45, 798 antistatic, 232, 238 blowing agents, 124, 150-53, 279, 280 colorants, 124, 149-50, 797 coupling agents, 128-31 cross-linking agents, 124, 153-4 epoxide resins, 768-72 fillers, 124, 126-9, 279, 280, 798 flame retarders, 104-109, 124, 145-9, 229,

flow promoters, 124, 132-4 fungicides, 496 heat stabilisers, 496, 497 isotactic polypropylene, 2 6 G 6 I light stabilisers, 496, 497 lubricants, 124, 132-4, 496, 497 nucleating agents, 496, 497 2-Oxazolines, 155-8 photodegradants, 154-5 plasticisers, 124, 131-2, 284, 496, 497 polish, 826 polyamides, 436-8 polyethylene, 228-32 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 409 polypropylene, 258-9 polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 37 1-2 poly(viny1 chloride), 342 reinforcing fillers, 496, 497 softeners, 124, 131-2, 279, 280 structure control, 839 see also under specific types

496, 497

899

900 Index

Adhesives: acrylic, 419-20 hot setting, 688 polyurethane, 805 resorcinol-formaldehyde, 662 urea-formaldehyde resins, 677-8

Adipic acid, 9, 21. 480 Adiprene C. 787, 788 Aerodux, 189, 662 Aflas, 382 Aflon, 374

Aggregation states, 43-58 AFT-2000, 5 15

cross-linked structures, 53-5 crystalline polymers, 49-53 linear amorphous polymers, 43-9 polyblends, 55-9

Aging, 76, 99, 231, 342, 878 Agriculture, 14 Air-dried sheet (ADS), 282 Alcoholysis, 390 Alcryn, 879 Aldehydes, 5, 546, 639 Algoflan, 364 Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 85 Aliphatic olefin rubbers, 294-9

Aliphatic polyalkenamers, 300-30 1 Aliphatic polyamides, 480-6

thermoplastic polyolefin rubbers, 298-9

adipic acid, 480 w-aminoenanthic acid, 484-5 w-aminoundecanoic acid, 483.4 azelaic acid, 48 1-2 caprolactam, 482-3 dodecanelactam, 485-6 hexamethylenediamine, 48 1 intermediates for, 480-86 polymerisation, 486-7 sebacic acid, 48 1-2 structure and properties, 487-90

aliphatic olefin rubbers, 299-302 copolymers containing ethylene, 273-6 diene rubbers, 281-5 poly-(4-methylpent- 1 -me), 268-71 polybut-l-ene, 266-7 I ,2-polybutadiene, 303 polyisobutylene, 267-8 polypropylene, 247-66 rubbery cyclo-olefin (cyclo-akene)

thermoplastic diene rubbers, 292-304 see also Polyethylene

Aliphatic polyolefins, 247-303

polymers, 300-302

Alkali metals, 35, 36 Alkon, 531 Alkyd moulding compositions, 71 1-2 N-Alkyl compounds, 505 Alkyl, 2-cyanoacrylate, 4 19 Alkylene oxides, 546-7 n-Alkyl groups, 59 Alkyl lithium, 36 Allyl resins, 708-709

Alphanol, 79, 331 Alternating copolymers, 27 Aluminium chloride, 34 Aluminium hydroxide, 127 Aluminium stearate, 337 Aluminium triethyl, 209 Amber, 2, 19, 870-1

Ambroid, 871 Amine flexibilisers, 770-1 Amine hardening systems, 753-7, 761 Amines, 140, 143 Aminocrotonates, 330 w-Aminoenanthic acid, 484-5 Aminoplastics, 24, 668-90

composition and properties, 870- 1

aniline-formaldehyde resins, 689-9 1 melamine-formaldehyde resins, 680-89 melamine-phenolic resins, 689 thiourea resins, 690-91 urea-formaldehyde resins, 669-80

w-Aminoundecanoic acid, 4 8 3 4 Amorphous density, 93 Amorphous non-polar polymers, 81, 85 Amorphous polar polymers, 81, 85 Amorphous polyarylene sulphides, 596 Amorphous polymers, 44, 48

cooling rates, 174-5 density, 73 elastic moduli, 72-3 glass transition temperature, 64-6, 100, 190 impact strength, 73-4 linear, 43-9

orientation, 47-9 optical properties, 121 solubility, 94 yield strength, 72-3

Amorphous resins, 57 Anaerobic acrylic adhesives, 420 Aniline-formaldehyde resins, 689-91 Anisotropic behaviour, 48 Anti-aging additives, 124, 135-45, 798

antioxidants, 134-43 antiozonants, 143 stabilisers against dehydrochlorination, 143 ultraviolet absorbers and related materials,

143-7 Anti-blocking agents, 229 Antimony oxide, 148-9, 342, 701 Antioxidants, 98, 134-43, 230-31, 279, 866

chain-breaking, 135-42 in polypropylene, 156, 258 preventive, 135, 140

Antiozonants, 134, 279, 284 Antiplasticisation, 89 APE, 731 Apec HT, 565 Applications:

ABS plastics, 448 acetal resins, 544-6 his-phenol A polycarbonates, 575-8 casein, 859 cellulose acetate, 626-7

Index 901

cellulose nitrate, 621 epoxide resins, 772-5 flexible foams, 799-800 furan resins, 812-13 isotactic polypropylene, 263-5 melamine-formaldehyde resins, 688-9 nylons, 502-505, 784, 879, 897 phenol-formaldehyde moulding powder,

phenolic laminates, 658-61 phenolic resins, 659-61 polyacetals, 544-6 polyamides, 502-505 poly-(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide)

(PPO), 580 polyethylene, 241-5, 896 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 411-13 poly-(4-methylpent-l-ene), 27 1 polypropylene, 265-7, 878, 894-5 polysulphones, 601-2 polytetrafluoroethylene, 372-3 polyurethane rubbers, 788-9 poly(viny1 alcohol), 395, 882, 898 poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC), 355-8 shellac, 869-70 silicone fluids, 826-8 silicone resins, 829-32 silicone rubbers, 838-9 styrene-based plastics, 461-3 styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 863 thermoplastic elastomers, 878-80 urea-formaldehyde resins, 675-7, 679-80 vinyl chloride polymers, 355-8

652-4

Aramid fibres, 9, 514-15, 773 Arc resistance, 110, 122 Ardel, 729 Ardil, 9, 860 Ametal, 528 Amite, 607 Arnitel, 738 Amite PBTP, 724 Amite PETP, 720, 721 Aromatic diamines, 787 Aromatic polyamide fibres, 514-15 Aromatic polycarbonates, 72 Aromatic polyester, 55 Aromatic polyimides, 72 Arrhenius equation, 167 Arylef, 608, 731 Arylon T, 447, 602, 731 Aryloxa, 589 Asbestos, 338, 647 Asphaltites, 871 A-stage resins, 24, 641-2 Asterite, 411, 413 ASTM D1525, 188 ASTM D2863-74, 105 ASTM D495, 516 ASTM D5209, 886 ASTM D635-74, 105 ASTM D648, 188 Astrel, 374, 596

Atactic structures, 68, 251 A-Tell, 734 Auto-acceleration effect, 402 Automotive industry, 13, 591, 652, 654, 803,

Autoxidation, 139, 141 Average kinetic chain length, 30 Azelaic acid, 481-2 Azodi-isobutyronitrile, 25

878

B 6805, 360 Bakelite, 635 Balanced process, 313 Balata, 866 Barex, 416, 417 Barytes, 338 BASF process, 456 Basic lead carbonate (white lead), 327 Bayblend, 447, 578 Baymid, 808 Baypren, 295 BDS K-resin, 438 Bead processes, 456-7 Beckamides, 506 Bell test, 226 Benzene, 9, 10, 112 Benzene rings, 95, 562, 572 Benzoates, 328 Benzoyl peroxide, 25 Benzyl cellulose, 632 Beta-conidendrol, 535 Biapen, 589 Biaxial orientation, 192 Biaxial stretching, 48, 52, 257, 460, 719 Binary copolymers, 27 Biocellat, 627 Bioceta, 627 Biodegradable plastics, 13, 880 Biodegradation, 153, 880-84 Biomax 881, 886 Biopol, 883, 885, 886 Birefringence methods, 48 Bis-phenol A polycarbonates, 51, 72, 86, 5.57,

558 alloys based on, 577-8 applications, 575-7 glass transition temperature, 62, 114

Bitumen, 1-2, 19, 871-2 Bituminous plastics, 871-2 Biuret links, 785, 790, 794 Bleeding, 125, 140, 150 Block copolymers, 27, 36, 54, 63, 384, 451-2,

579-80 Blocking, 229, 235 Blooming, 125, 140, 150 Blowing agents, 124, 150-53, 229 Blow moulding, 233, 244, 264, 350 Blown film processes, 261 Blow-up ratio, 235 Bond bending, 195 Bond dissociation energies, 96

902 Index

Bond stretching, 195 Boron trifluoride, 34 Bouncing putty, 834 Branching, 67, 70, 73, 213-15 Brownian motion, 169 BS, 1524 softening point, 452, 626 BS, 2782 flow test, 188, 650 BS, 771, 650 B-stage resins, 64 1-2 Buna N., 294 Buna S., 287 Burning rate, 106 Buss Ko-Kneader, 673 Butachlor, 295 Butacite, 393 Buta-1,3-diene, 20 Butadiene, 10, 54, 62 Butadiene-Pentadiene rubbers, 296 Butadiene-styrene block copolymers, 45 1-2 Butadiene-styrene resins, 128

Cadmium-barium systems, 328 Cadon, 4.50 Calcium carbide, 9 Calcium carbonate, 127, 338 Calcium oxide, 9 Calcium silicate, 127 Calcium stearate, 337 Calendering, 49, 158, 160, 237, 348 Camphor, 4, 88 Campus system, 895 Capacitance, I12 Capacity factor, 93 Caprolactam, 9, 22, 482-3 Carbanions, 34 Carbon black, 98, 127, 141, 143, 186

as conductive filler, 889 in polyethylene, 227-31, 239 as ultraviolet absorber, 156, 258

