DECLARATION

I do hereby declare that this project entitled “Plant Bio-Diversity” of my native

place;“Jaleswarpur” submitted to the Department of Botany, Fakir Mohan

Autonomous College, Balasore, Odisha is an authentic report of data collection and

investigation carried out by me under the supervision of Dr. (Mrs.) Umabati Sahu, lecturer in botany, Fakir Mohan Autonomous College. No

part of this work has been submitted to any other degree or thesis.

Place:

Date: (Arun Kumar Jena)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI am thankful to all lectures of Botany Department, who guided me during the course of investigation and preparation of the project work “Plant Biodiversity” of my native place; “Jaleswarpur” which is a part of project work of 3rd year Degree Examination, Fakir Mohan Autonomous College during the session 2015-16.

I am also thankful to all the members of Botany Department for their co-operation during the preparation of the project. I am also thankful to my friends for their constant encouragement during the preparation for this project work.

I am also grateful to authorities of Fakir Mohan Autonomous College for evaluating my project work as a part of 3rd year Degree Examination 2016.

Date: Name: Arun kumar JenaF.M. (Auto) College, Year: 2015-16Balasore Class: +3 3rd year Science

Roll No.: BS13-165

CERTIFICATE OF CONCERNED TEACHERThis is to certify that Arun Kumar Jena of +3 3rd

year Science having Botany(Hons.) has carried out this Project work entitled “Plant Diversity” of

my native place; “Jaleswarpur”under my guidance and supervision no part of this has been

submitted for any other examination at any university.

Name of the Guide: Signature of the guide

All lecturers in

Botany Department

CONTENT Topic Objective Introduction Biodiversity Conservation – Importance Locality Methodology Tables – 1 & 2 Result Summary & Discussion References.

OBJECTIVEI had suggested to study the plant diversity of my native place. It seems to be easy by my point of view. I had objective for this preparation.First to observe and take snaps of the plant species according to their size and then calculate the number and frequency present of each species.Secondly according to biodiversity management I have to give stress on the conservation of endangered or less frequency species present in that particular area.

INTRODUCTIONBiodiversity:-According to several ecologist the common definition maybe:-“The variability among living organisms from all sources including inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are a part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.”

Living organism plays central roles in the cycles of major elements (carbon, nitrogen and so on) and water in the environment and diversity specially is important in that these cycles require numerous interacting species. Biodiversity in the term popularized by the scientist “Edward Wilson” to describe the combined diversity at all the levels of biological organizations.

Thus biodiversity includes genetic variation within species, the variety of species in an area and the variety of habitat types within a landscape.

Importance of BiodiversityThe natural environment is the source of all our resources for life.Complex ecosystems with a wide variety of plants and animals tend to be more stable.A highly diverse ecosystem is a sign of a healthy system. Since all the living world relies on the natural environment, especially us, it is in our best interests and the interests of future generations to conserve biodiversity and our resources.The benefits provide:-

Generation of soils Maintenance of soil, water, air quality. Pest control Crop Production Pollination Detoxification and decomposition of wastes Climate stabilization Prevention and mitigation of natural disasters Provision of food security, healthcare Income generation Spiritual and cultural value

The biodiversity put forward the values which is as the base that we can’t ignore it.

a) Ethical & Moral Values.b) Aesthetic Value.c) Utilitarian Valued) Ecological Value.

Among all of these ecological value meant much for us. As we live in an ecosystems and of a particular area the various changes of ecology has a great influence upon us.“Alexander Von Humboldt” observed that within a region species richness increased with increasing explored are, but only up to a limit.If the species-area relationship of biodiversity put forward in a graphical way then the relation between species richness and are for wide variety of taxa turns out to be a rectangular hyperbola which meant to be great extent.

Conservation of BiodiversityKhoshoo (1993) summarizes different options available for conservation of Bio-diversity. Both in-situ (onsite) and ex-situ (off site) means of conservation are equally important and to be considered complementary to each other.

i. In-Situ Conservation :-

Faced with the conflict between development and conservation, many nations find it unrealistic and economically not feasible to conserve all their biological wealth.

But considering some species as endangered, they identified for maximum protection certain (bio diversity hotspots) regions with very high level of species richness and high degree of “Endemism”.

Totally 34 biodiversity hotspots are identified all over the world. In India also 14 biosphere reserves, 90 national parks and 448 wildlife sanctuaries.

