plants notes

7/26/2019 Plants Notes

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Plants

Tuesday, November 24, 2015

10:55 AM

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Plant !indom % upper le&t &ern

'i(t (and seoia tree

)yndosperms

*o+er le&t % o+er

Aneosperm % o+erin plants

All plants are multicellular

-u!aryotes


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Also p(otosynt(etic autotrop(s ma!e t(eir o+n &ood

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-volution o& plants % story o& terrestrial li&e

4.5 million years ao

Ancestors o& plants % some !ind o& reen alae % lived in +ater

Ma/ority o& plants live on land

T(in! about evolutionary problems t(at (ad to be solved movin &rom +aterenvironment to land

ater is reuired &or all ma/or li&e processes

oesn3t mater +(at !ind o& oranism you are

ater on land % in s(ort supply

o+ did plants adapt

Number o& problems to solve


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6btain +ater % +ater in tissues

o+ is t(at oin to be accomplis(ed

Transport +ater +it(in t(e plant

ater in soil

6ut o& soil and transport +ater +it(in t(e plant in some +ay to et it to t(e tissues

T(ird t(in t(at7s necessary

Some(o+ eliminate +ater loss

Problems o& oranism on land

A lot o& evaporation t(at can occur

Moisture in tissues tends to evaporate a+ay

o+ do you cut do+n on +ater loss

Support %

Alae ro+in in +ater % support o& plant parts % not a problem % t(ins tend to oatin +ater

ater provides some sort o& support

6n land % not t(e case, ravity pulls you do+n

*astly % reproduction % movement o& ametes +it(out +ater

'eproduction involvin male and &emale ametes s+immin in +atery environment

No+ +it(out +ater % (o+ is t(at accomplis(ed

8irst o& all reard to obtainin +ater % most o& +ater in soil +(ere plants are livin

ave root system to tap into moisture in soil

o+ is it oin to all o& plant

Some plants % (ave vascular system


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Pipin system some+(at similar to our arteries and veins

Move +ater &rom roots up to all di9erent parts o& plant

o+ does a plant prevent evaporation &rom dryin it out % +ay cuticle on leavesand +a tends to !eep moisture in and &rom evaporatin a+ay

ave to do p(otosynt(esis and one t(ins t(ey (ave to do is obtain carbon dioide&rom air

;an3t (ave completely coverin leaves % +on3t et seal

Stomada % openin in leaves

Also close i& conditions et very dry and tissues in daner o& dryin out

o+ does plant support it sel& in terrestrial environment

;(emical called linin &ound in some plants

Sti


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4 ma/or periods in plant evolution

Not concerned about approimate date +(en t(ey appear

)eneral idea % seuence +(en t(ey occur


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6riin o& plants % came about rouly 4.5 million years ao

;lear by loo!in at t(ins li!e c(lorop(yll ancestors reen alae

Net ma/or innovation vascular plants


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Series o& tubes layed end to end

@ylem % +ater % roots to all parts o& plant

P(olem % &ood

System o& transport +it(in plants

2 sets o& pipes

-arly vascular plants lac!ed seeds

ater in roots (ave to et up to c(ute part o& plant

2 sets o& plumbin % one &or +ater one &or &ood

-arly plants didn3t (ave seeds


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Seed plants

>$0 million years ao

Protects plant embryo and ot(er problems associated +it( % suc( as dryin out

Provides &ood

-mbryo in center

Around it % endosperm % seed uses &ood as it ro+s

Seed coat % o&ten times (ard and protects embryo inside &rom dryin out or beincrus(ed


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8lo+erin plants % aneiosperm

8lo+ers very comple reproductive structures

ave ovary

it(in overy % ovules

T(ins become seeds

Protects t(ese seeds and

T(e ovary tissue itsel& become &ruit surroundin t(e &ruit

8ruit used by animals and plant uses animals to disperse seeds


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T(ousands o& species % today

6ne time % more abundant roup

ascular plants

Some o& t(em seedless and some +it( seeds

Numbers on ri(t

Ma/ority o& plants +e (ave today

=n aniosperm roup

8lo+erin plants

Picture o& plants as today

=& +e o bac! into plants

Period +(ere bryobites dominant

Some o& t(e seedless vascular plants dominant


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)ymnosperms dominant

Aniosperms % ne+ !id on bloc!, diversiBed to lare etent


*Becycle o& an animal %

Cyote %

Cyote % beins as sinle cell, union o& male and &emale amete

Cyote diploid

T(at Dyote t(an divides by mitosis and becomes multicellular body

T(en +e (ave meiosis and oes on in certain cells o& t(at body

Produces (aploid ametes

aploid ametes come toet(er &ertiliDation and Dyote &ormed

Tal! about plants %


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T(ins are imilar yet di9erent

