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Geospatial Technologies, Ecological Footprint
Analysis, Environmental Impact Assessment and
Development Path Analysis
Planning Tools for
Sustainable Environment
December 2016
Sustainable Development
= sustain (for present) + able to sustain (for future generations)
Sus. Dev.
Low-Carbon Resilient
BCPBottom-up / Community
based
Green
http://www.businessinsider.my/
Land use, land cover, land use changes future planning mitigation management of urban resources (land, water, transportation, food, recreation, etc.)
Land use, land cover, land use changes future planning mitigation/alert decision makers
Enforcement/border patrol/identify potential, suitable areas remotely
Ecological FootprintAnalysis
An overview
http://planningguidance.communities.gov.uk/blog/guidance/environmental-impact-assessment/
Globalization
Increase energy consumption
Non-renewable source
Increase CO2 emission (80% of energy consumption)
Global warming issueClimate change (extreme, unpredictable, negative impacts
to our cities, livelihood and environment)
“bangau oh bangau”
Renewable source
(Household) consumption ofelectricity, domestic watersupply, cooking gas and use ofvehicle
Low Carbon Initiatives for Cities
(+transportation, etc.)
Passive design
Energy efficient
Renewable energy + renewable tech
Natural resources are an essential
component of a sustainable future.
The Ecological Footprint, which
assesses humanity’s pressure on
natural resources and situates
consumption levels within the Earth’s
ecological limits.
EF is widely recognized as an excellent
measure of environmental sustainability
and is used by governments and
institutions worldwide.
The Ecological Footprint is a resource
accounting metric that answers the
research question, “how much of the
regenerative capacity of our planet
do we use?”
……….by quantifying the demand that
human consumption and waste
generation place on the biosphere.
The measure of biocapacity
complements the Ecological Footprint,
and tracks how much natural
productive capacity is available to meet
demand.
These two measures, taken together, provide a partial ecological balance
sheet for the world.
Footprint > Biocapacity = humanity is using more than can be
regenerated, and therefore must be drawing down the standing stock of
resources or causing an accumulation of wastes that must be processed by
the biosphere.
Climate change is an example of the effect of exceeding the waste
assimilation capacity of our global ecosystems.
The Ecological Footprint and biocapacity are measured in global hectares,
an area that is weighted according to the average productivity of biologically
productive land and water in a given year to make different land-use types
comparable at the global scale.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
An overview
http://planningguidance.communities.gov.uk/blog/guidance/environmental-impact-assessment/
An EIA may be defined as: “a formal process to predict
the environmental consequences of human
development activities and to plan appropriate
measures to eliminate or reduce adverse effects and to
augment positive effects.”
EIA has three main functions:
1. to predict the problems,
2. to find ways to avoid them
(i.e. the problems)
3. to enhance positive effects.
http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf
“EIA adalah suatu kajian bagi mengenalpasti, meramal, dan menghuraikan akan kebaikan dan keburukan
sesuatu cadangan projek pembangunan. Kajian ini perluada hubungan komunikasi antara pihak-pihak
berkepentingan iaitu masyarakat setempat, pemaju danpihak berkuasa”
United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)
EIA has three main functions:
1. to predict the problems,
2. to find ways to avoid them (i.e.
the problems)
3. to enhance positive effects.
http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf
Purpose of EIA
is to protect the environment
by ensuring that a local
planning authority is given the
full knowledge of the likely
significant effects of the
proposed project (make
informed decisions/before
planning permission)
to ensure that the public are given early
and effective opportunities to participate in
the decision making procedures
EIA should not be a barrier to growth +
will only apply to a small proportion of
projects considered within the town and
country planning regime. Local planning
authorities have a well established general
responsibility to consider the environmental
implications of developments which are
subject to planning control.
Screening
• proposed project falls within the remit of the regulations
• likely to have a significant effect on the environment therefore requires an assessment.
• determining the extent of issues to be considered in the assessment and reported in the Environmental Statement.
• applicant can ask the local planning authority for their opinion on what information needs to be includedScoping
• compile the information reasonably required to assess the likely significant environmental effects of the development.
• public authorities must make available any relevant environmental information in their possession “envistatement”
Preparing
5 Stages of EIA
• The Envi Statement (and the application) must be publicised.
• The statutory ‘Consultation Bodies’ and the public must be given an opportunity to give their views about the proposed development and the Environmental Statement.
Apply &
Publicity
• local planning authority and/or the Secretary of State in deciding whether or not to give consent for the development based on analysis and report
• public must be informed of the decision and the main reasons for it.
Decision
Making
Seksyen 34A(1) Akta Kualiti Alam Sekeliling, 1974 (Akta 127) – Pindaan 1985
• Perintah kualiti Alam Sekeliling (Aktiviti yang ditetapkan) (Penilaian Kesan
Kepada Alam Sekeliling) 1987
• Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact
Assessment) Order 1987
EIA and Legislation
Kesalahan akan didenda tidak melebihi RM100,000 ataupenjara tidak melebihi 5 tahun atau kedua-duanya sekali
http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf
• EIA commissioned on 1st April 1998
• EIA is a very important planning tool:-
1. To prevent environmental problems
resulted from development activities
2. To overcome any costly mistakes
during project implementation
http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf
Activities that require EIA
http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf
Activities that require EIA
(according to size of
project)
http://www.ukm.my/zuhairi/Pengajaran/intranet/stag3072/lecture_notes/L13_STAG3072_EIA.pdf
1. Manipulation of EIA requirements and needs
depending on the size of project (by phases?)
