plantevolu+on&and&classificaon& - weebly
TRANSCRIPT
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Plant Evolu+on and Classifica+on
Chapter 28
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Adapting to Land
1. The ability to prevent water loss: cuticle- waxy protective covering (also keeps our CO2)
http://images.absoluteastronomy.com/images/topicimages/p/pl/plant_cuticle.gif
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Adap+ng to Land
2. The ability to reproduce in the absence of water – spores and seeds
http://static.howstuffworks.com/
http://www.nsf.gov/ http://www.wsu.edu:8080/
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Spore vs seed
• A spore is haploid reproduc+ve cell surrounded by a hard outer wall. Allowed the widespread dispersal of plant species.
• A seed is an embryo surrounded by a protec+ve coat. Some seeds contain endosperm-‐ +ssue that provides nourishment for the developing plant. Seeds are more effec+ve for dispersal than spores – ex. Maple tree seeds
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Adap+ng to Land
3. The ability to absorb and transport nutrients – Vascular tissue – xylem and phloem
botit.botany.wisc.edu/
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Vascular Tissue
• Vascular +ssue transports water and dissolved substances from one part of the plant to another. It also provides support.
• Xylem-‐ transports inorganic nutrients one way: roots to leaves
• Phloem-‐ carries organic compounds/some inorganic compounds any way, any where
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Classifying Plants
Nonvascular vs. Vascular
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Algal Ancestors
Reproduction by Spores
Harden Vascular Tissue
Seeds
Flowers
Nonvascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms Angiosperms
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Nonvascular plants
• Have neither true vascular tissue nor true roots, stems, or leaves.
• 3 phyla – Bryophyta – Heptophyta – Anthocerophyta
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Vascular Plants
• Vascular, seedless – Whisk ferns – Club mosses
– Horsetails – Ferns
• Vascular, seed – Cycads – Ginkgoes – Conifers – Gnetophytes – Flowering plants
• Monocots
• Dicots
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Vascular Plants
• Have vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves
pky7thgradescience.pbworks.com
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Seedless vascular plants
• Ferns – dominated the earth until about 200 million years ago.
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Vascular Seed Plants
• Produce seeds for reproduction – embryo with a nutrient supply
• Have a greater chance of reproductive success
• When conditions are right the seed sprouts, or germinates
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Gymnosperms
• 4 phyla • Produce naked seeds
– Seeds are not enclosed and protected by fruits. – Most are evergreen and bear their seeds in cones
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Angiosperms • 1 phyla – produces seeds that are enclosed and
protected in fruits – called flowering plants
http://universe-review.ca/I10-22a-angiosperms.jpg
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The Evolution of Angiosperms
• In many angiosperms, seeds germinate and produce mature plants, which in turn produce new seeds, all in one growing season.
• Gymnosperms often take 10 or more years to reach maturity and produce seeds.
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The Evolution of Angiosperms
• The fruits of flowering plants protect seeds and aid in their dispersal.
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The Evolution of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms also have a more efficient vascular system and are more likely to be associated with mycorrhizae than gymnosperms.
www.greenmanconservation.co.uk
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The Evolution of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms have an advantage by using animal pollination rather than the less-efficient wind pollination used by gymnosperms.
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The Evolution of Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are more diverse than gymnosperms, so they occupy more niches.
Aquatic
Epiphytic
Parasitic
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Monocots and Dicots • Based upon the number of cotyledons.
• Cotyledon: seed leaves in a plant embryo
http://www.seedbiology.de/hormones.asp
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www.sproutpeople.com/