Start aain +it( Dyote

Cyote same in plant as animal

8usion o& 2 amete cells

Sinle cell becomes multicellular to produce sporop(ite

Sporop(ite % t(in +e tend to ti(n! about % somet(in +it( o+ers % adult plant

e (ave meiosis occurin in t(is plant

=nstead o& ametes &ormed directly as +e sa+ +it( animals

Somet(in produced called spores

aploid /ust li!e ametes are (aploid

Spore ermentates and becomes sporoBte

i9>erent &rom animals

SporoBte multicellular

;an be somet(in t(at loo!s !inda li!e adult plant

)amenop(ite % produces ametes and &orm mature sporop(ite

A little di9erent (ere

Sporop(ite because it produces spores

And one t(ins most di9erent bet+een plants and animals

e (ave amenop(ite &ree livin oranism t(at is multicellular

on3t (ave suc( a t(in +it( animals

=n plants alternation o& enerations

Eou can (ave t(in t(at loo!s li!e plant, diploid, sporop(ite

Multicellular, loo!s li!e plant

aploid and amenop(ite


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)o &rom (avin ametop(ite dominant portion % most conspicuous

To (avin sporop(ite dominant t(in

=n an aneosperm % o+erin plant

tree on ri(t

Sporop(ite

)amonop(ite % very tiny, not &ree livin t(in

8ar le&t and loo! at moss

See in understory o& +oods

)amenop(ite % sporop(ite % little

6nly seed at certain t(ins

Moss % most conspicuous part is ametop(ite


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Moss to o+erin plants more ep(asis o& sporop(ite

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Fryop(ites % on le&t % picture o& moss

Sedless vascular plant on ri(t % &ern


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Fryop(ytes % moss on le&t

orn+orts % on ri(t

Non vascular plants

Mosses liver+orts and (orn+orts

Not very closely related to eac( ot(er

Term o& convinence more t(an any(tin else

ort means plant

Mu+ort, (o+ort

Simply mean plant

T(ese bryop(ites non vascular plants

No vascular plants

ould (ave been t(e Brst !inds o& plants out t(ere


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Sporop(ite s(ort livied


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*oo! at t(e li&e cycle o& moss

=llustrate some o& points +e3re ma!in

Gpper ri(t (and corner sporop(yte % bro+nis( t(in % sits upon reen lea&y t(in

)amenop(yte

Sporop(yte attac(ed to t(is

Structures on top % ma!e spores

(ats oin on up in t(ere % meiosis

Ta!es place

Spores &ormed

T(ose spores are tiny t(ins released in air


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isperse to di9erent places

)ermenate

)ermenated one produce male and some produce &emale

*ittle reen lea&y structures called t(e moss

At some point +e (ave to (ave t(ese male and &emale amenop(ytes produceametes

Male produce sperm s+im over &emale amenop(ytes and &ertaliDe e t(at7spresent

- !ept +it(in t(e amenop(yte plant

Cyote develop ri(t t(ere in t(at amenop(yte plant

Sporop(yte produced by t(at li!e in t(e binnin o& illustration


'euire moist (abbitat

Mars(y environments


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Fos or mars(es

Pete bos

Sp(anomoss

Fuilds up in bos

Stu9 t(at biulds up doesn3t decompose

And builds up over (undreds o& t(ousands o& years

=reland % cut into t(em

And use t(em &or &ule

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ascular plants

ave a root system

ascular root system absorb +ater and minerals &rom soil


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*ive in muc( dryer environments

S(oot part % p(otosynt(esis occurs

S(oot part % !ept moist by vascular system t(at brins +ater &rom roots up to plant

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@ylem and p(loem in more advanced system

@ylem % transport +ater and minerals % dead tissue, aslo provides support

Strent(ened so t(ey provide support

P(loem % transport &ood % oranic materials made &rom t(e leaves and stems % live

tissue

ave linin to (arden tissues &or support

8or eample % cut do+n tree and loo! at stump

See in center are a lot o& cells 0 most are ylem cells


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6utside o& t(e cross section o& stump % &unctional

=nside % Blled up +it( pi9

ery outside o& stump % p(loem cells

Hust to inside o& bar!

