PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Plant Pathogenic Bacteria Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada, July 23-27, 2000

Edited by

Solke H. De Boer Centre for Animal and Plant Health, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-94-010-3858-4 ISBN 978-94-010-0003-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0003-1

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2001 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2001 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

CONTENTS

Preface .......................................................................................................................... xiii

Section 1. SYMPOSIA

Towards the Next Millennium: Challenges and Prospects with Plant Associated Bacteria. A.K. Vidaver .................................................................................................. 3

Control of Bacterial Diseases Through Pathogen Freedom of Planting Material. J.D. Janse ......................................................................................................................... 6

Future Development of Chemical and Biological Controls for Bacterial Diseases of Plants. T.J. Burr .......................................................................................................... 19

Classical and Engineered Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Plant Diseases. J.P. Paulin and M.N. Brisset.. .......................................................................................... 24

Classification, Naming, and Plant PathogeniC Bacteria-What is to be done? J.M. Young ..................................................................................................................... 30

Taxonomy of Phytopathogenic Pseudomonads. L. Gardan and R. Christen ......... 38

The "Candidatus Phytoplasma" Concept: New Names But Not Yet a Taxonomy for the Fastidious Plant Pathogenic Mollicutes. G. Firrao .......................................... .41

Type III Secretion in Root-Colonising Pseudomonas. G.M. Preston, N. Bertrand, and P.B. Rainey ............................................................................................................. .44

The Role of AvrXa7and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Resistance and Disease. F. F. White, B. Yang, B. Porter, and L.B. Johnson .......................................... .47

Molecular Approaches for Elucidating the in situ Activities of Bacterial Biological Control Agents. J.E. Loper, CA Whistler, M.D. Henkels, V.D. Stockwell, M. Brodhagen, and N. Chaney ............................................................................................. 56

Endophytic Bacteria and Biocontrol of Plant Diseases. S. Aistrom and J.wL Van Vuurde ............................................................................................................................. 60

Environmental Applications of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria of the Genus Azospirillum. Y. Bashan, L.E. Bashan, M. Moreno, M.E. Puente, A. Rojas, G.J. Bethlenfalvay, A. Carrillo, G. Holguin, P. Vazquez, and B.R. Glick ................................. 68

New Technologies for Sensitive and Specific Routine Detection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. J.M. Van derWolf, J.R. C.M. Van Beckhoven, P.J.M. Bonants and C.D. Schoen ............................................................................................................. 75

v

vi Contents

Use of Information from Multiphasic Analysis for Rapid Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria. J.B. Jones, G.V. Minsavage, and E.R. Dickstein ........................................ 78

Strategies for Improving Serological and Molecular Detection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. M.M. Lopez, P. Llop, J. Cubero, R. Penyalver, P. Caruso, E. Bertolini, J. Penalver, M.T. Gorris, and M. Cambra ............................................................................ 83

Expression of the Pseudomonas syringae Hrp Pilus in Planta. M. Romantschuk. T. Boureau, J. Routtu, S. Taira, and E. Roine ..................................................................... 87

Global Regulators of Extracellular Protein Production in the Soft-Rotting Bacterium, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. A. Chatterjee, Y. Cui, Y. Liu, and A.K. Chatterjee ................................................................................................................ 93

Temperature-Mediated Differential Gene Expression in Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. M. Ullrich, A. Smirnova, L. Wang, H. Li, H. Weingart, A. Burse, C. Goyer, K. Emani, B. Rohde, and I. Budde ....................................................................................................... 97

Developing New Concepts in Phytoplasma Research: Where the Virological and Bacteriological Approaches Meet. G. Firrao .......................................................... 100

Characterization of Erwinia pyrifoliae, a Novel Pathogen of Asian Pears. K. Geider, W.S. Kim, S. Jock, L. Gardan, J.P. Paulin, and S. L. Rhim ......................... 103

New and Expanding Bacterial Diseases on Citrus in South America. B.1. Canteros ...................................................................................................................................... 106

Thirty-five Years of Phytobacteriology Research with Special Emphasis on Pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae. K. Rudolph .......................................... 109

Section 2. TAXONOMY AND DIVERSITY

Molecular Differentiation of Erwinia amy/ovora Strains from Europe and the Mediterranean Region. S. Jock, W.S. Kim, C. Bazzi, M.M. Lopez, and K. Geider .... 121

Genetic Diversity of Selected Bacterial Populations in North Carolina. F.J. Louws, D.F. Ritchie, and P.B. Shoemaker ................................................................................. 124