Carbon fibres, 128 Carbonic ester polymers, 58G82 Carbonium ions, 34, 35 Carbon tetrachloride, 26, 81, 87, 112, 119 Carbowax, 546 Carboxyl groups, 54 Cariflex TR, 297, 298 Carilon, 279 Casein, 5 , 9, 853-9

applications, 859 chemical nature, 854-5 isolation from milk, 855-6 production, 856-8 properties, 858-9

Casting processes, 184 Cast phenolic resins, 659 Catalysts. 37 Celanex, 724 Celanix, 608 Celcon, 531, 532, 533, 536, 540 Cellidor B. 628 Cell nucleating agents, 152

Cellophane, 633, 672 Cell stabilisers, 152 Celluloid, 3-4, 5

structure and properties, 619-21 Cellulose, 3, 19, 23, 87

regenerated, 632-4 Cellulose acetate, 5-6, 23, 621-7

applications, 625-7 biodegradable compounds, 627 compounding, 623-4 preparation, 62 1-3 primary, 622 properties, 624-5 secondary, 623

Cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB), 628 Cellulose acetate-propionate, 628 Cellulose caprate, 628-9 Cellulose esters, 617-29

cellulose acetate, 62 1-7 cellulose acetate-butyrate (CAB), 628 cellulose acetate-propionate, 628 cellulose caprate, 628-9 cellulose nitrate, 617-622 cellulose propionate, 628

Cellulose ethers, 629-32 ethyl cellulose, 629-3 1

Cellulose nitrate, 4, 88, 617-22 applications, 621 manufacture of celluloid sheets, 617-19 preparation, 616-17 structure and properties of celluloid, 619-21

Cellulose plastics, 613-34 cellulose esters, 617-29 cellulose ethers, 629-30 ethyl cellulose, 629-29 nature and occurrence of cellulose, 613-16 regenerated cellulose, 6 3 2 4 vulcanised fibre, 634

Cellulose propionate, 628 Cellulosics, 9 Chain branching, 64, 72 Chain coiling, 44-5 Chain degradation, 97 Chain ends, 62-3 Chain flexibility, 59, 72 Chain growth, 27, 28, 34 Chain mobility, 62, 64 Chain separation, 62 Chain stiffness, 70 Chain transfer, 26 Chain transfer agents, 26, 209 Chain uncoiling, 44-5, 47, 172, 195, 202 Charpy test, 192-4 Chelating agents, 1 4 0 4 1 Chemical blowing agents, 153 Chemical bonds, 76-80 Chemical nature of plastics, 19-39

addition polymerisation, 24-37 condensation polymerisation, 20, 2 1, 23, 24,

thermoplastic and thermosetting behaviour, 37-9

23-4

Index 903

Chemical properties, 76-109 aging and weathering, 99 chemical bonds, 76-80 chemical reactivity, 95-6 diffusion and permeability, 100-103 effects of thermal, photochemical and

high-energy radiation, 96-8 fire and plastics, 104-109 polymer solubility, 80-94 toxicity, 103-104

Chemical reactivity, 95-6 Chewing gum, 866 Chicle, 866 Chill-roll process, 237, 261, 262 Chipboard, 678 Chlorendic anhydride, 760 Chloroacrylate polymers and copolymers, 42 1 - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 417, 797 Chloroform, 119 Chloroprene rubbers (CR), 295-6 Chlorosulphonated polyethylene (Hypalon), 23.

Chlorosulphonated polyethylenes, 297 Clausius-Clapeyron equation, 90 Clausius-Mosotti equation, 117 Clays, 127 Coal tar, 9, 10 Coatings, 805 Cobalt naphthenate, 703 Cocatalysts, 34 Cohesive energy density, 8 1 Coining, 179 Coke, 9 Cold cure process, 284 Cold-drawing process, 52, 219 Cold flex temperature, 131 Cold forming, 179 Cold moulding process, 799 Collodion, 3, 4 Colorants, 124, 149-50 Colour-forming groups, 149 Combustion, 105 Comonomers, 217, 325 Composites, 128

24 1

Compression moulding, 233, 350, 649, 651, 674-5, 775

Computer-aided material selection, 889-6 Condensers, 1 11, 11 2 Conduction charge, 112 Congo red test, 327 Constant-viscosity rubbers, 282 Constrained geometry homogeneous catalysts,

210,211 Contact resins, 7 Continuous Use Temperature Rating or Index,

Cooling rates, 174-5 Copolymerisation, 33, 64, 67

186

with ethylene, 273-6 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 413-15

butadiene-styrene, 45 1-2 Copolymers, 357-8

chlorine-containing, 302 ethylene, 374 ethylene-acrylic acid, 274 ethylene-carbon monoxide, 276 ethylene-ethyl acrylate, 274 ethylene-styrene, 308-309 ethylene-vinyl alcohol, 394-5, 417, 470 hexafluoroisobutylene-vinylidene fluoride,

multiblock, 875 polychlorotrifluoroethylene, 374 polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate (PHBV),

poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC), 354-5, 360 styrene-acrylonitrile, 74, 441 styrene-butadiene, 63

tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene (ETFE), 374 tetrafluoroethy lene-hexafluoropropylene,

379

883-6

-3 styrene-maleic anhydride, 450

373 , triblock, 54, 55, 875

vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate, 858 vinylidene chloride-vinyl acrylonitrile, 470 vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride, 476-80

Co-ordinate bonds, 77 Cotton linters, 613, 617 Coumarone-indene resins, 471-2 Counter-current mixing, 804 Coupling agents, 127-3 I Covalent bonds, 77 Cracking, 10, 56, 207 Crack propagation, 438 Crastin, 724 Crazing, 56-7 Creep, 198, 559, 567 Creep curves, 197-8 Creep-temperature relationships, 198 Cresols, 638-9, 645 Crinothene, 237 Critical point, 173 Critical shear rate, 173 Critical shear stress, 173 Cross-linked structures, 53-5, 91, 98 Cross-linking, 23-4, 44, 70, 76, 176-9, 225

cast polyurethane rubbers, 786-7 heat-fugitive, 875 rate, 178 silicone rubbers, 837-8

Cross-linking agents, 124, 153-4, 230 Crystal densities, 121 Crystalline aromatic polyamides, 5 13- 16 Crystallinew melting point, 70-71 Crystalline polymers, 44, 49-50

liquid crystal polymers, 53 orientation and crystallisation, 52-3

Crystallinity, 52, 72, 73, 185, 203 polyethylene, 2 9 4 5

Crystallisation, 49-53, 219 factors affecting, 62, 64-70, 73, 233

Crystallisation rate-temperature curve, 5 1 Crystallites, 49 C-stage resins, 24, 64 1-2

904 Index

Cumene process, 636, 637 Cyclic aliphatic resins, 764-6 Cyclohexamone peroxide, 703 Cyclohexane, 10 Cycoloy, 447, 894

Dacron, 584, 607, 695, 713 Dai-el, 384 Debye equation, 118 Decomposition, 104 Deflection temperature under load test, 188 Deformation, 158, 195, 201 Deformation-time curves, 196 Degradable plastics, 880-83, 886

polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate copolymers (PHBV), 883-6

Degradation, 76, 105, 275 Degree of substitution, 615 Dehydrochlorination, 134, 143, 325 Dehydrochlorination stabilisers, 134 Dehydrogenation, 428 Delrin, 531, 533, 536, 540 Density, 74, 877 Dentures, 41 1 Derakane vinyl esters, 419 Deretron, 608 Deroton, 724 Dexsil, 834 Diacryl, 105, 419 Diakon, 399, 404 Diakon MX, 415 Diallyl isophthalate (DAIP), 712 Diallyl phthalate (DAP), 24, 333, 412 Diamar, 590 Diamines, 21, 380 Diaminophenyl sulphone, 755 Diaphanyl phthalate (DAP), 33 1 Diazomethane, 206 Dibasic acid, 21 Dibasic lead phosphite, 327 Dibasic lead phthalate, 327 Dibasic lead stearate, 328, 337 Dibenzyl ether, 88 Dibutyl phthalate, 88, 331, 463 Dibutyl sebacate (DBS), 333 Dibutyltin di-iso-octylthioglycollate, 329 Dibutyltin dilaurate, 329 Dibutyltin maleate, 329 Dicumyl peroxide, 239 Dielectric constant, 15, 110-19, 226, 229 Dielectric constant-frequency curve, 114 Dielectric constant-temperature curve, 115 Dielectrics, quantitative relationships, 117-19 Dielectric strength. 110 Diels-Alder reactions, 301, 302, 504, 698 Diene rubbers, 85, 95, 130, 186, 276-92

butadiene-pentadiene rubbers, 292 chloroprene rubbers (CR), 290-92 natural rubbers, 280-85 nitrile rubber (NBR), 88, 289-90 ozone degradation, 143 polybutadiene, 286-7

styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 287-9 synthetic polyisoprene, 285-6 thermoplastic, 2 9 2 4

Die swell, 172 Diethylaminopropylamine, 753 Diethylenetriamine, 753 Diethyl hexyl phthalate, 64 Diethyl phthalate, 624 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 161 Diffusion, 76, 100-103 Diglycidyl ether resins, 763, 765 Dihalides, 22, 552 Di-isobutyl phthalate, 33 1 Di-isocyanates, 22, 153 Di-isodecyl phthalate, 33 1 Di-iso-octyl phthalate (DIOP), 89, 100, 331 Dilatancy, 324 Diluents, 699-701 Dimers, 178 Dimethacrylates, 420 Dimethylaminopropylaine, 753 Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), 87, 88, 624 Dimethylsilicone rubbers, 832 DIN, 53460, 188 DIN, 53461, 188 Dinonyl phthalate (DNP), 331 Dioctyl sebacate (DOS), 89, 132, 333 Diols, 22 1,3-Dioxolane, 97 Diphenylmethane di-isocyanates, 779-82 Diphenylurea, 330 Dipole forces, 79, 85, 89 Dipole moments, 11 9 Dipole orientation, 113-14 Dipole polarisation, 113, 117, 118 Dispersion forces, 79, 85 Dissipation factor, 114, 122 Distortion, 202-204 Disubstituted ethylenes, 98 Ditridecyl phthalate, 329 Divinylbenzene, 37 Dodecanelactam, 485-6 Dodecenylsuccinic anhydride, 760 Dodecyl mercaptan, 26 Doping, 120, 887-8 Dorlastan, 790 Dormagen process, 622 Dough moulding compounds, 709- 11 Dow ‘Log’ process, 456 Dow-Taga process, 261 Draw-down ratio, 235 Duracon, 531, 535 Durel, 731 Durethan U, 783 Dyflor, 376 Dylarc, 450 Dymotape, 341 Dynagen XP-139, 548