2. EIA is a report submitted to DOE, but paid by
developer to EIA consultant for the use of the
developer (client?)
3. EIA was granted after project already being
carried out/commenced
4. Duplication in nature (template)?
EIA – Something to think about……
Development Path Analysis (DPA)An overview
http://www.jobsandgrowthni.gov.uk/downloads/guidance_note_no_12__development_path_analysis_-_1st_revision_june_10.pdf
Development Path Analysis (DPA)
DPA is based on an assumption that
certain patterns of development, or
“development paths,” are more
environmentally sustainable than others
and that regions have choices about
which path to pursue.
The tool recognises six development
paths.
Path A: Actions that promote
activities that simply meet
environmental regulations.
Path B: Actions that clean up
the mess from past activities or
actions that promotes physical
regeneration.
Path C: Actions that put in
place environmental
infrastructure to reduce the
negative environmental impact
of development activities.
Path D: Actions that help organisations to
meet increasing environmental standards.
Path E: Actions that improve the resource
efficiency (“eco-efficiency”) of existing
activities.
**Path F: Actions that support, as well as
encourage, new types of activity or
behaviour using fewer environmental
resources, or producing less pollution, than
existing activities in the area.
Path A Path F
Objective:
to help shift activity away from Path A and
toward activity under Path F.
Path A is activity that simply meets minimum
environmental regulations and, therefore, makes a
minimal contribution to environmental
sustainability.
Path F makes a significant contribution; it is
activity that pursues environmental protection at
the same time as it pursues economic and social
development.
The paths in between are paths that mitigate the
impact of existing activity in some way.
Path A: Actions that promote
activities that simply meet
environmental regulations.
Path F: Actions that support, as
well as encourage, new types of
activity or behaviour using fewer
environmental resources, or
producing less pollution, than
existing activities in the area.
Development Path
Project A Funding A
Profile of overall
amount of funding
for each path
Project B Funding B
Project C Funding C
Project D Funding D
Path A:
Actions that promote activities that simply meet environmental regulations.
Assessment criteria:
1. Projects that just meet the minimum
environmental regulations;
2. Projects that result in “business as usual” with no
improved environmental features;
3. Training that does not incorporate energy
efficiency or waste reduction measures; and
4. Supporting business growth without insisting on
the incorporation of a degree of energy
efficiency or waste reduction measures.
If YES, then a Path A project
If NO, move to Path B
EXAMPLES to help decide if it is a Path B project:
Regeneration of a run down disadvantaged urban/rural
area/locality;
Re-establishment of a fishery on a contaminated river;
Collecting and recycling of “waste materials;”
Planting indigenous trees in deforested areas; and
Training which includes project work to clean up run down
areas’
If YES then a Path B project
If NO, move to Path C
Path B:
Actions that clean up the mess from past activities or actions that promotes
physical regeneration.
EXAMPLES to help decide if it is a Path F project:
Environmental research projects, e.g.investigations on other forms of renewableenergy; and
Using renewable sources of energy only
Path F:
Actions that support, as well as encourage, new types of activity or behaviour
using fewer environmental resources, or producing less pollution, than
existing activities in the area.
If YES, then a Path F project
If NO, start at Path A again and gothrough the Path descriptions, includingthose in the specific Programme, todecide on the most appropriate path
When applications are received, assign each project into path A, B, C, D, E or F using
the project categorisation form. Consider the DPA paths at the time of project
selection.
Each project should be given only one path, and this path must reflect the balance
of activities carried out under the project and their attendant environmental impacts.
Once selections have been made, enter the DPA paths for all projects into the
central monitoring database and file the project categorisation forms with the rest
of the project documentation.
Monitor your DPA results at priority level and consider whether the results are
satisfactory. If they are not, consider ways of adjusting the design of the priority
to attract more applications that correspond to the desired path(s).
Development Path Analysis (DPA) - Summary
Uncertainty
It may not always be clear which path is the most appropriate.
A project may be an activity that both puts in place environmental
infrastructure and encourages new forms of behaviour, for instance. Or a
project may have various stages or components that could be associated
with different paths.
Another complexity is knowing how much to expect from projects. It may
not be clear what degree of change in behaviour is needed to enable a
project to be categorised as Path F rather than Path A, or how much clean up
or efficiency is needed to merit being categorised as Path E or B.
Decide what “business as usual” is and how much change is reasonable to
expect at this stage
Assess and judge each path based kinds of activities and impacts
associated with a project, and use reasonable judgement + Consider both
direct and indirect impacts
Consult any sustainable development strategies for your organisation or
sector
Ensure consistency at least across your own measure, and record the
reason for your decision
Focus on the type of the activity rather than the scale
Some tips