Genetic Diversity of Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars and Related Species Assessed by DNA Heteroduplex Mobility Assay. L. Sutra, P. Simoneau, and L. Gardan .......................................................................................................................... 128

Two Xanthomonad Pathogens, One from Acer g/abrum and One from Sambucus nigra. S.K. Mohan and V.P. Bijman .......................................................................... 131

Genetic Diversity of Xy/ella fastldiosa Associated with Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil. R.P. Leite Jr., A. Mehta, F.M.S. Carvalho, and B. Ueno ............................ 135

Contents vii

Usefulness of IS1595 as a Molecular Tool for Epidemiological Typing of the Xanthomonas Pathovar mangiferaeindicae, Casual Agent of Mango Bacterial Black Spot. O. Pruvost, L. Gagnevin, V. Glories, K. Mete, L. Gout, and A. Couteau ......... 138

Phylogenetic Analysis of the pPT23A Plasmid Family of Pseudomonas syringae. G.w. Sundin, J.L. Jacobs, A. Sesma, and J. Murillo ..................................................... 141

Phylogenetic Analysis of Xanthomonas Strains Based on the Nucleotide Sequences of 16S-23S rRNA Spacer Region, 23S rRNA and gyrB Genes. H. Ochiai, A. Hasebe, and H. Kaku .................................................................................... 144

Genetic Diversity of Xanthomonas sp. pv. passiflorae Causing the Bacterial Spot on Passion Fruit in Brazil. L.P.C. Caramori, R.P. Leite Jr., J.Ferro, and F.M.S. Carvalho ........................................................................................................................ 147

Six New Species are Delineated Within Erwinia chrysanthemi. R. Samson, J.B. Legendre, S. Vargoz, and L. Gardan ............................................................................. 150

The Determination of the Genetic Diversity and Relative Aggressiveness among Ten Isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum in Trinidad: Results from a Pilot Study. R.J. Fraser, F. Hosein, R. Phelps, and L. Vincent-Sealy ............................................... 151

RAPD Fingerprinting and Biochemical Analyses of Isolates of Pseudomonas corrugata from Tomato in Portugal. M.L. Moura, I. Correia, A. Queiroz, A. Lima, and J. Duclos ....................................................................................................................... 156

Pathogenic and Molecular Relationships among Strains of Xylella fastidiosa from Grapevine and American Elder. D.L. Hopkins and R.L. Wichman ......................... 161

Description and Identification of the new Phytopathogenic Bacterium causing Bacterial Black Spots on Corn Salad (Valerianella locusta), as Acldovorax valerianellae. C. Grondeau, R. Samson, and L. Gardan ......................................... 165

Section 3. PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE FACTORS

Metabolic Colonisation: the Fate of a Leafy Gall. D. Vereecke, K. Comelis, M. Van Montagu, M. Jaziri, M. Holsters, and K. Goethals ......................................................... 169

Extracellular Enzymes Produced by Leifsonia (Clavibacter) xyli subsp. cynodontis. M. Haapalainen, M. Metzler, and M. Romantschuk ....................................................... 173

Membrane Vesicle Mediated Transport of Virulence-Factors and of Elicitors for Defense-Response. I. Schroder, M. Kuhlmann, W. Droge-Laser, M. Hoppert, and K. Rudolph ......................................................................................................................... 176

viii Contents

Agrobacter;um tumefac;ens Chromosomal Genes Required for Virulence and Attachment to Host Cells. A.G. Matthysse, H. Yarnall, S.B. Boles, and S. McMahan ...................................................................................................................................... 180

Biotic and Abiotic Elicitation of Apple Defenses Against Fire Blight. M.N. Brisset, M. Faize, S. Cesbron, M. Tharaud, S.V. Thomson, and J.P. Paulin .............................. 184

Molecular Interactions Between Erw;n;a and their Hosts. E. Lopez-Solanilla, I. Aguilar, C. Poza-Carrion, A. Llama-Palacios, F. Garcia-Olmedo, and P. Rodriguez-Palenzuela .................................................................................................................... 187

Virulence of Erw;n;a amylovora and Control of Bacterial Sorbitol and Sucrose Metabolism Assayed with the Green Fluorescent Protein. J. Bogs, K. Richter, and K. Geider ....................................................................................................................... 192

Non-specific, Peroxidase and H202 Associated Reactions of Tobacco Leaves after Infiltration with hrp/hrmA Mutants of P. syringae pv. syringae61. Z. Bozso, P.G. Ott, M.l. Kecskes, A. Czelleng, and Z. Klement ........................................................... 195

