plant diversity i. importance of plants ii. science of life a. taxonomic categories b. species...
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Plant DiversityPlant DiversityI. Importance of plantsI. Importance of plantsII. Science of LifeII. Science of Life
A. Taxonomic categories A. Taxonomic categories B. Species conceptB. Species conceptC. Domains of lifeC. Domains of lifeD. Kingdoms of EukaryaD. Kingdoms of EukaryaE. VirusesE. Viruses
III. Major plant groupsIII. Major plant groupsA. Non- vascular plantsA. Non- vascular plantsB. Vascular plantsB. Vascular plants
1. Spore producing1. Spore producing2. Seed producing2. Seed producing
IV. Plant EvolutionIV. Plant Evolution
I. Importance of plants I. Importance of plants Erosion controlErosion control
Primary Primary producersproducers
A. Taxonomic categoriesA. Taxonomic categories
(gener(genera)a)
KingdoKingdomm
FamilyFamilyGenusGenus
SpeciesSpecies
PseudotsuPseudotsugaga
Tridentate bractsTridentate bracts
ProkaryotesProkaryotes
nucleusnucleusProtista Protista
EukaryotesEukaryotes
DNADNA
chromosomeschromosomes
menziemenziesiisii
PinePine
DomainsDomains
DivisionDivisionOrder Order
QuestionsQuestionsWhich of the following is a difference between prokaryotes Which of the following is a difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?and eukaryotes?
a. eukaryotes have DNA- prokaryotes don’ta. eukaryotes have DNA- prokaryotes don’tb. eukaryotes have a nucleus- prokaryotes don’tb. eukaryotes have a nucleus- prokaryotes don’tc. prokaryotes have DNA- eukaryotes don’tc. prokaryotes have DNA- eukaryotes don’td. prokaryotes have a nucleus- eukaryotes don’td. prokaryotes have a nucleus- eukaryotes don’t
In what plant family is Douglas fir?In what plant family is Douglas fir?a.a.MonocotMonocotb.b.DicotDicotc.c.ConiferConiferd.d.PinePine
What feature distinguishes Douglas fir from all other conifers?What feature distinguishes Douglas fir from all other conifers?a.a.Needle like leavesNeedle like leavesb.b.EvergreenEvergreenc.c.Tridentate bracts Tridentate bracts d.d.Large female conesLarge female cones
B. Species conceptB. Species conceptBiological speciesBiological species
Clusia gaudichadiiClusia gaudichadii
Morphological Morphological speciesspecies
Genetic Genetic speciesspeciesProblem with plantsProblem with plants
whewheatat
ryerye
triticaletriticale
hybridhybrid
Reproductive isolationReproductive isolation
• promiscuouspromiscuous• plasticplastic
Cactus Cactus
SpurgSpurge e
QuestionsQuestionsWhich of the following is NOT a characteristic of plants that Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plants that creates problems for species definitions?creates problems for species definitions?