Peel a+ay bar! o& tree

8ind smoot( portion inside % stripped a+ay p(loem cells % p(loem in t(e inside

Ma!e circle around trun! o& tree and destroy all bar!

estroy all p(loem connections

Tree +ill t(en die

8irst vascular plants to evolve % seedless vascular plants

*ycop(ytes, (orsetails, &erns

Non vascular ametop(ytes +(ose sperm must s+im to es

*i&ecycle muc( li!e +(at is &or mosses

Sperm can et to e

*ive in moist environments

Sporop(yte dominant portion o& li&e cycle

T(in t(at +e see is sporop(yte

)amenop(yte very small and +ell trained to Bnd t(is


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=mportant and dominant species in early years o& eart(

;lub mosses % (erbaceous

Fasic tree % not bi

o+ever carboni&erous period %

*ycop(ytes +ere trees % dominant &orest trees at t(is time

*ots o& s+ampy &orests

T(ese +ould be in t(ose &orests

6ne t(in t(at (appened in t(ese &orests

=s t(at t(e ocean levels rise and &all

S+amps and lycop(ytes in s+amp

6cean level rise

S+amp +ould be s+amped


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All plants die and &orm sedements o& ocean

;onsecuence

ue oranic material piles up and becomes part

T(at oranic material +(ic( over billions o& years produces coal

;arboni&erous

)et a lot o& carbon, coal based carbon &rom


8arily common durin carboni&erou (orse tails

orse tails today % muc( smaller t(ins

Alt(ou( not uncommon plants

Alon roadsides % common to Bnd (orse tails

T(e (orsetails you see eist in t+o &orms


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Picture on ri(t % see !ind o& li!e (orse tail % +(ere it ot name &rom

Also eist in &orm on le&t

'eproductive &orm

No +is!ery parts o& (orsetail

T(ese trees % also part o& coal &orests

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ery abundant

12 t(ousand species o& &erns today

Not uite as many

Tropical moist +arm environments to live


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*e&t (and side % Dyote

Simply t(e union o& t+o amete cells into sinle cell diploid t(in

)o onto become sporop(yte

=nitially attac(ed to amenop(yte

oesn3t et muc( larer

And produces t(in +e t(in! o& +(en +e t(in! o& &ern

8ern also (ave primative root system

=t can obtain moisture &rom substrate

6n &erm % ip &erm over % structures calle spori % produces spores

Meiosis in structures spores bein produced

'eleased and can &all to round and erminante and ro+ into amenop(yte

Small structure


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And on t(is amenop(yte

;ells produce es

And cells produce sperm

Sperm s+im over to e or et to e

*ive in moist environment

8ertiliDation occurin

Cyote and cycle repeastes itsel&

=denti&y &ern

*oo!in at sporop(ite

=& +e loo! care&ully % see amenop(yte


Part o& carboni&erous s+amp &orests

6ranic material t(at under compression produce coal and &ossil &uels


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Seed plants

T(e sporop(yte muc( more comple &or non seed plants

6t(er ma/or di9erences as +ell

Plants +e seen so &ar

Male and &emale &ree livin oranisms

Seed plants

)ametop(ytes di9erent

8emale % reduced in siDe completely dependent on sporop(yte IJovuleK

Male ametop(yte % small desiccation resistant JpollenK


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Sperm (as to s+im to e

Most plant roups reuire moist environment

=n seed plants

i9erent system

Polination

So t(e sperm doesn3t (ave to s+im to e

Sperm is pac!aed into t(in called pollen

Pollen disperesed by +ind or animals

)ets to +(ere e is located

Sperm come out and &ertiliDe e

Advantae +it( t(is sytem % is t(at seed plants live in muc( dryer environments

Muc( more success&ul


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T(e dispersal % spore

Sporop(yte made spores % tiny t(ins dispersed by +ind drop to round andermenate

Seeds as dispersal unit

-mbryo % &ertiliDed embryo +it( coverin around it

Seed coat to !eep it &rom dryin out

8ood supply &or embryo

Seeds dispered

Seeds remain dormant

Seeds ermanate to &orm ne+ sporop(ite


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ad t(eir (ayday in mesoDoiac +(en dinosaurs present

Still +it( us today

)iant red+ood on ri(t

6n le&t % loo!s more li!e a o+erin plant +it( &ruit

T(at &ruit % es(y seed

;alled e!o

istory o& ymnosperms

Na!ed seeds % not enclosed in an overy

)ymno % ymnasium % ree! male people ymnasiam na!ed +(ile t(ey eercised

Na!ed seeds

Mean seed not enclosed in ovary tissue

8lo+erin plants % seed enclosed in ovary tissue


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8ruit

)ymnosperms +ind pollinated

iminant in +arm mesoDoic peripod

inosaurs +ere around 250%150 million years ao

'eplaced &orests present be&ore consisted o& cool moist adapted lyco(op(ytes(orsetails and tree&erns

T(e coni&ers (ave many drou(t resistant &eatures

T(ey diminis(ed in t(e cretaceous a&ter aniosperms became prevalent

8our main devisions o& ymnosperms

> are small, probably (aven3t eard o&

1 lare

;ycads

)in!os

)netop(ytes

;oni&ers


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;ycads more common in dinosaurs

