plant anatomy and physiology
DESCRIPTION
Plant Anatomy and Physiology. Just the Concepts. Plant Classification. Explain s ystems used to c lassify plants; Compare and contrast the hierarchical classification of agricultural plants; and Classify plants according to life cycles, plant use, and status as monocot or dicot. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Plant Anatomy and Physiology
Just the Concepts
PLANT CLASSIFICATION
Objectives
• Explain systems used to classify plants;• Compare and contrast the hierarchical classification of
agricultural plants; and • Classify plants according to life cycles, plant use, and
status as monocot or dicot.
Classification Systems
• What are some ways that we could classify plants?• • • • •
Classification Systems
• Taxonomy: the science of classification• To classify into ordered categories
Classification Systems
• Why Classify?• Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)• Swedish botanist / physician that
collected plants for their curative properties needed to organize his collection.
• Contributed to the development of our modern system of taxonomy.
• Developed binomial nomenclature, a two-word naming system still used today. Carl
Classification Systems
• Botanical Classification• D K P C O F G S• Domain• Kingdom• Phylum• Class• Order• Family• Genus• Species
Classification Systems
Classification Systems
• Mode of Reproduction• Sexual• Develop from a seed or spore after the union of male and
female gametes• Gametes: Sex cells
• Asexual• Reproduce by vegetative means without sexual gametes
Classification Systems
• Mode of Pollination• Naturally self-pollinated• Pollen and embryo sac are produced in the same floral
structure or different flowers on the same plant• Naturally cross-pollinated• Pollen transferred from one flower to another flower of a
different plant• Both self- and cross-pollinated• Largely self-pollinated, but a some cross-pollination will occur
Classification Systems
• Life Cycle• Annual• Plants germinate, grow, flower, produce seed, and die all in one
season• Biennial• Requires two growing seasons to complete its life cycle• The first accumulating food reserves; the second producing
reproductive parts• Perennial• Plant that lives indefinitely; produces seeds year after year
Classification Systems
• Growth Habit• Herbs• Succulent plants with self-supporting stems
• Vines• Herbaceous climbing, or twining plants without self-supporting stems
• Lianas• Woody climbing or twining plants that require other plants for vertical support
• Shrubs• Small tree-like plants generally less than 15 feet tall; produce several trunks
from the base• Trees• Plants with continuous growth and a large development of woody tissue; single,
distinct stem; more than 15 feet tall
Classification Systems
• Leaf Retention• Evergreen• Maintain their leaves throughout the year
• Deciduous• Naturally shed their leaves annually for extended periods
Classification Systems
• Ecological Adaptation or Habitat• Epiphyte
• Grow above ground on another plant for vertical support; not a parasite• Halophyte
• Can grow in high salt conditions• Hydrophyte (Aquatic)
• Grow in water or in waterlogged soil• Lithophyte
• Grow in rocks or rocky terrain• Mesophyte
• Adapted to growing in moderate conditions (most of the plants that we know)• Parasite
• Grows on another plant and takes its nourishment from that plant• Saprophyte
• Grow in decaying matter and have no green tissue• Sciophyte
• Adapted to low light conditions• Terrestrial
• Grows on land with roots under ground absorbing water and a shoot above ground (most of the plants that we know
• Xerophyte• Adapted to grow in areas with little or no water
Classification Systems
• Flowering vs. Non-Flowering• Flowering plants produce seeds
• Seed Parts (Cotyledons)• Monocot• Dicot
Classification Systems
• Monocot• Embryo with one Cotyledon• Pollen with one furrow or pore• Flower parts in multiples of three• Major leaf veins are parallel• Vascular bundles are scattered in the stem• Roots are adventitious
• Dicot• Embryo with two cotyledons• Pollen with three furrows or pores• Flower parts in multiples of four or five• Major leaf veins are netted• Vascular bindles are a ring in the stem• Roots develop from a radicle
Agricultural Classification
• Crops vs. Weeds• Crop• A useful plant grown for a specific purpose• Used by humans directly or indirectly, raw or processed• Intentionally grown and managed
• Weed• Any plant growing where it is not wanted• Competes with the intended plant for space, light, nutrients,
and water
Agricultural Classification
• Agronomic Crops vs. Horticultural Crops• Agronomic (Field Crops)• Mostly annual, herbaceous plants grown under extensive or
large-scale culture• Usually dried and processed prior to use
• Horticulture crops• Annual and perennial plants grown under intensive culture• Intensive: large input of capitol, labor, and technology per acre
• High moisture content, spoil quickly• Used for food, medicine, beauty
Agricultural Classification
• Could some plants be classified in several groups?
• Which ones?
Agricultural Classification
• We have got to have some order• We base most classifications on Primary Use rather than
on the other minor uses
Agricultural Classification
Food Crops
Non-Food Crops
Staple Crops
Grain Crops
Legume Seed Crops
Root & Tuber Crops
Oil Seed Crops
Sugar Crops
Beverage Crops
Rubber Crops
Latex & Gum Crops
Dye & Tannin Crops
Fiber Crops
Pasture & Forage Crops
Biofuel Crops
Olericulture Crops
Spice Crops
Essential Oil Crops
Ornamental Crops
Biocidal CropsIndustrial Crops
Plantation Crops