a. many plants are promiscuousa. many plants are promiscuousb. plants are plasticb. plants are plasticc. plants hybridize readilyc. plants hybridize readilyd. species can be distinguished by their geneticsd. species can be distinguished by their genetics
Which of the following is the correct spelling for the Douglas fir species?Which of the following is the correct spelling for the Douglas fir species?a.a.Pseudosuga meniizesPseudosuga meniizesb.b.Pseudotsuga menzziesPseudotsuga menzziesc.c.Pseudogusa meniezesPseudogusa meniezesd.d.Pseudotsuga menziesiiPseudotsuga menziesii
C. Domains of lifeC. Domains of lifeExtremophilExtremophiles es
ProkaryotesProkaryotes 1. Archaea(-um)1. Archaea(-um) 2. Bacteria(-um) 2. Bacteria(-um)
ubiquitousubiquitous
Inside bacteria Inside bacteria cellscells
looploopyy
(Cell (Cell membrane)membrane)
Examples of bacteriaExamples of bacteria
Roles of Roles of bacteriabacteria
• decomposersdecomposers
• photosynthesphotosynthesisis• diseasedisease
RhizobiuRhizobiumm
N NN NNN22
CyanobacterCyanobacteria ia
PS:PS: COCO22 ++
HH22OO Carbohydrates +Carbohydrates +OO22
Light energyLight energy
legumeslegumes
• fix nitrogenfix nitrogen
Autotroph/ heterotrophAutotroph/ heterotroph
The holy grail!!The holy grail!!nitrogenasenitrogenase
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: protistaprotista
Multiple kingdomsMultiple kingdoms
PhytoplanktPhytoplankton on
PS:PS: COCO22 + + HH22OO Carbohydrates +Carbohydrates +OO22
Light energyLight energy
Protista exampleProtista example
SlimeSlime moldsmolds
Roles of protistaRoles of protista
Decomposers Decomposers
Autotroph/ heterotrophAutotroph/ heterotroph
Questions Questions
Which of the following can Rhizobium do?Which of the following can Rhizobium do?a. photosynthesizea. photosynthesizeb. break the triple bond of atmospheric nitrogenb. break the triple bond of atmospheric nitrogenc. decompose organic matterc. decompose organic matterd. make plants sickd. make plants sick
Which of the following organisms produces 50% of the Which of the following organisms produces 50% of the oxygen we breathe?oxygen we breathe?
a. cyanobacteriaa. cyanobacteriab. slime moldsb. slime moldsc. phytoplanktonc. phytoplanktond. rhizobiumd. rhizobium
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi
Filamentous growthFilamentous growthExtracellulaExtracellularr digestiondigestion
Hypha(e)Hypha(e)
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi
MushroomMushroomss
All of these fungi are All of these fungi are mycorrhizalmycorrhizal
ChanterelleChanterelless(not quite a (not quite a mushroom) mushroom)
Boletes Boletes Amanita Amanita familyfamily
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi
Truffles Truffles
Morels: Morels: not not mushrooms! mushrooms!
mycorrhizalmycorrhizal
Fungi are Fungi are #1 decomposers#1 decomposers
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi
Fungi are #1 Plant Fungi are #1 Plant pathogenspathogens
Armillaria root rotArmillaria root rot
Wheat Rust Wheat Rust
Dutch elmDutch elmdiseasedisease
Mildew Mildew
Rot Rot
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: fungifungi
Lichens: a parasitic Lichens: a parasitic relationshiprelationship
• crustosecrustose • foliosefoliose
• fruticosefruticose
•Roles of fungiRoles of fungi •Heterotrophs Heterotrophs
Questions Questions
Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?a. they have filamentous growtha. they have filamentous growthb. they are the number one pathogen of plantsb. they are the number one pathogen of plantsc. some form mycorrhizac. some form mycorrhizad. they digest their food outside of their bodiesd. they digest their food outside of their bodiese. all of these are characteristics of fungie. all of these are characteristics of fungi
Truffles are Truffles are a.a.MycorrhizalMycorrhizalb.b.Plant pathogensPlant pathogensc.c.DecomposersDecomposersd.d.Really good chocolates that grow undergroundReally good chocolates that grow underground
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: animalsanimals
Roles of Roles of animalsanimalsPollinators Pollinators Heterotrophs Heterotrophs
No cell walls!No cell walls!
Seed dispersersSeed dispersersDecomposers Decomposers HerbivorHerbivores es
QuestionsQuestionsWhich of the following is NOT a role of animals?Which of the following is NOT a role of animals?
a. pollinationa. pollinationb. herbivoryb. herbivoryc. seed dispersalc. seed dispersald. decompositiond. decompositione. photosynthesise. photosynthesis
The lichen relationship isThe lichen relationship isa.a.MycorrhizalMycorrhizalb.b.MutualisticMutualisticc.c.ParasiticParasiticd.d.Pathogenic Pathogenic
•Chlorophyll a and b/ caroteneChlorophyll a and b/ carotene
•Starch Starch storagestorage
Roles of Roles of plantsplants
•PS:PS: COCO22 + + HH22OO Carbohydrates +Carbohydrates +OO22
•Cellulose cell Cellulose cell wallswalls
Light energyLight energy•Autotrophs Autotrophs
D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: D. Kingdoms of Eukarya: plantsplants
Plant characteristicsPlant characteristics::
Questions Questions Which of the following are outputs of photosynthesis?Which of the following are outputs of photosynthesis?