Section 4. GENETICS OF PATHOGENICITY

The hrp genes of Pantoea stewarti; are Regulated by a Complex System that Senses Environmental Signals. M. Merighi, D.R. Majerczak, and D.l. Coplin ........ 201

The Hrp Protein Secretion System is not Required for Coronatine Biosynthesis in Pseudomonas syr;ngae pv. tomato DC3000. A. Penaloza-Vazquez, G.M. Preston, A.C. Collmer, and C.l. Bender ...................................................................................... 205

Biosynthesis of Exopolysaccharide by Erwinia amylovora and its Enzymatic Degradation. W.S. Kim, M. Schollmeyer, C. Langlotz, H. Ullrich, A. Huber, and K. Geider ........................................................................................................................... 209

Distribution and Characterisation of vir Gene Homologues in Pseudomonas syringae Pathovars. R.W. Jackson, A. Ortiz-Barredo, G. Tsiamis, D. Butcher, B. Wharton, J.W. Mansfield, J. Murillo, D.l. Arnold, and A. Vivian .................................... 212

Isolation of Novel Avirulence Genes from Pseudomonas syr;ngae pv. pisi. D.l. Arnold, R.w. Jackson, and A. Vivian ............................................................................. 216

Isolation of the Oxolinic Acid Resistance Related-Gene from Genomic DNA of Burkholderia glumae. Y. Hikichi, K. Tsujiguchi, Y. Maeda, and T. Okuno .............. 220

Comparison of Regulatory Proteins for Pectate Lyase Synthesis between Erwinia chrysanthemi and E. carotovora subsp. carotovora. H. Matsumoto, Y. Baba, Y. Yoshitake, P. Jitareerat, K. Nomura, and S. Tsuyumu .................................................. 224

Contents ix

Analysis of Structure and Function of the Na+ IGlucose Symporter (SgIS)-like Gene of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. A. Furutani, S. Tsuge, Y. Kubo, and O. Horino ...................................................................................................................................... 229

Roles of popA for the Pathogenicity of Ralstonia solanacearum Pathogenic to Tobacco. A. Kanda, H. Hasegawa, H. Takahashi, Y. Hikichi, and T. Okuno ............ 233

Molecular Characterization of Erwinia carotovora hrpL, which Encodes an Alternate Sigma Factor. A. Chatte~ee, Y. Cui, Y. Liu, and A.K. Chatterjee ............ 237

HrpA as a Model for a Type III Secretion; mRNA Analysis. E. Roine, E. Hienonen, S. Taira, and M. Romantschuk ................................................................ 241

Type III Secretion Machinery Has a Role in the Virulence of Soft Rotting Plant Pathogen Erwinia caratovora carotovora. A. Rantakari, O. Virtaharju, S. Vahamiko, S. Taira, T. Paiva, H. Saarilahti, and M. Romantschuk. . ............................................ 244

Section 5. DISEASES

The Causal Bacterium of Red Stripe of Rice. H. Kaku and H. Ochiai ................... 249

New Occurrence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris as a Pathogen of Some Brassica spp. in Yugoslavia. A. Obradovic, M. Arsenijevic, M. Ivanovic, and T. Sretenovic-Rajicic .......................................................................................................... 252

Bacterial Diseases of Pepper in Yugoslavia. A. Obradovic, A. Mavridis, K. Rudolph, M. Arsenijevic, and M. Mijatovic .................................................................................... 255

Bacterial Blight of Cassava in Togo: Its Importance, the Virulence of the Pathogen and the Resistance of Varieties. A. Banito, K.E. Kpemoua, K. Wydra, and K. Rudolph ...................................................................................................................................... 259

Halo Blight of Oats in Scandinavia. P. Persson and A. Sletten ............................. 265

Bacterial Soft Rot of Carrot, Parsley, and Celery. V. Gavrilovic, A. Obradovic, and M. Arsenijevic ................................................................................................................ 269

Emerging Bacterial Pathogens of Crucifers in the Salinas Valley of California. N.A. Cintas, S.T. Koike, and C.T. Bull ........................................................................... 272

Section 6. DISEASE CONTROL

Logistic Regression as a Statistical Tool to Analyse Susceptibility to Crown Gall. B. Lastra, J. Cubero, P. Llop, E. Carbonell, and M.M. Lopez ........................................ 277

x Contents

Integrated Control of Bacterial Diseases of Cassava and Cowpea in West Africa. K. Wydra, A. Fanou, A. Sikirou, M. Zandjanakou, V. Zinsou, and K. Rudolph .............. 280