Some still alive today

*oo! li!e palm trees

Some common name (ave palm in t(em

Not palm trees

Palm tres o+erin plants

ave seed bearin cones /ust li!e coni&er plants


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Small roup and loo!s li!e aniosperms derrived by some ancestor in t(is roup

Hust a &e+ species today

el+itsc(ia % speciess today in a&rica

T+o iant leaves t(at come out o& round and epand over a reat number o& years

Some can be very old

-p(edra % c(emicals in it t(at are o&ten used as stimulant and used as part o& (erbaldiet mediciens


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;oni&ers most dominant member o& t(is roup

Pine, Br, spruce, cypress, /uniper, ye+, seuoia Jred +oodK

Fristle cone pine Jon ri(t pictureK ro+ in dry areas lon lives

>,4 t(ousand years old


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Male and &emale on same tree

Male s(ed pollen

8emale (ave scales

Portions called scale and sinle seed associated +it( eac(s cale

Pollon bearin male cones

ind disperse pollon +ere &ertiliDtion ta!es place


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iversity amon t(ese plants

ery important and dominant today


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Number o& species +e (ave today

Not necessary to !no+ t(ese numbers

T+o ma/or classes o& o+erin plants

Monocots

And dicots

Monocot and dicot re&er to +(at you see +(en seed Brst erminates

Seed Brst erminate

*ittle lea& comes out % seed lea&

Monocots % sinle lea& appears

icots% t+o lea&s

Monocots% plam, banana, rass, lily

icot % roses, oa!, suno+ers


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Male structures as +ell

8ilaments % lon tube l!e t(ins on top o& are ant(ers

6pen up durin polination and pollen released and land on stima o& same o+er

6r o+er is on anot(er plant % cross polination


Picture upper ri(t % o+er parts % !no+ somet(in about t(ese

Male part o& o+er

See ant(ers t(at are (i(li(ted

=n t(ose ant(ers +(ere miosis occurs producin pollen

S(ed and pic!ed up by +ind or insect or ot(er animal

6vary % ovule % meiosis occur and t(is produces t(e &emale amenopyte

Multicellular t(in


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6nly consists o& &e+ cells

6ne is e

Anot(er become enosperm

Material t(at surrounds e and provides nutrition

- and pollen

*o+er le&t % style and stima

Pollen landed on stimatic sur&ace

Pollon erminates and sends do+n pollon tube

All o& male amenop(yte in aneosperms

Pollon tube ro+s do+n to ovule

T+o (aploid nuclei in pollon

)ets do+n to ovule

6ne &uses +it( e producin Dyote

T(e ot(er (aploid nucleus &uses +it( t(e cell t(at oies to &orm endosperm

(ic( provides &ood &or developin enbyo

ouble &ertiliDation

2 &ertiliDation events

8ormin Dyote

6t(er &usion &orms endosperm

8ertiliDation ovule becomes seed

Seed can be dispersed and +(en conditions appropriate and erminate


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Screen clippin ta!en: 11"24"2015 10:4. PM

Polination % male to &emale

ind or animals

Also involved pollon term ermanitatin and on style

6nce it ets on ovule &ertiliDation

=nterestin s(ape

'a+eed % allery problems % not because o& spi!es but t(e protein in ra+eed t(atcause problem

ouble &ertiliDation

8lo+erin plants

2 sperm cells come out o& pollon rain and enter t(e embryo sac

6ne &ertiliDes e

6t(er &ues +it( anot(er cell &or &ood


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-nclosed in ovary tissue

8orms es(y part on &ruit

Primary &unction t(ey serve % disperse seeds

8les(y &ruit attracts animals

Ta!es &ruit

-ats seeds

Adaptive to pass t(rou( diestive trac! +it(out su9erin problems

Animal moved some distance a+ay

ay seeds can be dispersed a+ay &rom plant


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8act seeds are enclosed in &ruit

Animals come and eat &ruits and ta!e seeds to variety o& places

)ymnosperms % seeds o& pinecone &all to round

Seeds are dispersed to some etent by +ind

Fut don3t o &ar

Ta!en to variety o& places by +ind innapropriate &or ro+t(

Animals live +(ere t(ey are located

(en t(ey move around

Places +(ere plants can live

More speciBc +ay to et t(em dispersed and appropriate +(ere t(ey can live

uman uses o& plants

'eally endless number o& t(ins +e use t(em &or


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Ma/or cateories

8ood % rains % corn, +(eat, rice, etcL

8ruit, starc( JpotatoK

ood products % lumber, paper

rus, diitalis J(eartK asprin

plants notes

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