a. carbohydrates and watera. carbohydrates and waterb. carbohydrates and oxygenb. carbohydrates and oxygenc. carbon dioxide and water c. carbon dioxide and water d. carbon dioxide and oxygend. carbon dioxide and oxygene. carbon dioxide and carbohydratese. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates
Which of the following is the Which of the following is the leastleast definingdefining characteristic of plants? characteristic of plants?a.a.Cellulose cell wallsCellulose cell wallsb.b.Presence of chlorophyll a and bPresence of chlorophyll a and bc.c.Storage of carbohydrates as starchStorage of carbohydrates as starchd.d.Autotrophic Autotrophic
InfectInfect moremore cellscells
proteinprotein coatcoat
viral DNA viral DNA or RNAor RNA
E. Viruses: infectionE. Viruses: infection
Living or non-living?Living or non-living?
Questions Questions
Why are viruses considered to be non-living?Why are viruses considered to be non-living?a. they don’t evolvea. they don’t evolveb. they don’t have a nucleusb. they don’t have a nucleusc. they don’t have DNAc. they don’t have DNAd. they don’t metabolized. they don’t metabolize
True or false? You can treat a viral infection with antibiotics.True or false? You can treat a viral infection with antibiotics.a. Truea. True b. Falseb. False
Why will we likely never be rid of viruses?Why will we likely never be rid of viruses?a.a.They are not alive, so we can’t kill themThey are not alive, so we can’t kill themb.b.They don’t have DNAThey don’t have DNAc.c.They are constantly evolving into new formsThey are constantly evolving into new formsd.d.They don’t respond to antibioticsThey don’t respond to antibiotics
III. Major plant III. Major plant groupsgroups
Vascular versus non-vascularVascular versus non-vascularTransport tubesTransport tubes• phloem for food phloem for food (sugar solution)(sugar solution)• xylem for water and xylem for water and mineralsminerals
Transport is cell to Transport is cell to cellcell
Can grow largeCan grow large Can’t grow largeCan’t grow large
Can grow away from Can grow away from direct water sourcedirect water source
Must be close to Must be close to water source or able water source or able to withstand to withstand desiccationdesiccation
Tracheids are a type of xylem cell Tracheids are a type of xylem cell found mainly in conifersfound mainly in conifers
III. Major plant groupsIII. Major plant groupsA. Non- vascular plants: spore producersA. Non- vascular plants: spore producers
Green algaeGreen algae Mosses Mosses
LiverwortsLiverworts
B. Vascular plants: spore B. Vascular plants: spore producersproducers
HorsetaiHorsetail l
PsilotuPsilotumm
Seed versus sporeSeed versus sporeSeed coat for Seed coat for protectionprotection
NoneNone
Embryo insideEmbryo inside Undifferentiated cellsUndifferentiated cells
Food for embryo Food for embryo (endosperm)(endosperm)
NoneNone
Food for seedling Food for seedling (in cotyledons)(in cotyledons)
None None
B. Vascular plants: spore B. Vascular plants: spore producersproducers
FernsFerns
FernsFerns
Sori Sori
Fronds Fronds
B. Vascular plants: B. Vascular plants: seed seed producersproducers
GymnospermsGymnosperms
Cycad Cycad
EphedraEphedra
Ginkgo Ginkgo bilobabilobaliving fossil: back in fossilliving fossil: back in fossilrecord 270 myarecord 270 mya
ConiferConiferss
Western white Western white pinepine
Noble firNoble fir
Western Western redcedarredcedar
Monkey Monkey puzzlepuzzle
Gymnosperms: ConifersGymnosperms: Conifers
Conifers are the dominant Conifers are the dominant plants in Pacific Northwest plants in Pacific Northwest forestsforests
ConifersConifers
Sequoia Sequoia
RedwooRedwood d
Bristlecone pineBristlecone pine
Record holdersRecord holders
