plant-animal interactions co-evolution? herbivory plant defense pollination seed dispersal...
TRANSCRIPT
Plant-animal interactions• Co-evolution?• Herbivory• Plant defense• Pollination
• Seed dispersal• Interactions across
the life cycle• Conservation:
butterflies/host plants
Photos: Ricklefs (Economy of Nature), Bradshaw & Schemske, Kalko, http://www.inriodulce.com/links/ants.html
https://www.google.com/search?q=zoochory&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=xpFGUcjeEo662gWWz4DwBA&sqi=2&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1110&bih=557#hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&tbm=isch&q=endozoochory&spell=1&sa=X&ei=QJJGUaveKamU2QXro4G4DQ&ved=0CEwQBSgA&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.43828540,d.b2I&fp=b5c2b1bea7968c7&biw=1110&bih=557&imgrc=71BDdlR5LHfVKM%3A%3BE-4GdKbjzVx_JM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fcontent.answcdn.com%252Fmain%252Fcontent%252Fimg%252Fwiley%252Fvisualfood%252F15_FruitsTropicaux%252F40905-Durian.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.answers.com%252Ftopic%252Fdurian%3B418%3B500
http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_4_seeds_fruits/images/berry_kiwi.jpg
http://xtine23.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/passion-fruit-seeds.jpg
http://activerain.com/blogsview/372556/ar-authentication-words-what-do-they-mean-
http://store.mancor.org/pomegranate-seeds-or-fruits-antioxidants-for-cancer-prostrate-heart-attacks.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant
http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=rkqrkrakstp&logNo=60101838355&redirect=Dlog&widgetTypeCall=true
http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/seed-swallower/
http://freeimagescollection.com/fruits/papaya-fruit-and-seeds.php
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5886553_life-cycle-plant-fertilization-flower.html
TODAY: Seed dispersal
• Definitions and issues– Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores– Dispersal Syndromes
• Abiotic• Biotic
– Coevolution?– Dispersal Kernels
• Seeds -> Seedlings
• Example
SEEDS, FRUITS, DIASPORES
http://greenanswers.com/q/228460/forests-trees-plants/plants/how-do-plants-reproduce
•Seeds : from ovules
•Fruits : from ovaries
•Diaspores : dispersal units
CLASSIC REFERENCES• Sernander 1927, Ulbrich 1928
• Ridley 1930The Dispersal of Plants
Throughout the World (700 pp)
• van der Pijl 1969Principles of Dispersal
in Higher Plants (153 pp)
Archidendron vaillantii
http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an67311471
DISPERSAL SYNDROMES(van der Pijl 1969)
Biotic
• Saurochory: reptiles• Epizoochory: animals• Ornithochory: birds
(plus mimetic deceit)
• Dyszoochory: mammals(scatter hoarding)
• Endozoochory: mammals(accidental vs intentional)
• Chiropterochory: bats• Myrmecochory: ants• Piscichory?: fishes
Abiotic
• Anemochory: wind• Hydrochory: water• Autochory: ballistics +• Barochory: gravity
DISPERSAL SYNDROMES(van der Pijl 1969)
• Saurochory: reptiles• Epizoochory: animals• Ornithochory: birds
(plus mimetic deceit)
• Dyszoochory: mammals(scatter hoarding)
• Endozoochory: mammals(accidental vs intentional)
• Chiropterochory: bats• Myrmecochory: ants• Piscichory?: fishes
• color, odor, ground-level, hard skin, ancient• waterfowl: hard seeds in mud
others: barbed, spiny, viscid, burrs• signaling color, protections against
premature consumption & digestion, odorless, sugar or oil, no hard rind (birds do not have teeth), seeds exposed in/dangling from fruit
• hard capsules or hard seeds• accidental: small, swallowed with
vegetation• intentional: color not needed, toxins
against premature consumption & digestion, signaling odor, sugar or oil, hard rind OK (do have teeth), large seeds, presentation varies by animal group
• drab color, musty odor, large seeds, strongly attached, exposed outside foliage
• white oil-bearing elaiosome , dark hard seed, scattered in leaf litter, recent
• amazonian flood plain forests
CO-EVOLUTION?
• Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits?
• Do plants select on animal traits?
• Extinct dispersers?
Silva et al. 2007, Ch 26 in Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World
Fruit-frugivore network in Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Parque Estadual Intervales)
CO-EVOLUTION?
• Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits?
• Do plants select on animal traits?
• Extinct dispersers?Loiselle et al. 2007, Ch 8 in
Seed Dispersal: Theory and its Application in a Changing World
No. of plant species in the diets of manakins in 2 tropical rainforests
CO-EVOLUTION?
• Syndromes as evidence that animals select on plant traits?
• Do plants select on animal traits?
• Extinct dispersers?
Keystone plant species:
Figs?
DISPERSAL KERNELS(probability of moving a certain distance during one time
unit)• Seed shadow • Does it
depend upon dispersing animal?
• Community context
• Community consequence
0 20 40 60 80 100 1200
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4x 10-3
Pro
ba
bili
ty d
en
sity
Distance from source, m
compositecatbird-dispersedraccoon-dispersedrobin-dispersed
“Shoebutton Ardisia” in S. FloridaHorvitz, Koop &Erickson, unpublished
Rate of spread, m/yr3.9
11.417.934.721.6
Constant composite (ignore disperser structure)Constant disperser structured (many catbirds, no robins, few raccoons)Constant disperser structured (no robins, shift from catbird to raccoon)Constant disperser structured (shift from catbirds to robins, few raccoons)Time varying disperser structured (occassional robins)
Model
DISPERSAL KERNELS(probability of moving a certain distance during one time
unit)• Seed shadow • Does it
depend upon dispersing animal?