In many cultures of people tracts of forests were set aside and all the trees and wildlife within were venerated and given total protection. Such sacred grooves are found in many of the hilly regions of India.

ii. Ex-Situ Conservation :-

Maintenance of ex-situ populations of plants is carried out by a number of institutions including botanical gardens, forestry research institutes and agricultural research centers.

They mainly use three methods:-

Field gene Banks Seed Banks In vitro Storage

But there are also many strategies taken by Indian Govt. for this process. Collection, identification and documentation of folder/pasture and other associated species in the ecosystem. Eco-geographical survey of gene pool of crops and related species. Investigate techno-economic capabilities of inhabitants on biodiversity conservation.

LocalityI have studied and identified various plants and do this project work at my own village area. My native place is situated at Jaleswarpur village of Balasore district. I did the work at the north-East side of my village.Geographically this place is in 20.56 latitude and 87.02 in longitude. 78% of total annual rainfall occurring here. Climate is moderate hot but high humidity. It is at the northern most part of Odisha nearer to Bay of Bengal, so the sea impact on the vegetation and climate. Soil is alluvial and sandy which provide a contractive infrastructure of various plants. Biodiversity of plant is well here several of plants available despite of the size.I identified the species as many as I could and perceived a very well data for the biodiversity present here.

MethodologyThis project work is conducted by me in several ways and methods.

First of all I search an open type jungle or field where biodiversity of plant may countable.

Materials Used - Scissor Internet

Blade Books

Paper Marker

Camera

Collection of herbs and shrub twigs by hand plucking method.

The collected twigs placed on a white sheet of paper and take the photograph.

Photograph of the big plants are taken directly from the base.

Then identification of each specific plants by the help of flora book.

After knowing the name of genus, species and family of each specific plant they would be counted in number.

In the table-1 mention their identification and in the table-2 mention of their frequency will be plotted.

From the tabulation of frequency the least and best no. of plant would come to know.

So, in this particular biodiversity the least no. of plant should be taken care of and help to grow.

Tabulation:-

Table 1:-FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME REMARKS

Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana Wild Variety

Apiaceae Centella asiatica Remedy for skin disease, jaundice gonorrhea etc.

Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum As a condiment, seeds are used in dysentery &

chronic diarrhoeaLamiaceae Ocimum sanctum Used in malaria, chronic

fever, dysenteryAsteraceae Ageratum conyzoides Wild varietyPedaliaceae Martynia annua Wild variety

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Leaves used as foodEuphorbiaceae Croton sparsiflorus Wild varietyNyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa Ornamental plant

Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessitis Wild varietyAmaranthaciae Amaranthus viridus Leaves used as foodCommelinaceae Commelina benghalensis Wild Variety

Acanthaceae Hygrophila auriculata Wild varietyFabaceae Clitoria ternate Wild variety

Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata Used in coughConvolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa Wild varietyCucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis Fruits used as

vegetablesEuphobiaceae Euphorbia hirta Wild varietyEuphorbiaceae Acalypha indica Wild varietyNyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa Wild varietyApocyanaceae Rouvalfia serpentine Much valued for

antidote for bites of reptiles & insects

FAMILY BOTANICAL NAME REMARKSSolanaceae Solanum xanthocarpum Used for cough, fever,

asthma, flatulence &

heart diseasePoaceae Cyperus rotundus Wild variety

Polygonaceae Antigonom leptopus Wild varietyBoraginaceae Heliotropium indicum Wild variety

Amaranthaceae Achyranthus aspera Used for piles, colic boils, cough % fever

Verloenacea Lantana camera Wild varietyAsteraceae Tridax procumbers Medicinal plant

Caesalpiniaceae Cassia occidentalis Wild varietyEuphorbiaceae Phyllanthus fraternus Wild varietyMimosaceae Mimosa pudica Wild varietyCapparaceae Cleum viscosa Wild variety

Asclepiadaceae Calotropis gigantica Seed used for stuffing purpose

Lamiaceae Leucas aspera Wild varietyAcanthaceae Andrographis paniculata Used for bronchitis,

dyspepsia, dysentery, influenza etc.

