plant science 102 fall 2012 - university of idaho · plant science 102 fall 2012 guest lecture...
TRANSCRIPT
Plant Science 102 Fall 2012
Guest Lecture Larry D. Makus
Agribusiness Program Agricultural Economics and Rural Soc.
9 Billion-People Question
• Why is it a question? – Can we feed 9 billion people by 2050!
• Should we as potential agribusiness professionals care about this question: – If not, why not? – If so, why should we care?
• How are we doing now, and why are we performing at that level?
Articles to read: (posted on course web-site)
• 9 billion people question:
– The Economist, February 26, 2011 • World Feed itself:
– Interview with the Chairman of Nestle – Wall street Journal, September3-4, 2011
World Hunger Introduction
Sources: The State of Food Insecurity 2011 (FAO)
World Hunger Education Service 2011 Growing a Better Future 2011 (Oxfam)
The World Food Problem (2009, Leathers and Foster)
World Hunger Facts • Worldwide, about 1 billion
people are undernourished • Don’t get enough calories
each day – Susceptible to illness – Unable to lead productive
lives • Chronic undernourishment
– Due to extreme poverty
http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2004/112-14/hungry.jpg
Undernourishment 1969-2011
World Hunger Spike: Since 2008
• Poorest cannot afford food – Food prices up
• Increased demand from emerging countries
– Economic development
• Population increase • Biofuels production • Reduced crop production
– Climate change
– Recession
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/faohome/home_photo/image_home_en.jpg
Rising Food Prices
World Hunger Facts
• Over 20,000 people die each day due to causes related to undernutrition
• ¾ of these are children under the age of 5 – About 6 million/year
http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2005/06/30/poverty_wideweb__430x387.jpg
Undernutrition and Child Death
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/a0200e/a0199e.pdf http://rehydrate.org/images/child-deaths-undernutrition.gif
Common Scenario • Mother
– Poorly educated – Food is scarce – Several children
• Youngest child – undernourished – Disease resistance low – Drinks unsanitary water – Develops diarrhea – Loses interest in eating
http://static.flickr.com/73/193642829_3da338122c.jpg
Common Scenario
• Mother removes solids from child’s diet – Not enough nourishment
to fight disease – Diarrhea continues
• Mother removes liquids – Dehydration – Death
http://www.aa2sbu.org/aaezine/images/Fall2002/Starving_child_carried.jpg
Malnutrition Cycle
http://notaids.com/images/cycle.gif
Importance of Maternal Health
http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/a0200e/a0200e00.htm
1 in 6 babies in developing countries have low birthweight
Causes of Hunger
• Poverty – 2.3 billion people
earn less than $2/day
http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050513/d.jpg
Causes of Hunger
• Extreme Poverty – 1.3 Billion people earn
less than $1.25/day – 75% of these live in rural
areas • many unable to own land
– Worst in Sub-Saharan Africa
http://www.thp.org/africa/1bapr1-360.jpg
Extreme Poverty Percentage who earn less than $1.25/day
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_population_living_on_less_than_$1.25_per_day_2009.svg
Causes of Hunger
• Harmful Economic Systems – Control over incomes
and resources by • Military • Wealthy • Politically powerful
• Conflicts
http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/31567_i1683e.pdf
Where are the Undernourished?
World Hunger Map
www.feedingminds.org/ img/map_world.jpg
Sachs, J. 2005, The End of Poverty; Economic Possibilities for Our Time.
Worldwide life expectancy
http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/earth/images/final-images/life-expectancy-map.gif
Side effects of Hunger and Poverty
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/a0200e/a0199e.pdf
Population Pressure • World Population has
doubled in 40 years – Most of increase in
developing countries • 5 billion people
• Poverty and economic insecurity result in population growth – Children are a source of
wealth to the poor http://www.sustainablescale.org/images/uploaded/Population/World%20Population%20Growth%20to%202050.JPG
Hope: Demographic Transition • Example: U.S.
History – When U.S. became
industrial, fewer kids/family needed
• Lowered infant mortality
• No need to rely on children’s labor
• More opportunities for women
• Happened without birth control
http://bss.sfsu.edu/tygiel/Hist427/1920sphotos/fordassemblylinehist102.jpg
Agricultural Revolution
Hunters & Gatherers
Agriculture
Population Growth Technology
Conquest for land
Food production
Culture
Expanding population & environmental destruction
Effect of the Agricultural Revolution
Elite
Conquered & Exploited: Peasants, Slaves, Workers
Wealth, Tribute
Food, Resources
Wealth: Own land, Well-fed Educated, Health care, Opportunities
Poverty: Landless, hungry, uneducated, unhealthy, no opportunities
Effect of the Industrial Revolution
Sachs, J. 2005, The End of Poverty; Economic Possibilities for Our Time.
Issues
• Nutrition • Food Security • Agriculture • Environment • Technology • Education • Culture • Development • Ethics
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.resurgence.org/2005/egziahber233.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.resurgence.org/selection/egziabher1005.htm&h=350&w=350&sz=11&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=svh3od2uZpp9bM:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfeed%2Bthe%2Bworld%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8
Ethics
• Is hunger and poverty morally acceptable?
• Why or why not? • What should we do?
http://www.whilechildrenstarve.org/images/starving-child-4.jpg