B. Vascular plants: B. Vascular plants: angiospermsangiosperms
DicotDicotss
Pacific RhododendronPacific Rhododendron
Questions Questions
Which of the following is NOT correct?Which of the following is NOT correct?a. spores are much smaller than seedsa. spores are much smaller than seedsb. spores contain embryosb. spores contain embryosc. seeds have a protective resistant coatc. seeds have a protective resistant coatd. spores are produced in large amountsd. spores are produced in large amounts
A fern is A fern is a. a vascular planta. a vascular plantb. a spore producerb. a spore producerc. an autotrophc. an autotrophd. all of the above except cd. all of the above except ce. all of the above except de. all of the above except d
IV. Plant EvolutionIV. Plant Evolution
Natural selection- Natural selection- the main the main theorytheory of evolution of evolution
Theory- a well documented, Theory- a well documented, explanatoryexplanatory principle principle
Evolution explains why organisms are similar (common ancestry) and why Evolution explains why organisms are similar (common ancestry) and why they are different (adaptation).they are different (adaptation).
Myths of evolution
Evolution:Evolution: the Organizing Principle of Biology the Organizing Principle of Biology
IV. Plant evolutionIV. Plant evolution
Land plants and all green algae have:Land plants and all green algae have:• Cellulose, chlorophyll a and b, carotene, starchCellulose, chlorophyll a and b, carotene, starch
Land plants and some green algae have:Land plants and some green algae have:• Same type of cell divisionSame type of cell division• Internal reproductionInternal reproduction
Green algae/ land plant connectionGreen algae/ land plant connection
IV. Plant evolutionIV. Plant evolutionFour major Four major eventsevents• Invasion of land and air (450 Invasion of land and air (450 mya)mya)• Evolution of vascular tissue (400 mya)Evolution of vascular tissue (400 mya)
• Evolution of seeds (350 mya)Evolution of seeds (350 mya)• Evolution of flowering plants (150 mya)Evolution of flowering plants (150 mya)
Waxy Waxy cuticlecuticle
Stomata Stomata xylemxylem
Mycorrhiza Mycorrhiza
• Wind versus animal pollinationWind versus animal pollination
Questions Questions What major advantage do angiosperms have over all What major advantage do angiosperms have over all other plants?other plants?
a. xylem and phloema. xylem and phloemb. mycorrhizab. mycorrhizac. animal pollinationc. animal pollinationd. waxy cuticled. waxy cuticle
Which is the correct sequence of events in plant evolution?Which is the correct sequence of events in plant evolution?1.1.Evolution of vascular tissueEvolution of vascular tissue2.2.Evolution of flowering plantsEvolution of flowering plants3.3.Invasion of land and airInvasion of land and air4.4.Evolution of seedsEvolution of seeds
a. 1-2-4-3a. 1-2-4-3b. 3-1-2-4b. 3-1-2-4c. 3-2-1-4c. 3-2-1-4d. 3-1-4-2d. 3-1-4-2
Ancient forestsAncient forestsCarboniferous forest (350 mya)Carboniferous forest (350 mya)
Devonian forestDevonian forest(400 mya)(400 mya)
Lycopodium treeLycopodium tree
LycopodiumLycopodium
Permian 250 myaPermian 250 mya
Permian extinctionPermian extinction
Conifers became dominant Conifers became dominant plants in Permian and plants in Permian and remained so until Cretaceousremained so until Cretaceous
Cretaceous 150 mya to Cretaceous 150 mya to presentpresent
Angiosperms Angiosperms first appear in first appear in fossil record 150 fossil record 150 mya and became mya and became thethedominant plants dominant plants by mid-by mid-Cretaceous.Cretaceous.A major radiationA major radiationoccurred 80 mya occurred 80 mya with evolution of with evolution of bees.bees.