plant life cycles powerpoint (all) updated 2010-2011...xx ‐archegonium xy ... and female parts...

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Plant Life Cycles Plant Life Cycles Plant life cycles alternate between two cycles: Producing spores and two cycles: Producing spores and producing gametes • A twophase life cycle is called alternation of generations generations. – Diploid phase Haploid phase Haploid phase – Alternates between the two fertilization SPOROPHYTE PHASE meiosis GAMETOPHYTE PHASE S ht h i di l id The sporeproducing plant is the mature sporophyte. Sporophytephase is diploid – Begins with fertilized egg Spores produced through meiosis Spores produced through meiosis The gameteproducing plant is the mature gametophyte. fertilization meiosis SPOROPHYTE PHASE GAMETOPHYTE – Gametophyte phase is haploid B i ih GAMETOPHYTE PHASE Begins with spore – Gametes produced through produced through mitosis Life cycle phases look different among various plant groups plant groups • Nonvascular plants have a dominant gametophyte phase phase. – Moss gametophytes look like green carpet Moss sporophytes shoot up as stalklike structures Moss sporophytes shoot up as stalk like structures sporophyte (2n) capsule spores (1n) gametophyte (1n) 1) Moss gametophytes grow near the ground (haploid 2) Through water, sperm from the male gametophyte will swim to the female 3) Diploid sporophyte will grow from zygote 4) Sporophyte will create and release haploid spores ground (haploid stage) swim to the female gametophyte to create a diploid zygote . . . Sporophyte XX Archegonium XY Antheridium egg egg zyg ote zyg ote XX Archegonium egg egg male male male male female female female female zyg ote zyg ote Gametophyte 5) Haploid spores land and grow into new 6) The process repeats gametophytes ground Gametophyte

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Page 1: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

Plant Life CyclesPlant Life CyclesPlant life cycles alternate between two cycles: Producing spores andtwo cycles: Producing spores and 

producing  gametes• A two‐phase life cycle is called alternation of generationsgenerations. – Diploid phase – Haploid phaseHaploid phase – Alternates betweenthe two  fertilization

SPOROPHYTEPHASE

meiosisGAMETOPHYTE

PHASE

S h t h i di l id

The spore‐producing plant is the mature sporophyte.– Sporophyte phase is diploid – Begins with fertilized egg Spores produced through meiosis– Spores produced through meiosis  

The gamete‐producing plant is                                          the mature gametophyte.

fertilization

meiosis

SPOROPHYTEPHASE

GAMETOPHYTE– Gametophyte phase is haploidB i i h

GAMETOPHYTEPHASE

– Begins with spore – Gametes produced throughproduced through mitosis

Life cycle phases look different among various plant groupsplant groups

• Nonvascular plants have a dominant gametophyte phasephase. – Moss gametophytes look like green carpet – Moss sporophytes shoot up as stalk‐like structuresMoss sporophytes shoot up as stalk like structures 

sporophyte (2n)

capsulespores (1n)

gametophyte (1n)

1) Moss gametophytes grow near the ground (haploid

2) Through water, sperm from the male gametophyte will swim to the female

3) Diploid sporophyte will grow from zygote

4) Sporophyte will create and release haploid spores

ground (haploid stage)

swim to the female gametophyte to create a diploid zygote

.....Sporophyte XX ‐ ArchegoniumXY ‐ Antheridium

eggegg

zygotezyg

ote

XX  Archegonium

egg egg

malemale male malefemalefemalefemalefemale

zygote

zygote

Gametophyte

5) Haploid spores land and grow into new 

6) The process repeats

gametophytes

groundGametophyte

Page 2: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

Plant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant type Sporophyte Gametophyte Dominant?

