plant viruses dr. ernest hiebert plant pathology, 1444 fifield hall 392 3631 216 [email protected]
TRANSCRIPT
Plant VirusesPlant VirusesDr. Ernest Hiebert
Plant Pathology, 1444 Fifield Hall392 3631 216
Introduction Introduction
Overview of plant viruses. Life cycle of a typical RNA plant virus
Genomic organization and replication strategies of selected plant viruses
How are plant viruses controlled?
Genus TobamovirusssRNA(+), rod-shaped virion morphology, no known vector Tobacco mosaic virus
MT = capping, HEL = helicase, POL = polymerase,
6395 ntsCap at 5’
Genomic organization and expression of type member Tobacco mosaic virus of the genus Tobamovirus
•Rod-shaped virions 18 nm diameter and 300 nm long. • •Virions very stable.
•Coat protein MW = 17.5 kDa
•No known vectors.
Genomic organization and expression of type member Tobacco mosaic virus of the genus TobamovirusGenome ssRNA, messenger sense, monopartite, 6395 nucleotides, contains at least four genes.•Capped 5’ end, t-RNA at 3’ end.•Viral RNA consists of a 5'-end untranslated region of 68 nts.•Open reading frame at the 5’end codes for a 126 kDa protein and a readthrough of the UAG terminator signal by plant suppressor Tyr-tRNA to produce 183 kDa protein.•Genes downstream expressed via subgenomic RNAs. Genome expression strategies involve subgenomic RNAs, and read-through translation
How do plant viruses initiate How do plant viruses initiate infection?infection?
Virus must enter via a wound in
the plant cell wall and mustbe at the site during injury.
Virus spread from Virus spread from infection siteinfection site
Replication within infected cell Virions or viral genome move cell-to-cell via plasmodesmata
Facilitated by a virus-encoded movement protein.
Long distance movement via vascular tissue
Cell-to-cell movement via plasmodesmata, channels through plant cell walls which allow for passage of metabolites between adjacent cells
Agrios, G. N. Plant Pathology, 4e, Academic Press
Illustration showing the spread of Tobacco mosaic virus in a tomato plant
Family Potyviridae, Genus PotyvirusssRNA (+) flexous rod-shaped morphology, vectored by aphidsPotato virus Y, necrotic strain infecting potato
Family Potyviridae, Genus PotyvirusssRNA (+) flexous rod-shaped morphology, vectored by aphids
HC-PRO= helper factor (vector), protease, suppression of host defenseAI amorphous inclusions
NI nuclear inclusions
Light micrograph of infected cell
showing cylindrical inclusions (CI)
~9500 nts
Viral translation strategies
Polyprotein synthesisPicornaviruses- Entire (+) sense RNA genome is translated into a single large polyprotein. Processing is carried out by two virus encoded proteases 2A pro and 3C pro. Flaviviruses- Viral precursor proteins are processed by cellular proteases. The (+) sense RNA genome is translated into a polyprotein precursor processed by viral serine protease and by host signal peptidase. Potyvirus group of plant viruses- Potato virus Y and tobacco etch virus contain a (+) sense genome RNA of around 10,000 bases which has a single open reading frame. This polyprotein is processed by viral encoded proteases.
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~bhillman/comparative_virology/
PotyvirusesComoviruses
Family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, type member Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Negative and ambisense , single-stranded RNA
Negative sense single strandedRNA virus
Family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, type member tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) vectored by thrips, replicates both in the vector and in the plant host
Family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus, type member Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
The ORFs of the M and S RNAs are expressed by subgenomic mRNAs.
Expression strategy includes tripartite genomic organization, cap snatching, negative/ambisense coding, subgenomic mRNAs, and proteolytic processing.
Circular ssDNA Family GeminiviridaeGenus BegomovirusTomato yellow leaf curl virus
V2 movement
V1 coat protein
C1 replication
C2 suppression of host
C3 replication enhancement
C4 pathogenicity IR origin of replication
2700 nts
Conventional Approaches for the control of plant viruses•Breeding for resistance to plant viruses and virus vectors•Control of plant viruses by cross-protection
Control of Vectors•Insecticides
Exclusion of Plant Viruses•Quarantine and certification•Avoidance of plant viruses through cultural practices•Certification for plant viruses•Seed, root stocks, fruit tree propagative material
Elimination•Heat treatment, meristem tip culture, and tip micrografting
RNA silencing acts as a natural defense mechanism against invasive nucleic acids, including viruses, transposons and perhaps other highly repetitive genomic sequences.
RNA silencing also plays a pivotal role in plant and animal development by providing an elegant system of gene control that can occur through RNA degradation, translational inhibition or chromatin modification.
Post-transcriptional gene silencingPost-transcriptional gene silencing
Yehezkel Antignus . 2000. Manipulation of wavelength-dependent behaviour of insects: an IPM tool to impede insects and restrict epidemics of insect-borne viruses. Virus Research 71 (2000) 213–220
An article in “Discover” Magazine January 2000 describes howultraviolet absorbing film over greenhouses can protect against insect-borne viruses.