plastic marine debris

Plastic Marine Debris Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman HafenCity Universität Hamburg Resource Efficiency in Architecture and Planning Urban Material Cycles SoSe 2015

HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman 1

Source: Plastic Disclosure Project <hLps://vimeo.com/88804648>


3 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel Afrans & Heather Troutman

Source: Plastics Europe 2014



Plastic entering the ocean

Environmental damage cost

Natural capital cost of plastics used in consumer goods industry

Source: Rochman 2014


Largest Contributors

Source: Jambeck 2015



Gyres

Marine debris is a subject to transport by ocean currents and tends to accumulate in a limited number of subtropical convergence zones or gyres. These gyres occur in the North and South Atlantic Ocean, the North and South Pacific, and the Indian Ocean.

Source: UNEP 2014 hLp://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/04/140404-‐‑garbage-‐‑patch-‐‑indian-‐‑ocean-‐‑debris-‐‑malaysian-‐‑plane/


Source: UNEP 2014

Marine Threat 1: Entanglement


Marine Threat 2: Ingestion

Source: Oregon Beachcomber Blog 2013

Marine Threat 3: Transportation


Source: thankyouocean.org

13 HafenCity Universität Hamburg | REAP | Urban Material Cycles | SoSe 2015 | Emiel A. Titho & Heather Troutman

Source: realsavvy.com



Degradation

Temporal Chemical Physical Energetic

Source: hLps://www.flickr.com/photos/anxiousnut/5389242951/ hLp://biathlon-‐‑ufa2009.com/how-‐‑to-‐‑remove-‐‑nail-‐‑polish.html hLps://fissionenvironmentalists.wordpress.com/2012/02/17/nuclear-‐‑waste-‐‑can-‐‑it-‐‑be-‐‑disposed-‐‑of-‐‑safely/


Source: UNEP 2014 Microplastics are formed when plastic items fragment and disintegrate. The rate of fragmentation is highly depended on the environmental seLing, especially temperature and the amount of UV light available. Microplastics are also manufactured for use in plastic production, for other industrial purposes such as sand blasting, or for use in consumer (eg. personal care) products. The term ‘microplastics’ is widely used to describe plastic particles with an upper size limit of 5 mm in diameter, which is the size range most readily ingested by many organism. However, microplastics in products can be as small as 0.004 µμm

Microplastics


Source: knowledge.allianz.com


Antioxidants

Flame Retardants Blowing Agents

Stabilizers

Colorants

Antistatic Agents

Free Radical Inhibitors

Lubricants

Plasticizers Solvents

Ultraviolet Absorbers

Source: Frenikel 2011



Carcinogenic

Source: marinedebris.noaa.gov


Ñ  Freinkel, Susan (2011) Plastic: A Toxic Love Story. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston

Ñ  Jambeck, Jenna R.; et al (2015) “Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean” Science. Vol. 347 -‐‑ Issue 6223

Ñ  Oregon Beachcomber Blog (2013, Jan. 21) “Becoming BeLer Marine Stewards” (Jan. 21, 2013) <hLp://www.oregonbeachcomber.com/2013/01/aloha-‐‑today-‐‑i-‐‑have-‐‑couple-‐‑of-‐‑updates.html>

Ñ  Plastics Europe (2014) “Plastics – the facts 2014/2015: An analysis of European plastics production, demand and waste data.”

Ñ  Rochman, Chelsea M.; et al (2013) “Classify plastic waste as hazardous” Nature. Vol. 494 p. 169-‐‑171

Ñ  UNEP -‐‑ United Nations Environmental Programme (2014) [1] “Ch.8 Plastic Debris in the Ocean.” Year Book 2014: Emerging Issues.

Ñ  UNEP (2014) [2] Ñ  UNEP (2014) [3] Valuing Plastic: The Business Case for Measuring, Managing, and Disclosing Plastic Use in the Consumer Goods Industry.

Ñ  Withey, JR. (1977) Mutagenic, Carcinogenic, and Teratogenic Hazards Arising from Human Exposure to Plastic Additives

Resources