Ebonite, 3, 4, 860-63 Ecoflex, 882 Ekkcel, 608

Index 905

Ekkcel C-1000, 730 Ekkcel 1-2000, 730 Ekonol P-3000, 730 Ekonol T-4000, 730 Ektar PCTG, 730 Elastic deformations, 172 Elasticity, 17 I Elastic moduli, 72-3 Elastic turbulence, 223 Elastomer-modified thermoplastics, 258 see

Electrical insulation properties, 15, 110, 116, also Thermoplastic elastomers

226, 373, 565 acetal resins, 540

Electrically conductive polymers, 120 Electrical properties, 898

Electrical testing, 122 Electronegativity values, 78 Electronic applications of polymers, 119-20 Electron polarisation, 111, 113 Electrovalent bonds, 78 Elvanol, 390 Elvax, 273 Engel process, 237 Engineering plastics, 502, 896 Entanglements, 44, 62, 72, 167, 168, 185 Enthalpy, 16 1-2 Entropy, 94 Entropy change, 84 Entropy of fusion, 72 Environmental stress cracking, 225-6, 253,

EPDM rubbers, 295, 303,449, 504 Epichlorhydrin rubbers, 548 Epoxide resins, 7, 24, 329, 369, 606, 744-76

acyclic aliphatic, 766-7 additives, 768-72 applications, 772-6 curing of glycidyl ether resins, 751-61 cyclic aliphatic, 764-6 diluents, 768-72 flexibilisers, 768-72 hardening systems, 753-61 miscellaneous, 761-8 nitrogen-containing, 767-8 non-glycidyl ether, 764-8 preparation from bis-phenol A, 745-50 structure and properties, 772

Epoxidised oils, 328, 333, 767 Estane, 790 Ester exchange, 558-60 Ester linkage, 21 Ethanol, 81 Ethyl acrylate, 97 Ethyl alcohol, 9, 88, 113 Ethylbenzene, 427-8 Ethyl cellulose, 629-3 1 Ethylene-cyclo-olefin copolymers, 280 Ethylene, 9, 10, 54, 210

polyethylene, 163, 207, 224, 226, 244

263, 595

chlorinated, 297 copolymerisation, 273-6

copolymers, 374-5 monosubstituted, 93 polymers, 208

Ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers, 274 Ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymers, 274,

Ethyl phthalyl ethyl glycollate, 624 Ethylene dichloride, 10 Ethylene-ethyl acrylate copolymers, 274 Ethylene glycol, 10, 551 Ethylene oxide, 10, 22, 97 Ethylene-propylene rubbers, 8, 73, 229-30,

Ethylene-styrene copolymers, 308-309 Ethylene-styrene interpolymers (ESIs),

Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) plastics, 227,

Ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymers,

Extenders, 89, 132, 786 poly(viny1 chloride), 336

Extrusion, 48, 49, 158, 233-6 Extrusion moulding, 159, 160, 233, 350 Eypel F, 383

278-9

243, 878

308-309

361, 386, 394, 897

394-5, 417, 470

Falling weight tests, 192, 194 Fibre-resin preform mouldings, 660 Fibrides, 245 Fillers, 124, 126-31, 355, 672

inert, 126, 140, 279, 280 particulate, 126-7, 279, 280 polyethylene, 228-9 polypropylene, 258 poly(viny1 chloride), 337-58 reinforcing particulate, 127, 284

Film, 236-7 Film extrusion processes, 235 Film tapes, 262-3 Finaclear, 440 Fire, 104-109 Firelighters, 679 Firemaster, 592 Fire retardants, 130, 140, 141, 593, 895 FKM rubbers, 379-80 Flame retarders, 104-109, 124, 145-9, 445,

564, 595 in foams, 797-8 in nylon, 496, 497 in polyethylene, 227, 229

Flammability performance standards, 105 Flexible foams, 792-801

one-shot polyester foams, 792-74 polyether foams, 795-9 polyether prepolymers, 793-4 properties and applications, 799-801

Flow path ratio, 170-71 Flow promoters, 124, 132-4 Flow properties, 159, 163-73

factors, 167-70 effects of environmental and molecular

906 Index

Flow properties-continued elastic effects in polymer melts, 171-3 in injection mould, 170-1 terminology, 164-6

Flow temperature, 44, 626 Fluidised-bed techniques, 237, 349, 550, 572 Fluon, 364 Fluorel 11, 382 Fluorine-containing polymers, 363-84

ethylene copolymers, 374-5 fluorine-containing rubbers, 379-83 hexafluoroisobutylenevinylidene fluoride

polychlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers,

polytetrafluoroethylene, 364-73 poly(viny1 fluoride), 376 poly(viny1idene fluoride), 376-7 tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymers,

tetrafluoroethy lene-hexafluoropropylene

copolymers, 379

374-5

374

copolymers, 373 Fluoro compounds, 797 Fluoroelastomers, 380-82 Fluoroprene, 379 Fluororubbers, 363, 379 Fluorosilicones, 833 Foams

flexible, 791-800 rigid and semi-rigid, 800-804 urea-formaldehyde resins, 678-9

Footwear, 14 Foraflon, 376 Formaldehyde, 5 , 10, 20, 97, 857-8

polymerisation, 533-6 preparation, 532

Formica, 688 Formolisation, 857-9 Fomvar, 392 Forticel, 628 Fortron, 593 Fracture initiation stress, 57 Free energy change, 84 Free energy equation, 94 Free radicals, 239, 283

Freeze-line distance, 235-6 FriedelLCrafts agents, 34, 475, 663 Friedel-Crafts and related polymers, 635,

Fringed crystallite theory, 50 Fringed micelle theory, 50 Frozen-in stress, 202, 204, 574 Fumaric acid, 698 Functionality, 38, 177 Fungicides, 496 Furane plastics, 9 Furan resins, 810-13

applications, 812-3 preparation of intermediates, 810-11 properties of cured resins, 812 resinification, 81 I - I 2

addition polymerisation, 25-34, 36

662-6

Furfural, 810-13 Furfuryl alcohol, 678, 810-13 Furukawa process, 240

Gasoline, 10 Gauche form, 60 Gelatine, 28 Gel effect, 402 Gel point, 39 Gelvatol, 390 Generic Temperature Index, 187 Gilsonite, 871 Glass-clear polyamides, 509-13 Glass fibre, 189, 258, 498 Glass-like polymers, 45, 64 Glass transition temperature, 44-58, 70-71,

185, 196 amorphous polymers, 100, 104, 784 and dipole polarisation, 114-17 factors affecting, 59-64, 70, 72, 73, 88 nylons, 493 polyethylene, 62, 212 poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) (PET), 62, 114

Glassy resins, 56 Glassy state, 44 Gloss, 121, 235 Glycerol, 23 Glycidyl adducts, 754 Glycidyl ether resins, 751-61

acid hardening systems, 758-61 amine hardening systems, 753-7, 761 curing, 751-61 miscellaneous, 761 -4

Graft polymers, 27, 360 Gramophone records, 867, 868, 869 Granule characteristics, 159-61 Graphite, 133 Greases, 827 Grignard method, 815, 818-20 Grilamid ELY, 527 Grilamid TR55, 511 Growth-temperature curve, 51 GR-S (Government Rubber-Styrene), 287,

Gutta percha, 2, 4, 7, 70, 865-6

Glycols, 20, 127, 546-7

425

related materials, 865-6

Halar, 375 Halon, 375 Halophosphates, 148 Hardening systems, 64-3, 753-61 Haze, 121, 133, 235, 434 Heat deflection temperature under load test

(HDT test), 188 Heat distortion temperature test, 188, 524,

565 Heat stabilisers, 496, 497 Heat stability, 96 Henecke machine, 793-4, 798

Index 907

Henry’s law, 102 Herclor C, 548 Herclor H, 548 Heterogeneous nucleation, 52 Hexafluoroisobutylene-vinylidene fluoride

Hexahydrophthalic anhydride, 750 Hexamethyleneadipamide, 7@7 1 Hexamethylenediamine, 9, 2 1, 48 1 Hexamethylenesebacamide, 70-7 1 Hexamethyleneterephthalamide, 70-7 1 High-energy radiation, 76, 96-8, 99 High-frequency heating, 161 High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 7, 8, 56, 57,

High-styrene resins, 289 High-temperature polymers, 841-5 1, 898

co-ordination, 850-5 1 cross-linked organic, 846-7 fluorine-containing, 841 -2 inorganic, 842-4 ladder, 848-50 linear with p-phenylene groups and other

spiro, 848-50

copolymers, 379

426, 437-40

ring structures, 847-8

High-vinyl polybutadienes, 291 Hipertuf, 723 Hitachi process, 240 Hivalloy, 248 HM-50, 5 12 Homogeneous nucleation, 50 Homopolymers, 27, 53, 63, 70, 226 Horticulture, 14 Hostaflon C2, 375 Hostaflon ET, 374 Hostaflon PFA-N, 377 Hostaflon TF, 364 Hostaflon TFB, 374 Hostaflon TFM, 378 Hostaform, 531, 535 Hostalit LP HT 5060, 361 Hostamid, 5 1 I Hostatec, 404 Hot melt compositions, 353 Hot moulding process, 799 Housings, 897 H-resin, 585 Hycar 2121x38, 416 Hycar 402 I , 4 16 Hydrin, 548 Hydrocarbon radicals, 134-5 Hydrofluoric acid, 15 Hydrogenated nitrile rubbers, 294-5 Hydrogenated SBS triblock polymers, 294 Hydrogen bonding, 54, 60, 79-80, 85, 89, 91,