Moss Stalk with cup (capsule) at tip, 

More familiar, carpet‐like plant that 

GAMETOPHYTE( p ) p,which is where spores are produced.

p pproduces specialized gametesXX ‐ ArchegoniumXY A h idiXY ‐ Antheridium

Fern More familiar, leafy plant with clusters of

Haploid plant body (prothallus) is size of

SPOROPHYTEplant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori)

(prothallus) is size of a finger nail,  produces both male and female parts

Conifer More familiar‐ like pine trees, produces male and female

Pollen grains are male gametophytes

SPOROPHYTE

male and female cones that produce spores

gametophytessperm, female gameotphytes are microscopic eggs

Fern Life CycleFern Life Cycle

The The sporophytesporophyte is the dominant phase for is the dominant phase for seedless vascular plantsseedless vascular plants

Fern spores form in sacs sori on underside of mature– Fern spores form in sacs, sori, on underside of mature sporophytes (fronds).

sporophyte (2n)p p y ( )

sori

A fern gametophyte, or A fern gametophyte, or prothallusprothallus, produces , produces sperm and eggssperm and eggs

gametophyte (1n))

rhizoid

A f h h ll i i h– A zygote forms on the prothallus, growing into the sporophyte.

1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores

..

l

..

AdultSporophyte (diploid)

Ground

2) Haploid spores land in the soil

Ground

Page 3: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil

Let’s zoom in…

Ground

4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)

Let’s zoom back out…

eggeggzygote

zygote

eggzygote

5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote

sporophyte

Ground

6) Fronds uncurls into leaves.

7) Cycle repeatsHaploid spores created and released‐‐ Haploid spores created and released

...

.

Ground

1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores

..

l

..

AdultSporophyte (diploid)

Ground

2) Haploid spores land in the soil

Ground

Page 4: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil

Let’s zoom in…

Ground

4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia)

L t’ b k tLet’s zoom back out…

eggeggzygote

zygote

eggzygote

5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote

Sporophyte

Ground

6) Fronds uncurls into leaves.

7) Cycle repeats-- Haploid spores created and releasedHaploid spores created and released

...

.

ground

Plant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant Life Cycle Comparisonsy py pPlant type Sporophyte Gametophyte Dominant?

Moss Stalk with cup at tip,  More familiar, carpet‐ GAMETOPHYTEp pwhich is where sporesare produced.

plike plant that produces specialized gametesXX ArchegoniumXX ‐ ArchegoniumXY – Antheridium

Fern More familiar leafy Haploid plant body SPOROPHYTEFern More familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori)

Haploid plant body (prothallus) is size of a finger nail,  produces both male and female 

SPOROPHYTE

parts

Conifer More familiar‐ like pine trees, produces 

l d f l

Pollen grains are male gametophytes

f l

SPOROPHYTE

male and female cones that produce spores

sperm, female gameotphytes are microscopic eggs

Conifer Life CycleConifer Life Cycle

Page 5: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

The The sporophytesporophyte is the dominant phase   is the dominant phase   for seed plantsfor seed plantsfor seed plantsfor seed plants

1) Male and female seed cones grow in adult sporophytes

2) Pollen grains released from the male seed cones‐‐ Pollen is the male gametophyte

Let’s zoom into the female seed cone…

3) Pollen grain sticks to the female ovule

5) Two nuclei transfer into female spore

4) Pollen tube grows from the male spore

5) Two nuclei transfer into female spore‐ one fertilizes the egg

6) Diploid embryo develops (sporophyte stage restarts)6) Diploid embryo develops (sporophyte stage restarts)

7) After seeds harden, the cone reopens and the seeds are released

8) Seed will land

Ground

Page 6: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

9) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats

Ground

1) Male and female seed cones grow in adult sporophytes

2) Pollen grains released from the male seed cones‐‐ Pollen is the male gametophyte

Let’s zoom into the female seed cone…

3) Pollen grain sticks to the female ovule

5) Two nuclei transfer into female spore

4) Pollen tube grows from the male spore

5) Two nuclei transfer into female spore‐ one fertilizes the egg

6) Diploid embryo develops (sporophyte stage restarts)6) Diploid embryo develops (sporophyte stage restarts)

7) After seeds harden, the cone reopens and the seeds are released

8) Seed will land

Ground

Page 7: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

9) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats

Ground

Plant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant type Sporophyte Gametophyte Dominant?

Moss Stalk with cup at tip, which is where spores are produced.