Using Stigma Imprints to Determine Fire Blight Risks in Pear and Apple Orchards. S.V. Thomson, S.C. Oekey, and D.R. Hansen .............................................................. 288

Control of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria in Soil with Organic Amendments. G. Lazarovits, K. Conn, M. Tenuta, and N. Soltani... .................................................... 291

Reduction of Bacterial Leaf Speck Disease (Pseudomonas syrlngae pv tomato) In Tomatoes Treated with a Combination of Azospirillum brasilense, Bactericides, and Mild Heat. Y. Bashan ........................................................................................ 296

Studies on Resistance of Cassava Genotypes to Bacterial Blight. V. Zinsou, K. Wydra, E. Agbieodo, B. Ahohuendo, and K. Rudolph ................................................... 301

Reaction of Capsicum genotypes to Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot. C.A. Lopes and A.M. Quezadao-Duval ............................................................................................ 306

Selection of Cowpea Genotypes Resistant to Bacterial Blight Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vignicola. A. Sikirou, K. Wydra, and K. Rudolph ... 309

The Response of Three Phenotypically Variable Burkholderla cepacia Isolates to Copper-Based Bactericides. G.L. Mark and J.W. Lorbeer ..................................... 315

Pathogenicity and Resistance in Xanthomonas Blight of Cassava. A.M. Cooper, B. Kemp, A. Day, A. Gomez-Vasquez, and J.R. Beeching ........................................... 319

Studies on Control of Fire Blight with the Plant Activator BIONI!iI. O. Baysal and W. Zeller ............................................................................................................................. 324

Studies on the Mode of Action of Pantoea agglomerans 21889 Against Erwinia amylovora. P. Laux, G. Mao, and W. Zeller ............................................................. 329

Development of an Integrated Approach to the Control of Bacterial Diseases of Tomato and Pepper. D.A. Cuppels, T. Ainsworth, H. Lu, F. Sahin, and V. Higgins .... 335

Section 7. ECOLOGY

Population Dynamics of the Onion Phytopathogen Burkholderia cepacia in Organic Soils Cropped to Onion. G.L. Mark and J.w. Lorbeer ............................................ 341

Population Dynamics of the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Azospirillum brasllense and the Pathogen Pseudomonas syrlngae pv tomato In the Tomato Rhlzosphere and Foliage and its use as a Strategy to Control Bacterial Leaf Speck of Tomato. Y. Bashan .............................................................................................. 345

Contents xi

Sudden Appearance of the Tomato Race of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Yugoslavia. A. Obradovic, A. Mavridis, K. Rudolph, and J. Zdravkovic ...................................................................................................................................... 350

The Role of the Grasshopper Zonocerus variegatus as Vector of Cassava Bacterial Blight in West Africa. M. Zandjanakou, K. Wydra, A. Fanou, P. LeGall, and K. Rudolph ......................................................................................................................... 353

"Tristeza" and Death of Agave tequilana Weber var. Blue. L. Fucikovsky .......... 359

Populations of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Endemic Areas. M. Rybak and B. I. Canteros ......................................................................................................... 362

Incidence of Biovars 1 and 2 of Ralstonia solanacearum in Potato Fields at Rio Grande do Sui State, Brazil. J.R.P. Silveira, M.G. Moraes, and V. Duarte ............. 371

Persistence of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus in Sterilized Soil but Failure to Confirm It's Survival Overwinter in Field Soil. L. Ward, J. D.'Aubin, and S.H. De Boer ................................................................................................................. 375

Analysis of the Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on the Culturable Bacterial Community of Peanut. J.L. Jacobs and G.W. Sundin ............................................. 379

Section 8. DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS

Application of recA PCR-RFLP for Differentiation of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptlca. M. Waleron, K. Waleron, and E. Lojkowska .......................................................................................................... 385

Development of a DNA Array for Identification and Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria Associated with Potato. A. Fessehaie, S.H. De Boer, A. Quail, and A.C. Levesque ....................................................................................................................... 389

Differentiation of Bacterial Populations in Seed Extracts by Flow Cytometry. A.M. Alvarez .......................................................................................................................... 393

Analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines from Soybean Using Simple Serological Procedures. S. Prathuangwong, K. Suyama, H. Fujii, and H. Negishi. ... 397

PCR Detection of the Onion Pathogen Pantoea ananatis on Various Weeds and Crops in Georgia, USA. R. Gitaitis, L. Zolobowska, S. Culpepper, H. Sanders, D. Langston, and R. Walcott .............................................................................................. 406