Hydrogen bonding theory, 132 Hydrolysis, 95, 156, 881 Hydrophilic polymers, 420 Hydroquinone, 26, 27 Hydroxethyl cellulose, 632 p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 53

875

Hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, 632 Hydroxyl groups, 95

primary, 796 secondary, 796

Hydroxypropyl cellulose, 632 Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, 632 Hygroscopic behaviour, 159 Hypalon, 23, 67, 224, 241, 297 Hytrel, 55, 695, 737, 790, 879

Icdal Ti40, 5 16 IEC 69-2-1 Glow Wire Test, 107 IEC 695-2-2 Needle Flame Test, 107 Igamid IC, 515 lgepal CA, 226 Ignition, 104, 105 I-Gummi, 790 Impact modifiers, 134, 338-9, 496, 497 Impact strength, 45, 74-5, 216, 413-15, 567

assessment of, 192-5 Impact tests, 192-4 Impingement mixing, 804 Impurities, 127 Induction forces, 79, 85, 89 Injection moulding, 15, 49, 158, 160, 233, 373

and compression moulding, 651, 674-5 cooling rates, 174-6 flow process, 170-1, 202 PMMA, 409-10 polypropylene, 263 polystyrene, 455 PVC, 350

Inorganic resin, 258, 845 Intensity factor, 93 Interchain attraction, 59 Intermolecular forces, 70, 75, 79-81 International Electrotechnical Commission

International Standards Organisation (ISO),

Interpenetrating polymer networks, 808 Intrinsically electrically conducting polymers

Ionic bonds, 77 Ionic cross-linking, 54, 875 Ionic polymerisation, 33-7 Ionomers, 275-6, 875 Iron dithiocarbamate, 153 IS0 306, 188 IS0 75, 188 Isocyanates, 779-82, 808 Iso-free volume, 47 ris, trans Isomerism, 70 Isophthalic acid (IPA), 699, 718 Isoprene, 20, 54 Isopropenyl, 2-oxazoline (IPO), 155 Isopropyl tri(diocty1 pyrophosphate) titanate,

Isotactic polypropylene, 252-9

(IEC), 122

122

(ICPs), 887-9

131

additives, 258-9 applications, 263-5

908 Index

Isotactic polypropylene-continlred processing characteristics, 260-63 properties, 252-7

Isotactic structures, 68, 249, 251 Ivoride, 4 Ixef, 5 18 Izod impact strength, 454, 573, 895 Izod test, 191-4, 374, 567

Jelutong, 866

Kaladex, 724 Kalrez, 382 Kamex, 415 Kapton, 516, 518 KES PIasrics package, 894 Kel-F, 375 Kematal, 53 I Kennel, 522 Ketonex, 279 Kevlar, 5 14- 15 KF, 376 Kinel, 5 16 KKF data base, 895 Klucel, 632 Knife handles, 623 Kodar, 7 19 Kodar PETG, 730 Kodel, 719 Kraft papers, 653, 657, 688 Kraton G, 298 K-resins, 37 Krytox, 384 K-values, 320-21 Kynar, 376 Kynol, 666

Lac, 2, 867-9 Ladder polymers, 848-50 Laminates, 654-8, 807-8, 829-30 Lanital, 859 Latices, 2, 158, 181, 231-2, 355, 866 Lead orthosilicates, 328 Lead salicylate, 328 Lead silicate, 328 Lead stearate, 328, 337 Levapren, 273 Levapren 450, 301 Lewis acid, 210 Lexan, 557 Light energy, 98 Light magnesium carbonate, 338 Light screens, 144, 145 Light stabilisers, 496, 497 Lignin, 19 Limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, 105-6 Linear aromatic polyesters, 607-609, 730-38 Liquid crystal polyesters, 695, 734-8 Liquid crystal polymers, 53, 734

Load-bearing plastics, 897 Lopac, 416 Loss factor, 114 Lubricants, 124, 132-4, 336-7, 827

external, 133, 337 internal, 133, 337 nylon, 496, 497 poly(viny1 chloride), 336-7

Lucite, 399 Luran S, 449 Luranyl, 590 Lutamer, 887 Luvican, 472, 473 Lycra, 790 Lyotropic mesomorphism, 53

Machining operations, 158 Macroblend, 579 Macromolecules, 19 Magnesium stearate, 337 Makrolons, 557, 580 Maleic anhydride, 760 Margard, 577 Markets for plastics, 11-14 Martens test, 189, 472 Mass colouration, 149-50 Material selection, 891-8

computer-aided selection, 895-6 data sources, 893-6 economic factors affecting choice, 892-3 establishing operational requirements, 892 non-computer systems, 896

Maximum service temperature, 186-70 MBS polymers, 448-9 Mechanical properties

acetal resins, 538-42 polyethylene, 2 17-20

Medical applications, 17 Melamine, 680-83 Melamine-formaldehyde resins, 5, 7, 669,

680-89 applications, 688-9 laminates, 687-8 melamine, 6 8 G 3 moulding powders, 683-7 resinification, 682-3

Melamine-phenolic resins, 689 Melinar, 607 Melinex, 52, 607, 695, 713, 719 Melt flow index (MFI), 210, 216, 220, 226,

Melt fracture, 172 Melting point, 40-1, 47, 70-71, 464

Melt processing of thermoplastics, 159-76,

254-6

crystalline, 72, 84, 86

223 crystallisation, 159, 175 flow properties, 159, 163-73 granule characteristics, 1 5 9 6 1 hygroscopic behaviour, 159 orientation and shrinkage, 159, 175-6

Index 909

thermal properties 174-5

affecting cooling, 159.

thermal properties influencing polymer

thermal stability, 159, 163 melting, 159, 163-4

Melt processing of thermosetting plastics, 176-9

Melt viscosity, 73, 222-3, 235, 564 Mercaptans, 26 Merlon T, 565 Mesomorphic materials, 53 Metal deactivators, 140, 141, 142 Metallocene catalysis, 8-9, 38, 206, 207, 248,

251, 268 ethylene-styrene copolymers, 308-309 polyethylenes (m-PE), 211, 216, 217,

227-8, 248 linear low density (m-LLDPE), 228 very low density (m-VLDPE), 228

polypropylenes, 249, 25 1 isotactic, 259 syndiotactic, 259, 268

syndiotactic, 424, 433 polystyrenes

Metal stearates, 328 Meta-phenylenediamine, 754 Methacrylate polymers and copolymers, 62,

421-3 Methacrylato-chrome chloride treatments, 129 Methanol, 532 Methocel, 632 Methyl cellulose, 632 Methylaluminoxane (MAO), 25 1, 454 4,4’-Methylenedianiline, 755 Methylene dichloride, 86 Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP), 702 Methyl methacrylate, 20, 97, 208 Methyl nadic anhydride VI, 760, 762 Methylsuccinic acid, 60, 61 Mica, 870 Mica marks, 159 Micelles, 28, 33 Microfibrillation, 56 Millable gums, 788 Mindel, 602 Modern Plastics Encyclopaedia, 896 Modifiers, 26 Molar attraction constants, 91-2 Molecular weight distribution (MWD), 40,

Molecular weights, 40-1, 43-4, 62-4, 73, 87, 216-7, 243, 252

167-74 PTFE, 179

Molecules, 40 Moltopren, 792 Molybdenum disulphide, 133, 372 Molybdenum oxide, 2 11 Monomers, 20, 25-8, 36

Moplen, 247 Mouldability index, 170

preparation, 207, 386-8, 390-91, 426-9

Moulding materials, 720-22 Moulding powders, 5, 645-54, 672-5, 683-7 Moulding shrinkage, 203, 256, 262, 501, 575 Mowiol, 390 Mowital, 392 Multiblock systems, 55

Mylar, 607, 695, 713, 719

Nafion, 384 Naphthalene, 9 National Bureau of Standards (NBS) smoke

Native asphalt, 871 Natural rubber, derivatives, 860-65 Natural tack, 284 n-Butane, 10 N-Cyclohexylmaleimide, 360- 1 Neoflon, 373 Neoprene, 295 Newtonian liquids, 164-6, 169, 325 Ni-Kieselguhr catalysts, 863 Nitrile resins, 88, 415-17 Nitrile rubber (NBR), 88, 281, 294-5, 416, 442 Nitrogen-containing resins, 767-8 Nitrosofluoroelastomers, 382 Nomex, 514, 666 Non-Newtonian liquids, 169 Nonox WSP, 230 Norbornene, 304 Norsorex, 306

Notched impact strength, 566, 579 Notch sensitivity, 192, 194 Novolak resins, 122, 290, 639-46, 762

Nucleating agents, 496, 497, 886 Nucleation, 50-5 1 Nucleation-temperature curve, 5 1 Number average degree of polymerisation, 30 Number average molecular weight, 32, 174,

Nylon-6, 62, 478, 480, 486-94, 505 applications, 502-504, 879, 896 chemical nature, 854 in glass-filled compositions, 500 nucleating agent, 497 processing, 505

Nylon-7, 478, 487, 488 applications, 505

Nylon-9, 461, 485 applications, 505

Nylon-l1,478,480,487,488,494, 505 applications, 402-504, 784, 879, 896 chemical nature, 854 processing, 500

applications, 502, 503, 879, 896 processing, 500

auulications. 502. 896

MXD-6, 513

chamber test, 109

Noryl, 589-92, 894, 897

NR-16, 416

206, 215, 236, 702

Nylon-12, 478, 485, 487, 505

Nylon-46, 478, 486, 487, 489, 493, 494 L .

