plastics and synthetic fibres intermediate 2 chemistry unit 2(d)
TRANSCRIPT
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Plastics and Synthetic FibresIntermediate 2 ChemistryUnit 2(d)
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Examples of plastics
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Examples of plastics• Polythene [poly(ethene)]• Polystyrene• Perspex• PVC• Nylon• Bakelite• Formica• Silicones
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PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)]
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Nylon
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Bakelite
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Formica
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Silicones
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Where do plastics come from?• Crude oil
– Fractional distillation– Cracking
• Alkenes
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Uses related to properties• Flexible• Watertight• Shatter-proof• Light
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Non-biodegradable
• Can’t be broken down by living things.• “Biopol” is a recently developed biodegradable
plastic.
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Other problems with plastics• Low density• Durable• Burn or smoulder to give off toxic
fumes– Carbon monoxide– Hydrogen chloride– Hydrogen cyanide
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Types of plastic• Thermoplastic
– Can be reshaped on heating
• Thermosetting plastic– Cannot be reshaped on heating
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Chemistry of plastics• Plastics are examples of polymers
– These are long chain molecules made from smaller molecules joining together• These smaller molecules are called
monomers
• There are two types of polymer:– Addition polymer– Condensation polymer
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Addition polymers
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Addition polymers• Like all polymers, these are made from
monomers.• For an addition polymer, these
monomers are always alkenes.• These join together in a reaction called
addition polymerisation.– view animation
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… …
MONOMERS POLYMERS
+ +… …
1 2 3 1 2 3
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C
H
H
C
H
H
MONOMERS
1 2 3 1 2 3
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H
C
H
H++
POLYMERS
……
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Naming polymers• The name of the polymer is made by
taking the name of the monomer, putting brackets around it, and adding “poly” in front– Poly(ethene) is made from ethene;– Poly(vinyl chloride) is made from vinyl
chloride.
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Naming practice• Name the polymer made from:
– Propene– Chloroethene
• Name the monomer used to make:– Poly(heptene)– Poly(phenylethene)
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Drawing polymers, monomers and the repeating unit
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Condensation polymers
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• What type of molecule is produced from an alkanol and alkanoic acid?– Esters
• Polyesters are made from similar molecules.
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Polyesters
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Monomers• Must have two functional groups per
molecule– For polyesters, they are a diol and a diacid
CO
OHC
O
OHCH2 CH2 OHHO
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2O O
O
C
O
C O O
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Condensation polymerisation• The joining up of two molecules,
producing water, is condensation.
• Because giant molecules are made, this is condensation polymerisation.
• Specifically with a diol and a diacid, a polyester is produced.
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Polyamides• Are produced when an amine group
reacts with a carboxyl group.
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Amines
H
N HH
Ammonia
N
H
H
H
H
N
H
CH3
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Amides• Formed when an amine reacts with an
alkanoic acid.
H
N
H
RC
O
OHR1
amine carboxylic acid amide
An AMIDE group
N
H
R R1
C
O
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Polyamides• Are condensation polymers.
• Formed when a diamine reacts with a diacid.
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