An Internal Control for the Diagnosis of Citrus Bacterial Canker by PCR. J. Cubero, J.H. Graham, T. Gottwald, and T. Riley ........................................................... 409

xii Contents

Detection of Pathogenic Streptomyces scabies from Soil Using peR Primers for Nec1 Virulence Locus. G. Lazarovits, Z. Yang, K.Conn, A.A. Bukhalid, and A. Loria ...................................................................................................................................... 412

Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Against Xanthomonas campestris pv. ves/cator/a: Characterization and Application. K. Tsuchiya, C.M. d'Ursel, M. Horita, and Y. Nozu ................................................................................................................. .417

Detection of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastonoi (Pss) on Asymptomatic Olive Plant Tissues by Enrichment-PCR. R. Penyalver, E. Bertolini, A. Olmos, A Garcia, M. Cambra, and M.M. Lopez ........................................................................... .421

Method Validation by Ringtestlng to Establish International Standards for Seed Testing; a Case Study. J. Gooden, DA Samac, D. Cattier, K. Ophel-Keller, and J. Sheppard ...................................................................................................................... .425

Serological Detection of Raistonia soianacearum in Potatoes by ELISA and Immunofluorescence, and Comparison to PCR. U. Singh and C. Trevors .......... .428

Selective Isolation of Xanthomonas sp., the Causal Agent of Onion Bacterial Blight, from Onion Seeds. P. Roumagnac and O. Pruvost.. .............................................. .434

Semi-Nested PCR-Based Method for Detection of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in Soil. J. Pulawska and P. Sobiczewski ....................................................................... 438

Detection of Plant Associated Bacteria by TaqMan™PCR. SA Weller, J.G. Elphinstone, N.C. Smith, J. Hennessy, and D.E. Stead ............................................... .441

Author Index ................................................................................................................ 447

Index of Bacteria ........................................................................................................ .453

PREFACE

The science of phytobacteriology encompasses the classical study of diseases caused by plant pathogenic bacteria as well as other prokaryote-plant relationships including phytoplasma infections, endophytic bacteria, and growth-promoting and deleterious microorganisms. The marvellous diversity of the many facets of phytobacteriology made it truly a joy to focus on this science during the 10th

International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Attended by approximately 150 participants from 38 countries, the conference highlighted many aspects of plant associated bacteria with invited speakers, oral research papers, and poster presentations.

Opening the conference with a keynote address, Dr. Anne Vidaver challenged conference delegates with a spectrum of predictions and prospects provided by advances in molecular genetics and population biology. Not losing sight of the essence of our science, the control of bacterial diseases of agricultural crops, the first symposium focussed on control strategies and was followed by sessions on taxonomy, genetics of pathogenicity and virulence, molecular aspects of plant­bacteria interaction, detection and diagnosis, and major new disease developments. In the closing session Dr. Klaus Rudolph spoke from thirty-five years of experience in research on pathogenicity factors of the important Pseudomonas syringae bacterium.

Crop damage and economic loss are distressing consequences engendered by prokaryotic pathogens. Yet, we could marvel at the remarkable complexity and diversity in almost every aspect of our science that was so amply evident and so inspiringly elaborated on during the four days of the conference. Molecular analysis of host/pathogen recognition and elucidation of pathogenicity genes reveal an astounding complexity hardly envisioned by those that preceded us and won't be fully appreciated until fully unravelled by those that will follow. Having gained a glimpse of hrp genes and type m secretion systems we can ponder with awe the machinery needed to effectively colonise plants.

Differing views on taxonomic classification and nomenclatural usage, no doubt enhanced by laboratory observations and regulatory concerns, never fail to elicit much discussion and sharing of perspectives. The incredible phenotypic and genetic diversity of these tiny life forms, a challenge for disease diagnosis and pathogen detection, challenges the imagination and yields to yet another temptation to construct a dendogram, a phylogenetic chart, or list of genomospecies. The arrival of new technologies from real time PCR to DNA arrays will be fine additions to the arsenal of methodologies to deal with the variations and variants of plant pathogenic bacteria. Pathogen dispersal, pathogen persistence, and geographic distribution are important considerations in managing and control of bacterial plant diseases. Ecological studies, fraught with frustrations in technological limitations and a

xiii

xiv Preface

multiplicity of relevant factors affecting the presence or absence of a pathogenic species, is slowly providing better insight into why disease occurs. If only the moving target of genetic change and adaptability would hold still to allow time for our experimental studies.

"The heavens praise your wonders, 0 Lord" (PSALM 89)

SoLKE H. DE BOER

CHARLOTTETOWN, NOVEMBER, 2000