Moulding cbmpositions, 128, 709-12, 831, 872 processing, 500

910 Index

Nylon-56, 488 Nylon-66, 21, 48, 49, 86, 478, 480

applications, 502-504, 879, 896 in glass-filled compositions, 500 nucleating agent, 497 polymerisation, 486 processing, 500, 501 structure and properties, 487-94, 505 tensile strength, 783

Nylon-66/610, 478 applications, 503

Nylon-66/610/6. 478, 490, 507 applications, 503

Nylon-69, 478, 486, 896 Nylon-76, 487 NyIon-610,486, 487,494, 505

applications, 502, 503, 879, 896 processing, 500

Nylon-61 1, 487, 494 Nylon-612, 478, 486, 494 Nylons, 7, 9, 86, 478-9, 486-96, 502-503

applications, 502-503 general properties, 500-506 glass-filled, 497-500 glass transition temperature, 493 processing, 500-505

Nyrim, 505. 527

Octo-I-ene, 2 17 Octoates, 328 Olefin addition method, 820 Olefins, 10, 37, 207 Oppanol, 269 Optical properties, relation to structure,

120-22 Orevac, 395 Organochlorosilanes, 820-2 1 Organometallic compounds, 8, 35 Organosols, 35 1, 352 Organo-tin compounds, 329 orientation, 47-9, 52, 175-6

biaxial, 49, 52, 57 monaxial, 49, 57

Orientation time, 45 Orlon, 416 Oroglas, 399 Oroglas DR, 415 2-Oxazolines, 155-9 Oxetane polymers, 549-5 1 Oxidation, 134, 224, 226, 881 Oxidation retarders, 135-6 Oxychlorination reaction, 3 13 Ozone attack, 134 Ozone effects, 288, 866 Ozone layer, 798

P13N, 522 Packaging materials, 12-13, 16, 100, 154, 395,

627 pharmaceuticals, 886

Paints, 565 Palmitates, 328 Pantalast L, 360 Paraffins, 95 Paraffin wax, 85 Parel, 548 Parkesine, 3-4, 131, 288 Parkes process, 288 Particle shape, 126-7 Particle size, 126 Partitioning, 85 Parylene C , 586 Parylene N, 586 Paste injection moulding, 354 Paste-processes, 322 Pastes, 322-4, 350-54 Pebax, 527 Penton, 549-51 Perlon U, 778, 783 Permeability, 76, 100-103, 257, 271 Peroxide cross-linking, 239, 240 Peroxide decomposers, 140, 141, 142 Peroxides, 153 Perspex, 6, 72, 399 Petrochemical industry, IO Phenol-aldehyde resins, 5 Phenol-formaldehyde moulding powder

applications, 652-4 compounding, 646-9 processing, 649-51 properties, 652

Phenol-formaldehyde mouldings, 5 Phenolic laminates, 654-8

applications, 658-61 properties, 656-8

applications, 659-61 chemical aspects, 639-61 fibres, 666 foams, 659 Friedel-Crafts and related polymers, 662-6 hardening, 641 -3 manufacture, 643-5 moulding powders, 645-54 phenolic laminates, 654-8 raw materials, 635-9 resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives, 662

Phenolic resins, 5, 9, 24, 635-66

Phenols, 5 , 9, 140, 143, 230, 636-8 Phenoxy resins, 606-7 Phenylene groups, 62 2-Phenylindole, 330 Phillips polymers, 214, 216 Phillips process, 8, 206, 208, 210-11, 217, 275 Phosgenation process, 560-61 Phosphates, 144 Phosphites, 140 Photochemical processes, 144 Photochemical radiation, 96-8 Photoconductivity, 15, 472 Photodegradants, 154-5, 881 Photophysical processes, 144 Photoresists, 3 9 5 4

Index 911

Phthalates, 148 Phthalic acid, 23 Phthalic anhydride, 9, 759 Piezolectric properties, 376 Pigments:

diene rubbers, 284 nylon, 496 polyethylene, 228, 229 polypropylene, 260, 261 PVC, 338 urea-formaldehyde moulding powders, 671,

67 3 Pilofilm, 853 Pitches, 871 Plascams system, 894 Plastic crystals, 53 Plasticisers, 87-9, 116, 124, 131-2, 159, 742

in moulding powders, 673 nylon, 496, 497 poly(viny1 chloride), 191, 318, 330-36 rubbers, 284

characteristics, 15 degradable, 880-86 developments 1900-1930, 4-6 developments since 1939, 7-9 fire and, 104-109 future for, 14-17 markers for, 10-14 natural, 1-3 raw materials, 9-10 vinyl, 6-7

Plastics:

Plastigels, 351-3 Plastisols, 35 1-2 Plate-out, 337, 338 Plex 8535-F, 415 Plexidur, 4 13 Plexiglas, 397 Plexigum, 397 Pleximid, 415 Pluronic, 796 PNF rubber, 383 Pocan, 724 Polar carboxyl groups, 60 Polar groups, 62 Polarisation charge, 112 Polarity of bonds, 77-8, 85 Polar materials, I17 Polar theory, 132 Polectron. 472 Polish additives, 826 Pollution, 16 Poly-IF4, 379 Poly-2F4, 379 Polyacetal (polyformaldehyde) resins, 97 Polyacetals, 20, 51, 84, 105, 163, 531-54

acetal resins, 533-46 aldehyde polymers, 546 applications, 544-6 oxetane polymers, 549-51 polyethers from glycols and alkylene oxides,

546-7

polysulphides, 55 1-4 preparation of formaldehyde, 532

Polyacetylines, 120 Poly(acrylic acid), 423 Polyacrylonitrile, 96 Polyaddition, 22 Polyalkenamers, 305-306 Polyamide-imides, 524-5 Polyamides, 9, 21, 478-5 16

additives, 496-8 applications, 502-505 aromatic, 509-16 crystalline aromatic, 513-16 elastomeric, 526-8 enhanced solubility, 505-507 general properties of nylons, 490-496 glass-clear, 509-13 glass-filled nylons, 498-500 intermediates for aliphatic polyamides,

low molecular weight, 769 polymerisation for aliphatic polyamides,

processing of nylons, 490-492 structure and properties of aliphatic

polyamides, 487-90

490-96

486-7

Polyarylates, 695 Polyaryl ether ketones, 502-506 Poly-p-benzamide. 53 Polybenzoxazines (PBZs), 667-7 Poly(y-benzyl-L-glutamate), 53 Poly-3,3-bischloromethyloxacyclobutane, 46 Polybiends, 55-7, 74, 294 Polybut-l-ene, 268-9

Polybutadiene, 35, 128, 290-91 1,2-Polybutadiene, 307-308 I ,4-Polybutadiene, 20 cis-l,4-Polybutadiene, 62, 440 Poly(buty1ene terephthalate) (PBT), 107, 695,

Polycaprolactones, 741, 793 Polycarbodi-imide resins, 807-808 Polycarbonate/ABS grades, 107 Polycarbonate/polyether-imides, 107 Polycarbonate-polybutylene teraphthalate

Polycarbonate-polyethylene teraphthalate

Polycarbonates, 8, 62, 86, 114, 556-6 I

atactic, 269

724-7, 897

alloys (PC-PBT), 579

alloys (PC-PET), 579

alloys based on bis-phenol A

applications of bis-phenol A polycarbonates,

carbonic ester polymers, 580-82 commercial grades, 564-7 ester exchange, 558-60 general properties, 568-73 phosgenation process, 560-61

polycarbonates, 578-9

575-8

polyester carbonates and block copolymers, 579-80

polymer preparation, 558-61

912 Index

Polycarbonates-continued processing characteristics, 573-5 production of intermediates, 557-8 structure and properties, 561-8, 897

Poly(carborane siloxanes), 834 Polychloroacrylates, 104 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers

Polycrystallinity, 49 Poly-( 1,4)-cyclohexylenedimethylene

Terephthalate-co-isophthalate), 727-8 Poly-( 1,4)-cyclohexylenedimethylene-

terephthalate) (PCT), 727-8 Polycyclohexytethylene (PCHE), 275 PoIy(2.6-dibromo- 1,4-phenylene oxide), 592-3 Poly-(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) (PPO),

(PCTFE), 363, 374-5

587-92 modified, 589-90 polyamide, 592 processing and application, 589 structure and properties, 581-9 styrenic, 590-2

Polydimethylsiloxane rubbers, modified,

Polyesteramide BAK resins, 882 Polyester carbonates, 579-80 Polyester foams, 792-3

Polyester-glass fibre laminates, 703-707 Polyester resins, 694-742

allyl resins, 708-709 curing systems, 702-704 diluents, 699-701 fibre-forming, 713-19 film-forming, 713-19 glass fibre laminates, 704-708 highly aromatic linear, 730-38 laminating, 7 liquid crystal, 734-8 moulding compositions, 709- 12 plasticisers. 743 poly(buty1ene terephthalate), 724- 1 polycaprolactones, 741 poly-( 1,4)-cyclohexylenedimethylene-

terephthalate) (PCT), 728-30 poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) moulding

materials, 720-22 poly(pivalolactone), 739-40 production, 701 -702 raw materials, 696-701 rubbery, 742 saturated acids, 698-9 special materials, 699-701 structure and properties, 704 surface coatings, 740-43 thermoplastic elastomers, 737-9 unsaturated, 696-709 water-extended polyesters, 708

Polyesteramides, 528-9 Polyesters, 17, 114

832-4

one-shot, 792-3

linear aromatic, 9, 20, 55, 607-609, 730-38 liquid crystal, 695, 734-8

Polyetheretherketones (PEEK), 52 1 Polyether foams, 794-9

one-shot, 794-9 quasi-prepolymer, 794

Polyether-imides, 107 Polyetherimides, 525-6 Polyether prepolymers, 793-4 Polyethers, 546-9

Polyethylene, 6-9, 19, 20, 37, 49, 205-45 elastomeric, 547-5 1

additives, 228-32 amorphous density, 93 applications, 241-5, 896 branching, 213-15 brittle point, 221 characteristics, 241 chemical properties, 223-6 chlorinated, 67, 240-1 chlorosulphonated, 301 cross-linked, 225, 230, 239-41 crystallinity, 212, 215, 299 crystallisation, SO, 67 density, 215, 220 electrical properties, 163, 207, 224, 226, 241 fillers, 228, 229 flow properties, 222 glass transition temperature, 62, 212 grades, 213 high-density (HDPE), 8, 206-7, 211, 243-4,

high molecular weight, 212, 238 light stability, 93 limitations, 241 linear low-density (LLDPE), 206-7, 211,

