PlantsWhat makes a plant a plant?

Plants are Eukaryotic.

Plants have cell walls.

Plants make their own energy through photosynthesis

What plants need to survive

1. Sunlight

2. Water

3. CO2 & Oxygen

4. Nutrient and water movement

Early Plants

Mosses and fernsEarliest relatives

Cooksonia – 470 MYA

Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA

(billion years ago)

Algae – around 750 MYA to 1 BYA

(million years ago)

All early plants were heavily dependent on water

Flowering PlantsTwo different Types:

Monocots and Dicots1. Monocot Characteristics

Single Cotyledon – a seed that creates a single leaf at sprouting

Leaves with parallel veins

Flower parts in multiples of three (3)

Vascular tissue throughout the stem

Fiberous root system

Monocots are usually “grassy” plants

Examples : Corn, Bamboo, Sugar Cane, and grass.

2. Dicot CharacteristicsTwo cotyledons

Leaves with branched veins

Flower parts in multiples of four (4) or five (5)

Vascular tissue in a ring in the stem

Tap root systems

Dicots are usually non-grassy with branching stems which may be woody

Examples : Most trees, roses, daisies,

Comparative Characteristics.

Another view of the seeds of Monocots and Dicots

Roots, Stems, and LeavesSeed plants generally have three structures

Roots - a system for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water.

Stems - a structure used to support the body of the plant.

Leaves - the main photosynthetic region of the plant.

How does a plant get water and nutrients around in the plant?

Xylem Tissue

- cells that make hollow tubes that are water-proof and allow water to rise in a plant (capillary action)

Phloem Tissue - cells that form tubes that allow foods and minerals to move in the plant

Xylem Phloem

How do plants grow?Meristematic Tissue - tissue that

allows the plant to grow up, down, or out.

Apical Meristem - the meristematic tissue that allows growth at the tips of the root and the tips of the branch

Vascular Cambium- meristematic tissue in the

outer layer of the stem/trunk that allows growth outward (thicker)

Root tip

Bundles in a non-woody plant

Plant ReproductionChapter 24 Chapter Review

Page 629

Questions 1-11 Write Questions and Answers

Questions 12 – 21 & 30 Write out full sentence answers

Plant ReproductionThere are two types of seeds created in plants

Gymnosperm

- seeds that have no covering over them – usually cone-bearing trees.

- Will be covered last.

- “naked seed”

Angiosperm- seeds are covered by a “seed coat”.

Sequoia

Aspen

Angiosperm Flower Parts(Complete flower)

Complete flowers have four parts.

1. Stamen – male part

anther and filament

2. Carpel (pistil) –female part

stigma, style and ovary

4. Petals – protection for flower as well as attracting

pollinators

3. Sepals – protection for flower during development

The Stamen have a stalk (filament) that is tipped with a pad (anther) covered in pollen grains that are barbed, or sticky.

The Carpel is “vase-shaped” with a ovary filled with waiting seeds, a long stalk (style), and a sticky top (stigma).

1. When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it sticks and begins to grow a “root”.

Creation of a seed

2. The root of the pollen continues down the style until it reaches the ovary.

3. When it reaches the seed, it fuses with it and creates a fertilized seed.

Fruits are used to protect the seed, and also to get animals to eat the seed for dispersal elsewhere.

Once the Dicot seed is planted, it follows a very specific process.

1. It opens the seed coat and releases it’s embryonic root and stem

2. Upon emerging from the ground, the cotyledons open and the first leaves appear.

3. Meristematic tissue continues development past the first pair of leaves (both roots and stems) 1. 2. 3.

Monocots follow the same three steps.

1. 2. 3.

Gymnosperm ReproductionGymnosperms have both male and

female cones

Male cones – usually found at the highest parts of the tree. Contain pollen that is carried by wind to female cones

Female cones – usually found lower on the tree than male cones. Will open to take in pollen then close tightly for germination, then open again to release the seeds

Plant Test Review

1. Photosynthesis 2. Eukaryotic 3. Monocot

4. Dicot 5. Cotyledon 6. Roots

7. Stems 8. Leaves 9. Xylem

10. Phloem 11. Capillary action 12. Meristem

13. Apical meristem 14. Vascular Cambium 15. Gymnosperm

16. Angiosperm 17. Female cone 18. Male cone

19. Stamen 20. Carpel 21. Sepal

22. Petal 23. Stigma 24. Style

25. Ovary 26. Filament 27. Anther

28. Pollinator 29. Seed coat 30. Fruits

Define

Questions

1. Describe the process of seed production in dicots.

2. Explain the growth of plants both upwards and outwards.