• Community context
• Community consequence
Dispruption by exotic animal speciesFrom Fenner & Thompson 2005, Seed Dispersal
DISPERSAL KERNELS(probability of moving a certain distance during one time
unit)• Seed shadow • Does it
depend upon dispersing animal?
• Community context
• Community consequence
Janzen-Connell: recruitment “niches”From Ricklefs , Economy of Nature
• Intense enemies under mothers• Offspring need to escape • Suitable recruitment sites away from
mom (and others of same species)
TODAY: Seed dispersal
• Definitions and issues– Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores– Dispersal Syndromes
• Abiotic• Biotic
– Coevolution?– Dispersal Kernels
• Seeds -> Seedlings
• Example
The comparative
life histories of ant- and bird-
dispersed Marantaceae
Costa RicaCosta Rica
Lowland neotropical wet forest
Dispersal biology:A set number of seeds
(no. typically available to dispersers)
was observed during 90 minutes• ant-seed
interactions • in the leaf-litter• during 524 trials• total of 1440
seeds
• bird-seed interactions
• on the plants • during 495 trials • total of 2279 seeds
Pleiostachya pruinosa
Calathea lasiostachya
Calathea marantifolia
Calathea inocephala
Bird-dispersed species…Bird-dispersed species…
Calathea lutea
Mionectes oleagineus
0
10
20
30
40
50
Mio
necte
s ole
agin
eus
Clara
vis
pretio
sa
Pipra
cor
onata
Man
acus
candei
Cyanoco
mps
a cy
anoid
es
Arrem
onops co
nirost
ris
Ramphoce
lus
passer
inii
Pipra
menta
lis
Habia
fusci
cauda
Mitr
ospin
gus c
assi
nii
other
% o
f b
ird
-see
d in
tera
ctio
ns
Corcovado (N = 516), H' = 1.50, 13 spp
La Selva (N = 390), H' = 1.92, 11 spp
Photo by D. Graham
(Horvitz, C.C., M. A. Pizo, B. Bello y Bello, J. LeCorff and R. Dirzo, 2002)
Good and bad birdsGulpers Mashers
Calathea lutea
-10 0 10 200
20
40 La Selva Emberizidae
-10 0 10 200
20
40 Pipridae
No.
of
seed
s
-10 0 10 200
20
40 Tyrannidae
-10 0 10 200
20
40 undispersed
Distance, m
-10 0 10 200
5
10Corcovado
Emberizidae
-10 0 10 200
50
100 Pipridae
-10 0 10 200
100
200 Tyrannidae
-10 0 10 200
500
1000 undispersed
Seed shadows of C. lutea differ by bird taxa
Calathea ovandensis
Calathea micans
Calathea cleistantha
Ant-dispersed speciesAnt-dispersed species
0
5
10
15
20
25
Aphae
noga
ster
ara
neoi
des
Ectat
omm
a gib
bum
Pachy
cond
yla o
bscu
ricor
nis
Solen
opsis
sp.
Ectat
omm
a ru
idum
Pachy
cond
yla a
picali
s
Pachy
cond
yla h
arpa
x
Pheido
le sp
. 2
Odo
ntom
achu
s ba
uri
Pheido
le sp
. 3
Odo
ntom
achu
s lat
iceps
Odo
ntom
achu
s sp
.
Odo
ntom
achu
s er
ythro
ceph
alus
Pheido
le a
jax
Atta ce
phalo
tes
Pheido
le sp
. 1
Pachy
cond
yla co
nstri
cta
Pheido
le sp
. 4
Wasm
annia
auro
punc
tata
Eciton
sp.
othe
r
% o
f a
nt-
se
ed
inte
rac
tio
ns Corcovado (N = 206), H' = 2.76, 24 spp
La Selva (N = 453), H' = 2.56, 26 spp
Aphaenogaster araneoides
Photo by H. Kennedy
(Horvitz, C.C., M. A. Pizo, B. Bello y Bello, J. LeCorff and R. Dirzo. 2002)
Good and bad antsPick-up and remove seeds Take aril bits, but leave seed
Odontomachus Solenopsis
cleistantha
Calathea cleistantha
-200 0 200 400 600 800 10000
10
20 La Selva Aphaenogaster
-200 0 200 400 600 800 10000
5
10Pachycondyla apicalis
No.
of se
eds
-200 0 200 400 600 800 10000
10
20Pachycondyla harpax
-200 0 200 400 600 800 10000
10
20Pheidole spp and Wasmannia
Distance, cm
Seed shadows of C. cleistantha differ by ant taxa
An hypothesis: ant-dispersed species are less gap-dependent
than bird-dispersed species
TODAY: Seed dispersal
• Definitions and issues– Seeds, Fruits, Diaspores– Dispersal Syndromes
• Abiotic• Biotic
– Coevolution?– Dispersal Kernels
• Seeds -> SeedlingsA chimpanzee giving into the temptation to eat a fig
in Kibale, as chimpanzees do very often. Photo credit: Alaine Houle
http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/2012/08/02/how-to-eat-like-a-chimpanzee/