266

215, 216,222-3.244 film, 243 properties, 227

low-density (LDPE), 206, 211, 217, 243-4 low molecular weight, 206, 238 mechanical properties, 21 8-20 melt viscosity, 72, 221-3, 235 molecular weight differences, 2 16 oxidation, 224, 226 permeability, 102 polarisation, 112 polymerisation, 208-1 1

high-pressure, 207, 208-9 interfacial, 561 making linear low-density polyethylene,

Phillips process, 208, 210-11, 217 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) process,

Ziegler processes, 208, 209-10, 238

211

210, 211

preparation of monomer, 207 processing, 163, 232-8 properties of LLDPE and VLDPE, 227 solvents for, 84, 219 structure and properties, 212-17 thermal properties, 163, 221-3, 232 ultra-high molecular weight (UHMWPE),

244

Index 913

very high molecular weight (VHMWPE),

very low-density (VLDPE), 206-207, 21 1,

viscosity, 167, 222 yield strength, 73

238

227

Poly(ethy1ene naphthalate) (PEN), 723-4 Poly(ethy1ene terephthalate) (PET), 52-3, 121,

156,417, 695, 717-18 glass transition temperature, 62, 114 moulding materials, 720-22

Polyflon, 364 Polyformaldehydes, 20, 34, 51, 163 Polyhaloaldehydes, 546 Poly-l,6-heptadiyne, 120 Polyhydantoin resins, 609-10 Polyhydroxybutyrate-valerate copolymers

(PHBV), 883-6 Polyimides, 480, 516-21

Polyisobutylene (PIB), 34, 112, 229, 269-70 Polyisocyanurates, 805-808 1,4-Polyisoprene, 20, 440 Polymat P C system, 895 Polymer composites, 236 Polymeric flow promoters, 134 Polymerisation:

modified, 52 1-6

addition, 20, 21, 23, 24, 27, 37 free radical, 25-34, 36 initiation stage, 24-6, 29-30, 32, 36 termination stage, 24, 25, 29, 32, 33, 35

aliphatic polyamides, 486-7 anionic, 34, 35, 36 bulk, 27, 402-404 cationic, 34 condensation, 20, 21, 23, 24, 39-40 co-ordination, 37, 210 double bond, 23 emulsion, 28, 33, 432 formaldehyde, 533-6 ionic, 33-7 living, 37 mass, 429-30 number average degree of, 30 PCTFE, 374-5 polyethylene, 208-1 1 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 401 -404 polytetrafluoroethylene, 364-5 poly(viny1 acetate), 388-9 poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC), 315-17 poly(viny1 fluoride), 376 rearrangement, 22 ring-opening, 22 solution, 431 styrene-based plastics, 429-33 suspension, 248, 315, 404, 431-2 vinyl chloride polymers, 315-17

Polymerisation, addition, propagation or

Polymerisation kinetics, 29 Polymerisation methods, 17 Polymerisation temperature, 26

growth stage, 24, 25, 29

Polymer polyols, 441, 796 Polymers:

amorphous, 41, 45, 81, 85 brimoddl, 244, 249 co-ordination, 850-5 1 cross-linked, 91, 846-7 crystalline, 81, 84, 86 definition, 19 dispersion, 369, 371 electrical conductivity, 110-17, 120 electronic applications, 119-20 emulsion, 321 ethylene, 209 fluorine-containing, 84 1-2 granular, 369, 370 heat-resisting, 841-51 high, 19 high-temperature, 841-51, 897 inorganic, 842-6 intrinsically conductive, 886-8 ionically conductive, 886-8 ladder, 848-50 liquid crystal, 53, 734 living, 36 mass, 322 MBS, 448-9 monodisperse, 36 non-polar, 77, 84-6 polar, 81, 85, 86, 89, 110, 114 polydisperse, 36 solubility, 80-94 spiro, 848-50 stereoregular, 37 thermosetting acrylic, 418-19

Poly(methacrylimide), 420-21 Poly(methy1 acrylate), 423 Polymethylene, 215 Poly(methy1 methacrylate), 6, 20, 43, 48, 49,

400-413 additives, 409 applications, 413-17 copolymerisation, 413-15 depolymerisation, 96, 163 dipoles, 114, 116 general properties, 405-409 impact strength, 73 melt viscosity, 72 plasticised, 88 polymerisation, 401-404 preparation of monomer, 400-401 processing, 18 1, 409- 1 1 solubility parameter, 9 I stability, 98, 163 structure and properties, 405, 896 thermal degradation rate, 96-7 viscosity, 167

Poly(methy1 methacrylimides) (PMM), 415 Poly-(4-methylpent- I-ene) (P4MPI). 270-72

applications, 273 general properties, 13, 84, 272 processing, 273 structure and properties, 272-3

914 Index

Poly(n-dodecyl methacrylate), 62 Polynorbornene, 306-307 Polyolefins, 6, 8, 95

Polyoxacyclobutane, 46 Polyoxymethylene, 20, 105 Poly(parabanic acids), 61G11 Poly(pheny1ene oxides), 586

alkyl substituted, 586-93 halogenated, 586 poly(2,6-dibromo- 1,4-phenylene oxide),

592-3

Polyox, 547

Polyphenylenes, 584-5 Poly(pheny1ene-sulphides), 107, 593-6

Poly-p-phenyline, 120 Poly-@-phenyline sulphide), 120 Polyphthalamide plastics, 5 16 Poly(pivalolactone), 739-40 Polypropylene, 8, 37, 53, 247-68

amorphous polyarylene sulphides, 596

additives, 260-61 applications, 243, 244, 265-7, 878-80,

atactic, 68, 267-8, 289 chlorinated, 268 fillers, 260 isotactic, 8, 68, 73, 249, 253-9 linear, 67 optical properties, 121 preparation of, 248-51 processing characteristics, 262-5, 273 solvents for, 84 stability, 96 structure and properties, 25 1-3, 270-71 syndiotactic, 267-8

896

Polypropylene adipate, 333 Polypropylene sebacate, 333 Polypyrrole, 120, 888, 889 Polysiloxane-polyetherimide copolymers,

Polystyrene, 6, 7, 9, 20, 43, 896 840

exoanded. 455-60 high-impact (HIPS), 7, 8, 56, 57, 426,

437-40 impact strength, 73 melt viscosity, 72 molecular weight, 174 oriented, 460-61 processing, 163, 4.54-5 solvents for, 81 stereoregular, 4.54 structure and properties, 433-4 syndiotactic, 426, 433, 454-5 toughened (TPS), 437-40

Polystyrol, 426 Polysulphides, 21, 22, 551-2, 769-70 Polysulphones, 9, 596-602

applications, 601-602 blends, 602 general properties, 600-1 processing, 601 structure and properties, 5 9 9 4 0 0

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 7, 13, 49, 67, 72, 364-73

additives, 371-2 applications, 372-3 chemical reactivity, 95 density, 73 general properties, 367-9 molecular weight, 179 polymerisation, 364-5 preparation of monomer, 364 processing, 363, 369-71 solvents for, 84 stability, 96, 97 structure and properties, 365-7

Poly(trimethy1ene terephthalate) (P'IT), 728 Polyurethane-acrylic blends, 808 Polyurethane foam, 13, 14 Polyurethanes, 22, 54, 778-808

coatings and adhesives, 845 crystalline moulding, 783-4 fibres, 782-4 flexible foams, 791-800 polycarbodi-imide resins, 807-808 polyurethane-acrylic blends, 808 rigid and semi-rigid foams, 800-804 rubbers, 784-91

properties and applications, 788 self-skinning foams and RIM process,

thermoplastic, 783-90 Poly(viny1 acetals), 96, 391-4

poly(viny1 butyral), 393-4 poly(viny1 formal), 392-3

803-804

Poly(viny1 acetate) and derivatives, 23, 72, 386-97

ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, 394-5 polymerisation, 388-4 poly(viny1 acetals), 391-4 poly(viny1 alcohol), 393-5 poly(viny1 cinnamate), 399-400 preparation of monomer, 386-8 properties and uses, 389

applications, 391, 882, 897 structure and properties, 390-91

Poly(viny1 butyral), 393-4 Poly(viny1 carbazole), 12, 104, 472-4 Poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC), 6, 13, 17, 20, 54

Poly(viny1 alcohol), 23, 28, 67, 69, 87, 389-91

additives, 342 applications, 355-8 chlorinated, 359-60 compounding ingredients, 325-45 copolymers, 354-5 copolymers with propylene, 360 crystalline, 359 dipoles, 114 extenders, 336 fillers, 337-8 formulations, 342-5 glass transition temperature, 56 graft polymers, 360 impact-modified, 56

Index 915

injection moulding, 350 latices, 355 lubricants, 336-7 melt viscosity, 72 optical properties, 122 pastes, 350-54 pigments, 338 plasticised (PPVC). 73, 86-7, 100, 312,

plasticisers, 3 18, 33G-36 polymeric impact modifiers and processing

aids, 338-42 polymerisation, 315-17 processing, 18 1, 346-55 properties of compounds, 345-6 solvents for, 86 stabilisers, 325-30 stability, 96, 98, 163 structure, 317-25 unplasticised (UPVC), 73, 181, 349-50,

347-9, 896

356-8 Poly(viny1 cinnamate), 395-6 Poly(viny1 ethers), 475-6 Poly(viny1 fluoride) (PVF), 376 Poly(viny1 formal), 67, 392-3 Poly(viny1idene chloride), 53, 62, 73 Poly(viny1idene fluoride) (PVDF), 12,

Poly-m-xylylene, 5 13-14 Poly-p-xylylene, 585 Postech, 796 Powder moulding techniques, 237 Powder processes, 237 Power factor, 110, 114, 231 Preforming, 370 Prepolymers, polyether, 794-5 Prepolymer systems, 788-91 Prevulcanisation inhibitors, 283 Primary bonds, 76,77 Printed circuit board components, 120 Processing:

