plant structure - cells, tissue, organisation & growth leaves and photosynthesis c 4...
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![Page 1: Plant structure - cells, tissue, organisation & growth Leaves and photosynthesis C 4 photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis Plant water relations Plants and](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022031905/56649e845503460f94b86b84/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Plant structure- cells, tissue, organisation & growth
Leaves and photosynthesis
C4 photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis
Plant water relations
Plants and nutrients
Plant reproduction- asexual- sexual reproduction
- pollination- seed dispersal
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Sh
oot
syste
mR
oot
syste
m
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Taproot
Lateral roots
Sh
oot
syste
mR
oot
syste
m
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Taproot
Lateral roots
Leaves
Stem
Sh
oot
syste
mR
oot
syste
m
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Taproot
Lateral roots
BranchLeaves
Stem
Sh
oot
syste
mR
oot
syste
m
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Taproot
Lateral roots
Apical bud
BranchLeaves
Stem
Sh
oot
syste
mR
oot
syste
mLateral bud
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Taproot
Lateral roots
Apical bud
Branch
Node
Internode
Leaves
Lateral bud
Stem
NodeS
hoot
syste
mR
oot
syste
m
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Basic functions of roots, stems and leaves:
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Roots
Roots:• Find and absorb water• Find and absorb nutrients• Host symbionts• Anchorage and support• Attachment• Photosynthesis• Storage• Breathing or ventilation (mangroves)• Reproduction
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Absorbing water and nutrients
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Host symbionts
Roots of pea plant
Nodules
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Anchorage and support
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Attachment
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Photosynthesis!
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Storage
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pneumatophores
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Asexual reproduction
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Stems
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Transport and support.
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Cactus stems store water, photosynthesize.
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Stolons produce new individuals at nodes above ground.
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Rhizomes produce new individuals at nodes below ground.
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Tubers store carbohydrates.
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Thorns provide protection.
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Leaves Intercept light
Fix CO2
Storage• Food• Water
Support
Protection (spines)
Collect nutrients• Animals• Leaves and compost
Reproduction• Asexual• Sexual (pollination)
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Transport of water, sugar, and nutrients through vascular tissue
CO2
Sunlight
Water
Nutrients(such as N, P, K)
Shoot
syst
em
Root
syste
m
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Plant structure- cells, tissue, organisation & growth
Leaves and photosynthesis
C4 photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis
Plant water relations
Plants and nutrients
Plant reproduction• asexual• sexual reproduction
- pollination- seed dispersal
![Page 30: Plant structure - cells, tissue, organisation & growth Leaves and photosynthesis C 4 photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis Plant water relations Plants and](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022031905/56649e845503460f94b86b84/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Growth
Determinate growth
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Growth
Determinate growth
Indeterminate growth
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Growth
Determinate growth
Indeterminate growth
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Growth
Determinate growth
Indeterminate growth
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Vascular tissue
(b) Close-up of root tip
Ground tissue
Epidermal tissue
Apical mersitem
Sloughed-off root cap cells
Root cap
Root hair
Zon
e o
fC
ellu
lar
Matu
rati
on
Zon
e o
fC
ellu
lar
Elo
ng
ati
on
Zon
e o
fC
ellu
lar
Div
isio
nLateral root
(a) Longitudinal section of root segment
mucilage
Primary Growth
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Leaf primordia
Apical meristem at tip of shoot
Apical meristem in lateral bud
Primary Growth
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Primary growth
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Cross section of a eudicot stem Cross section of a eudicot stem
EpidermisEpidermis
CortexCortex
Pith (ground tissue)Pith (ground tissue)
Vascular bundleVascular bundle
Secondary Growth
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Detailed view of vascular bundle in a eudicot
EpidermisEpidermis
Collenchyma
PhloemPhloem
XylemXylem
CambiumCambium
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Secondary meristem = cambium
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Secondary meristem = cambium
Cylinders the length of root or stem
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Secondary meristem = cambium
Cylinders the length of root or stem
Increase width of stems and roots
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Vascular cambium adds cells on inside and outside
Woody stems contain two lateral meristems.
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Cork cambium adds cells to the outside
Vascular cambium adds cells on inside and outside
Woody stems contain two lateral meristems.
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Wood and bark contain a variety of cells and tissues.
Secondary phloemSecondary phloem
BarkBark
WoodWood
Parenchyma cells (in rays)Parenchyma cells (in rays)
Vascular cambiumVascular cambium
Cork cambiumCork cambium
CorkCork
Secondary xylem
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Gro
wth D
ivis
ion
Diff
ere
nti
ati
on
Div
isio
n
Diff
ere
nti
ati
on
Div
isio
n Diff
ere
nti
ati
on
Time
Secondary phloem
Vascular cambium
Secondary xylem
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Heartwood and sapwood have different functions.
Heartwoodprovides structural support but no longer transports water
Sapwoodtransports water
Bark
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Growth rings result from variation in cell size.
One growth ring
Early wood
Late wood
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Increment borer cuts core from trunk.
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Core samples from three nearby trees
These samples are lined up by year; notice similar ring patterns in trees from the same area