Poaceae Cynodon dactylan Worshiping plantAnnacardiaceae Mangifera indica Delicious fruit with Vit- A

& CPalmae Cocos nucifera Liquid for laxative &

diuretic, nut & oil edibleMoraceae Artocarpus heterophyllis Fruits & seeds as

vegetable also eaten ripe

Rubiaceae Anthocephalus cadamba Ornamental plantLauraceae Cinnamomum tamala Used as condiment and

added in curriesMagnoliaceae Michellia champaka Fragrant flowers, oil,

perfumes

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica Leaves juice for intestinal worms

jaundice, skin diseasePinaceae Cedrus deodera Timber yielding plant

Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis Seeds are oily and economic value

Moraceae Ficus benghalensis Wild variety

Table 2:-

Sl.no Scientific Name (alphabetically) No.of plants

Frequency

1 Acalypha indica 26 4.172 Achryranthus aspera 25 4.013 Ageratum conyzoides 27 4.334 Alternanthera sessitis 32 5.135 Amaranthus spinosus 14 2.246 Amaranthus viridus 21 3.367 Andrographis paniculata 15 2.408 Anthocephalus cadamba 2 0.329 Antigonom leptopus 8 1.28

10 Argemone mexicana 3 0.4811 Artocarpus heterophyllus 4 0.6412 Azadirachta indica 4 0.6413 Boerhavia diffusa 14 2.2414 Calotropis gigentia 7 1.1215 Cassia occidentalis 9 1.4416 Cedrus deodera 8 1.2817 Centella asiatica 22 3.5318 Cinnamomum tamala 3 0.4819 Cleum viscosa 21 3.3620 Clitoria ternatea 10 1.6021 Eocos nucifera 14 2.2422 Eoccinia grandis 7 1.1223 Commelina benghalensis 8 1.2824 Croton sparsiflorus 29 4.6525 Cuscuta reflexa 15 2.4026 Cynodon dactylon 37 5.9327 Cyperus rotundus 22 3.5328 Euphorbia hirta 6 0.96

29 Ficus benghalensis 2 0.3230 Hygrophila auriculata 4 0.6431 Heliotropium indicum 17 2.7232 Lantana camera 8 1.2833 Leucas aspera 6 0.9634 Mangifera indica 6 0.9635 Martynia annua 11 1.7636 Michelia champaka 5 0.8037 Mimosa pudica 14 2.2438 Mirabilis jalapa 17 2.7239 Ocimum basilicum 8 1.2840 Ocimum sanctum 13 2.0841 Oxalis carniculata 32 5.1342 Phyllanthus fraternus 12 1.9243 Rauvolfia serpentiana 4 0.6444 Ricinus communis 12 1.9045 Solanum xanthocarpum 17 2.7246 Tridax procumbers 23 3.69

Result:-I have identified 46 species, mostly of them are Euphorbiaceae, Amaranthacea and Asteraceae Family.

Summary & Discussion

Since life originated on earth nearly 3.8 billion years ago, there had been enormous diversification of life forms on earth. Biodiversity refers to the sum total of diversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels and conservation efforts area aimed at protecting diversity at all these levels.It is believed that communities with high diversity tend to be less variable, more productive and more resistant to biological invasions. The causes of high extinction rates at present include habitat loss and fragmentation, over-exploitation, biological invasion and co-extensions.Biodiversity conservation may be in-situ as well as ex-situ. Earth’s rich biodiversity is vital for the very survival of mankind. The reasons for conserving bio-diversity narrowly, utilitarian, broadly utilitarian and ethical. But it must be so that it can pass bitterly to our next generations.

Conclusion

So that from the above study we must ensure and be attentive for the endangered and extinct plant species. Plant frequency of less than 0.1% selected for conservation.

Reference

BIODIVERSITY & CONSERVATION(NCERT BIOLOGY: CHAPTER 15)BIODIVERSITY OF INDIA

(EXHIBITION REPORT BY DR.K.VENKATRAMANA)BIODIVERSITY – USE & CONSERVATION

(R.P. SINGH & J.P. SINGH;2011)ETHNOBOTANY IN INDIA – A STATUS REPORT

(MINISTRY OF ENV. & FOREST, GOVT. OF INDIA;1994) BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

(THEELA M. MUTIA; NAIROBI KENIA, UNU-GIP;NOV-22,2009)

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY(DR. NITASHA MALHOTRA, ASSOCIATE PROF. KAMALA NEHERU COLLEGE, UNIVERSITIY OF DELHI)

NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION PLAN(GOVT. OF INDIA; AUGUST 2007)