376-7

ABS plastics, 447-8 acetal resins, 524-3 nylons, 500-502 phenol-formaldehyde moulding powder,

649-5 1 polycarbonates, 573-5 poly-(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide)

(PPO), 589 polyethylene, 163, 232-8 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 181, 409-1 1 poly-(4-methylpent- I-ene) (P4MPl), 273 polypropylene, 262-5, 273 polystyrene, 454-5 polysulphones, 601 polytetrafluoroethylene, 363, 369-7 1 poly(viny1 chloride) (PVC), 18 1, 346-55 urea-formaldehyde resins, 774-5

Processing aids, 284, 342 Processing techniques, 158-82

casting processes, 182 melt processing of thermoplastics, 159-76

melt processing of thermosetting plastics,

poly(viny1 chloride), 18 1, 346-55 in rubbery state, 179-82 solution processes, 18 1 suspension processes, 18 1

176-9

Processing temperatures, 161, 163, 167-8,

Product design, 184-204

202-204

369, 371

distortion, voids and frozen-in stress,

recovery from deformation, 184, 201-202 rigidity of plastics materials, 184-90 stress-strain-time behaviour, 195-201 toughness, 184, 190-95

Propiofan, 397 Propylene, 360

360-6 1 Propylene glycol, 696 Propylene oxide, 796 Protein plastics, 19, 860 Proton acceptors, 86, 89, 132 Proton donors, 86 Pseudo-elastic design approach, 200 Pseudoplasticity, 324 Pyre ML, 516, 518 Pyro-Chek 68 PB, 452 Pyroelectric properties, 376 Pyromellitic dianhydride IV, 760

copolymers with N-cyclohexylmaleimide,

Quacorr RP IOOA, 8 13 Questra, 454 Quiana, 5 15 Quinone, 27

Rabinowitsch equation, 165 Radel, 596 Radiation cross-linking, 239 Rafaelite, 87 1 Rainwear, 14 Rupru Abstracts, 894 Raschig process, 636, 637 Rate constant, 45 Rate of flow, 178 Raw materials, 9-10 Reaction injection moulding (RIM) process,

Reaction rate, 29-30 Recovery from deformation, 184, 201-202 Reflectance, 12 1 Refractive index, 120-21, 565 Regulators, 26 Reinforced reaction injection moulding

Reinforcement, 126 Reinforcing fillers, 496, 497 Relative permittivity, 110, 112, 122 Relative temperature index (RTI), 186-7 Relaxation time, 236

182,501-505,779, 804

(RRIM) process, 804

916 Index

Release agents, 826 Rennet. 855 Repulsion effect, 60 Resin XP5272, 450 Resitol, 64 1 Resols, 641, 643-6, 661 Resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesives, 662 Rexene, 268 Rheopexy, 324 Rhodoviol, 390 Ribbed smoked sheet (RSS), 286 Ricinoleates, 328 Ricinoloxazolinmaleinate, 155 Rigid foams, 801-804 Rigidity of plastics materials, 184-90

assessment of maximum service temperature, 186-90

Rilsan N, 512 Ring products, 96 Ring structures, 62 Rohacell, 421 Rossi-Peakes flow test, 626, 650 Rotatjon about bonds, 59-60 Rotational casting methods, 354 Rotational energies, 59 Rotational moulding, 237-8, 244 Rubber-bridge theory, 56 Rubber hydrochloride, 863 Rubbers, 2-3

acrylate, 417-18 aliphatic olefin, 299-305 brominated butyl, 302 butadiene-acronytrile, 128 butadiene-pentadiene, 296 butyl, 34, 229, 302 cast polyurethane, 785-7 chlorinated, 302, 864-5 chloroprene, 295-6 cold, 292 constant-viscosity, 287 cyclised, 278, 863 diene, 281-96 dimethylsilicone, 832 epichlorhydrin, 548 ethylene-propylene, 8, 73, 229-30, 243,

878 fluorine-containing, 379-83 hot, 292 liquid silicone, 839-40 millable gums, 788 modified polydimethylsiloxane, 832-4 natural, 19, 52, 81, 96, 285-9, 860-65 nitrile, 88, 281, 294-5, 416, 442 polybutadiene, 290-91 polypropylene, 260 polyurethanes, 784-90 silicone, 837-8 styrene-butadiene, 127, 128, 281, 291-5,

synthetic, 7, 35 synthetic polyisoprene, 289-90 terpolymer, 277

425,438-9

thermoplastic, 9, 37 thermoplastic diene, 296-9 thermoplastic polyolefin (TPORs), 302-4,

thermoplastic polyurethane, 790-9 1 878

Rubber-to-metal bonding, 863-4 Rubbery cyclo-olefin (cyclo-alkene) polymers,

304-307 aliphatic polyalkenamers, 305-306 chlorine-containing copolymers, 307 polynorbomene, 306

Rubbery materials, 9, 64, 67, 127-8, 227,

Rubbery polymers, 45, 100 Rubbones, 865, 881 Rucodor, 360 Runaway reactions, 208 Rynite, 608, 694, 721 Ryton, 593 Ryurex X-15, 450

874-5

Saflex, 393 Salicylic esters, 98 SAN polymers, 416, 441, 453 Santonox, 230 Saran, 53, 466, 470 Saran-wrap, 469 Saturated hydrocarbons, 10 Schatzki crankshaft effect, 47, 539 Screw-preplasticising, 233 Sebacates, 333 Sebacic acid, 481-2 Secondary bonds, 76 Secondary valence forces, 76 Seedlac, 867, 868 Sekisui process, 240 Self-skinning foams, 804 Semiconductors, 120 Semi-rigid foams, 800-804 Setting operations, 158 Sharkskin, 216, 223, 235 Shear modulus, 198 Shear rates, 164-9, 172-3, 221 Shear strains, 198 Shear stress, 164-5, 173 Shear thinning, 324 Sheet moulding compounds, 7 11 Shellac, 2, 4, 9, 19, 869-70

applications, 869-70 chemical composition, 868 occurrence and preparation, 867-8 properties, 868-9

Shrinkage, 176, 233, 370 Side-chain crystallisation, 421 Silanes, 129, 130 Silicas, 338 Silicates, 338 Silicone fluids, 823-8

applications, 826-8 general properties, 829-30 preparation, 823-4

Index 917

Silicone resins, 828-32 applications, 829-32 laminates, 829-3 1 moulding compositions, 831 preparation, 828 properties, 828-9

Silicone rubbers, 8 3 2 4 0 compounding, 836-37 cross-linking, 837-8 dimethylsilicone, 832 fabrication, 837-8 liquid, 839-40 modified polydimethylsiloxane, 8 3 2 4 polysiloxane-polyetherimide copolymers,

properties and applications, 838-9

direct process, 818-20 Grignard method, 818 nomenclature, 815-16 olefin addition method, 820 preparation, 8 16- 17, 82 1-23 preparation of intermediates, 817-21 properties, 816-17, 821-23 rearrangement of organochlorosilanes,

silicone fluids, 823-8 silicone resins, 828-32 silicone rubbers, 8 3 2 4 0 sodium condensation method, 820

840

Silicones, 72, 814-40

820-2 1

Sintering, 370-71 Sioplas process, 239 Skybond, 522 Slip additives, 237 Slip agents, 228, 229, 238 Slush moulding, 354 Somol, 395 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 632 Sodium chloride, 22 Sodium condensation method, 820 Sodium naphthalene, 35 Sodium polysulphide, 22 Softening point, 188-90, 216, 413-15 Solef, 376 Solprene, 297 Solubility of polymers, 76, 80-94

extenders, 89 parameters, 81-94, 100, 341 plasticisers, 87-9 thermodynamics, 93-4

Solution processes, 181 Solvent crazing resistance, 48 Solvent recovery, 27 Solvents, 81, 84-7, 572 Soreflon, 364 Spandex fibres, 784, 791 Spanzelle, 790 Specific inductive capacity, 112 Spherulites, SO, 52, 121, 217 Spilac, 419 Spiro polymers, 848-51 Spraying techniques, 237

Stabilisers, 325-30 Staflen, 21 1 Sta-Flow, 360 Stamping, 179 Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR) scheme,

286 Standard Oil Company (Indiana) process, 205,

210 Starch, 19 Steam moulding, 457-9 Stearic acid, 127, 128, 133 Stereoregularity, 64, 67, 69, 454 Stereospecificity, 37 Steric hindrance, 60, 251 Sticklac, 867, 868 Stilan, 403 Strain softening, 219 Stress-log time curves, 198 Stress relaxation, 198 Stress-strain curves, 198, 219 Stress-strain-time behaviour, 195-20 1

assessment of long-term behaviour,

creep curves, 198-200 WLF equations, 196-8

Stress-whitening, 341, 342, 360 Structural foams, 458-60 Structure and properties, 59-74

acetal resins, 533-6 aliphatic polyamides, 487-90 celluloid, 619-21 cellulose acetate, 624-6 chemical properties, 76-109 electrical properties, 1 10-22 epoxide resins, 772 mechanical properties, 7 2 4 nylon-66, 487-94, 505 optical properties, 120-22 polycarbonates, 561-3 poly-(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide)

(PPO), 587-9 polyester resins, 704 polyethylene, 212-17 poly(methy1 methacrylate), 405, 896 poly-(4-methylpent- I-ene) (P4MPI),

polypropylene, 251-3, 27@7 polystyrene, 433-4 polysulphones, 599-600 polytetrafluoroethylene, 365-7 poly(viny1 alcohol), 390-91 poly(viny1 chloride), 317-25 shellac, 868-9 silicone resins, 828-9 silicone rubbers, 838-9 silicones, 816-17, 821-3 thermal properties, 59-71 urea-formaldehyde resins, 675-7