More familiar, carpet‐like plant that produces specialized gametes

GAMETOPHYTE

gametesXX ‐ ArchegoniumXY ‐ Antheridium

Fern More familiar, leafy plant Haploid plant body SPOROPHYTEFern More familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore producing sacs (sori)

Haploid plant body (prothallus) is size of a finger nail,  produces both male and female 

t

SPOROPHYTE

parts

Conifer(Gymnosperm)

More familiar‐ like pine trees, produces male and female cones that

Male gametophytes are pollen grainssperm

SPOROPHYTE

female cones that produce spores

spermFemale gametophytes are microscopiceggs

Angiosperm Life CycleAngiosperm Life Cycleg p yg p yFlowers contain reproductive organs protected by 

specialized leaves

stamen

filament anther

• Sepals and petals are modified leaves.

• Sepals are outermost layer that protectsd l i fl filament antherdeveloping flower 

• Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

carpel style

stigma• A stamen is the male structure of the flower

• anther produces pollen grains 

• filament supports the antherovary

filament supports the anther

• The innermost layer of a flower is the female carpel.

ti i ti k ti

petalsepal

• stigma is sticky tip 

• style is tube leading from stigma to ovary 

• ovary produces female gametophyte 

Flowering plants can be pollinated by wind or animalswind or animals

• Wind pollinated flowers have small flowers and large amounts of pollen.

• Animal pollinated flowers have larger flowers and less pollen. 

many flowering plants pollinated by animal pollinators y g p p y p

– pollination occurs as animal feeds from flower to flower

– animal pollination more efficient than wind pollination

Fertilization takes place within the flowerMale gametophytes, or pollen grains, are produced in the anthers. 

l d d i– male spores produced inanthers by meiosis

– each spore divides byeach spore divides bymitosis to form twohaploid cells p– two cells form asingle pollen grain

Pollen grain

StamenAnther

Stamen

Filament

Page 8: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

One female gametophyte can form in each ovule of a flower’s ovary

• Many cells can be made in the ovule

of a flower s ovary

y• One cell becomes the egg• One cell becomes 2 polar nuclei• The rest die

Polar nuclei (2n)

1. Pollen stick to animal or  released into wind.

2. Animal finds a new flower to feed on and pollen grains land on the stigma (pollination)

3 Pollen tube grows and 2 nuclei transfer into the ovule3.  Pollen tube grows and 2 nuclei transfer into the ovule

..

Let’s zoom in…

3. Flowering plants go through the process of double fertilizationfertilization.

femalegametophyte

egg

sperm

Double Fertilization

ovule

polar nuclei

1 sperm fuse with the polar nuclei = triploid (3n) endosperm1 sperm fuse with the egg = zygote1 sperm fuse with the egg = zygote

d

4. Each ovule becomes a seed.endosperm

seed coat

Endosperm provides food supply for embryo

embryoTh di i t f itThe surrounding ovary grows into a fruit. 

Page 9: Plant Life Cycles PowerPoint (ALL) Updated 2010-2011...XX ‐Archegonium XY ... and female parts Conifer More familiar‐like ... • The innermost layer of a flower is the female

5. Seeds get dispersed

6 Seed germinates and the cycle starts over6. Seed germinates, and the cycle starts over

Ground

Plant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant Life Cycle ComparisonsPlant type Sporophyte Gametophyte Dominant?Moss Stalk with cup at tip, 

which is where sporesare produced.

More familiar, carpet‐like plant that produces specialized gametes         XX Archegonium

GAMETOPHYTE

XX ‐ ArchegoniumXY ‐ Antheridium

Fern More familiar, leafy plant with clusters of spore

Haploid plant body is size of a finger nail produces

SPOROPHYTEwith clusters of spore producing sacs (sori)

of a finger nail,  produces both male and female parts

Conifer More familiar ‐ like pine Male gametophytes are SPOROPHYTEConifer(Gymnosperm)

More familiar ‐ like pine trees, produces male and female cones that produce spores

Male gametophytes are pollen grains spermFemale gametophytes are microscopic eggs

SPOROPHYTE

Flowers(Angiosperm)

More familiar ‐ apple tree, peach tree, 

Pollen grains are male gametophytes 2 

SPOROPHYTE

zucchini, berries, etc. Contain flowers that produce male and f l

g p yhaploid cells = pollen tube + sperm 

Female gametophyte in