198-200

270-3

Styramic HT, 452 Styrene, 10, 428-9 Styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, 74, 441

rubber-modified, 448-50

918 Index

Styrene-based plastics, 425-62 ABS plastics, 441-7 applications, 461-3 butadiene-styrene block copolymers, 45 1-6 expanded polystyrene, 455-60 general properties, 434-7 grades available, 432-3 oriented polystyrene, 460-61 polymerisation, 429-33 preparation of monomer, 426-9

commercial preparation, 427-9 laboratory preparation, 426-7

processing of polystyrene, 454-9 properties and structure of polystyrene,

4 3 3 4 stereoregular polystyrene, 4.54 styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, 441 styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, 450 styrene purification, 428-9

Styrene-butadiene copolymers, 63 Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), 127, 128,

282, 291-4, 425, 438-9 applications, 863 high-styrene resins, 291

Styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) triblocks, 298-9

Styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers, 4.50 Styron, 426 Sulphonated EPDM, 305 Sulphonation process, 636 Sulphonyl chloride, 67 Sunlight, 97

Surface coatings, 149, 741-3, 870 Surface crystallisation, 235-6 Surface dyeing, 149 Surface resistivity, 110, 122 Surgery, 14, 17 Surlyn, 278 Suspension processes, 18 1 Suspensions, 27, 158 Syndiotactic structures, 68, 251, 426, 433,

Synergism, 141-2 Synthetic polyisoprene, 289-90 Synthetic resins, 128 Synthetic rubbers, 7, 35

Tackifiers, 284 Tacticity, 68 TAF process, 459 Talc, 28. 338 Targor, 248 Tecnoflon, 380, 382 Tedlar, 376 Tedur, 593 Teflex, 373 Teflon, 364, 373 Teflon AF, 378 Teflon EPE, 378 Teflon FEP, 373, 377 Teflon PFA, 377

supec, 593

454-5

Tefzel, 374 Teklan, 470 Telomerisation, 484 Temperature coefficient, 197 Tenal, 531 Tenite butyrate, 628 Tenite PCDT, 603 Tenite polyterephthalate, 608 Tenite propionate, 628 Tenite PTMT, 724 Tensile creep test, 200 Tensile impact tests, 192, 194 Tensile modulus, 198 Tensile strength, 127, 216 Terephthalic acid, 10 Ternary copolymers, 27 Terpolymer rubber, 277 Terpolymers, 27 Tertiary amines, 755 Tertiary butylcatechol, 27 Terylene, 52, 584, 607, 695, 713 Tetrachloromethylbenzene, 37 Tetraflon, 364 Tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymers

(ETFE), 374 Tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene

copolymers, 373-4 Tetrahydrofuran, 17, 86, 100 Tetramers, 178 Tetramethylene terephthalate (4GT), 738-9 Thermal degradation, 96-7, 184, 186 Thermal expansion coefficients, 197 Thermal properties, 1.59, 161-2, 174-5

acetal resins, 538-42 polyethylene, 163, 221-3, 232

Thermal radiation, 96-8 Thermal stability, 163, 186-7 Thermodynamic law, 84 Thermodynamics, and solubility, 93-4 Thermoelastomers, 87 Thermoplastic diene rubbers, 296-9 Thermoplastic elastomers, 737-9, 874-80

applications, 878-80 costs, 878 future, 880 polyamide, 879 polyester, 879 polyolefin, 260 polyurethane, 55, 879

Thermoplastic fluoroelastomers, 383-4 Thermoplastic polyolefin rubbers (TPORs),

Thermoplastics, 23-4

Thermosetting acrylic polymers, 418-19 Thermosetting composition, 177 Thermosetting plastics, 2, 3, 23-4, 81, 87-9

melt processing, 176-9 Thermosetting resins, 7 Thermotropic materials, 53 Thermotropic mesomorphism, 53 Thiokol A, 552

302-304, 878

melt processing, 159-76

Index 919

Thiokol FA, 552, 553 Thiokol ST, 552, 553 Thiourea resins, 5, 691-2 Thixotropy, 324 Ticona, 244 Tipped polyols, 796 Tipping, 796 Titanium coupling agents, 131 Titanium halide, 8 Titanium tetrachloride, 8, 34, 209 Toluene, 9, 77 Tolylene di-isocyanate (TDI), 779-82, 786,

797 Topanol CA, 230 Topas, 280 Torlon-2000, 5 18, 524 Torlon, 516, 524 Total flow, 178 Tough-brittle transition, 191 Toughness, 184, 190-95, 215

Toxicity, 27, 76, 103-104 TQ (tubular quench) process, 263 Tracking, 110, 122, 652, 687 Tradlon, 610 Transesterification process, 560 Transfer agents, 31 Transfer moulding, 120, 6.51 trans form, 60 trans isomer, 69 Transition point, 253 Transitions, 65 Transmittance, 121 Transparency, 121, 271, 707, 896 Triacetin, 624 Tribasic lead sulphate, 327 Triblock copolymers, 54, 55, 875 Tricel, 627 Trichlorethylene, 26 Trichloromethylbenzene, 37 Triethylenetetramine, 753 Trifunctional monomers, 42-43 Triglycidyl isocyanurate, 767 Tri-isopropylphenol phosphates, 333 Trimellitates, 333 Trimellitic anhydride V, 760 Trimers, 178 Trioxane, 22 Triphenyl phosphate, 624 Trisnonyl phenyl phosphite, 328

assessment of impact strength, 192-5

Tritolyl phosphate (TTP), 54, 87-9, 132, 148, 33 1, 863

Trixylyl phosphate (TXP), 148, 33 1 Trogamid T, 478, 509, 511, 512 Tromsdorff effect, 402 Tubular processes, 235-6 TYP~Y, 863

Udel, 596, 599, 602 UL, 746B Relative Temperature Index Test,

186, 187 UL94-5VA rating, 106

UL94-5VB rating, 106-7 UL94-5V rating, 594 UL94 flammability ratings, 105-8, 149, 516 UL94-V1 rating, 513 UL94-V2 rating, 573 UL94-VO rating, 573, 593 Ultem Siltem STM1500, 526, 840 Ultradur, 724 Ultraform, 53 1 Ultranyl, 592 Ultrapek, 604 Ultraviolet absorbers and related materials, 98,

134, 140-47, 567, 573 light screens, 144, 145 photochemical processes, 144 photophysical processes, 144 quenching agents, 144, 145

Ultraviolet attack, 134 Ultraviolet light transmission, 15 Underwriters Laboratories, 105, 149, 186, 594,

732 continuous use temperature index, 513

Unzipping reactions, 97 U-Polymer, 73 1 Urea, 5 Urea-formaldehyde resins, 669-80

adhesives, 677-8 applications, 676-7, 679-80 firelighters, 679 foams, 675 moulding materials, 67 1-7 processing, 674-5 properties, 676-7 raw materials, 669 resinification theories, 670-7 1

Urepan, 619, 788 Urethane foams, 22

Valox, 310SE0, 107 Valox, 338, 107, 608, 724 Vamac, 277, 301 Van der Waals forces, 75 Vaporisation, 79, 90 Vectra, 579, 736 Vedril, 399 Versamids, 503 Vertifoam process, 793 Verton, 499 Vespel, 516, 518 Vestan, 719 Vestenamer, 305 Vestolit BAU, 360 Vestoran, 590 Vicat softening point (VSP), 188, 189, 415,

421, 442-3, 565 polycarbonates, 578, 579

Viclan, 466, 470 Victrex, 596, 603, 604, 606 Victrex SRP, 735 Vinnol K, 360 Vinoflex MP400, 476

920 Index

Vinyl, evolution, 6-7 Vinyl acetate, 10 Vinyl chloride polymers, 6, 9, 10, 12, 20,

311-60 applications, 355-8 commercial, 320-25 compounding ingredients, 325-45 polymerisation, 3 15-17 preparation, 313-15 processing, 346-54 PVC compounds, 345-6 structure of poly(viny1 chloride), 317-25

Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers, 867 Vinylidene chloride, 466-70 Vinylidene chloride-vinyl acrylonitrile

copolymers, 470 Vinylidene chloride-vinyl chloride copolymers,

466-70 Vinyl monomer, 24 Vinyl plastics, 6 Vinyl silane cross-linking, 239 Vinyl thermoplastics, 466-77

coumarone-indene resins, 47 1-2 poly(viny1 carbazole), 4 7 2 4 poly(viny1 ethers), 475-6 poly(viny1 pyrrolidone), 474-5 vinylidene chloride polymers and

copolymers, 466-70 Vinyltrichlorsilane, 129 Viscosity, 164-9, 177, 178, 197-8 Viscous deformation, 172, 195-6 Viscous flow, 202 Viscous slippage, 198 Vistanex, 269 Viton GLT, 380 Voids, 202-204, 322 Volan, 129 Volume resistivity, 110, 122 Vulcanisation, 2, 3, 24, 153, 282, 288, 303

dynamic, 302, 880 elastomeric polyethers, 548 FKM rubbers, 380 natural rubber derivatives, 860-66 polysulphides, 553

Vulcanisation accelerators, 282 Vulcanised rubber, 81, 87-9

Vulcanite, 3 Vulcaprene, 529, 742 Vulkollan rubbers, 784, 787, 791, 794 Vyrene, 790

Warerite, 688 Water-extended polyesters, 708 Water repellants, 826-7 Water-soluble plastics, 897 Weak links, 97 Weathering, 76, 99, 231, 371, 373, 577, 878 Weight average molecular weight, 32, 168,

216, 218, 366 Williams, Landel and Feny equation (WLF

equation), 197-8 Woodflour, 647, 672, 676 Work function, 93 Wurtz-Fittig reaction, 584 Wurtz reaction. 820

X4006, 526 Xenoy, 579 XR3808, 526 XR-resin, 384 Xydar, 735, 737 Xylenols, 645 Xylok resins, 663 Xylonite, 4, 621 Xyron, 590

Yield strength, 74

Zalak, 382 Zein, 860 Ziegler-Natta catalysts, 37-8, 248, 270, 273,

development, 8, 289, 290, 299, 304, 305 Ziegler processes, 8, 206, 209-10, 211, 216,

Ziegler-type catalysts, 247, 248, 485 Zinc oxide, 127

292, 294, 359, 585

238