ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN

Planning Standards

For

Urban Settlements in Bhutan

MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS URBAN DEVELOPMENT & HOUSING DIVISION

1999

Contact 1.0.0 Introduction 2.0.1 Health Facilities

2.1.0 Basic Health Unit 2.2.0 Dzongkhag/District Hospital 2.3.0 Regional Referral Hospital 2.4.0 National Referral Hospital

Education Nursery/Montessori School Primary School Junior High School High School Post High School Recreation Active Recreation Passive Recreation 5.0.0 Commence 5.1.0 Weekly Market 5.2.0 Main Town Commercial Center (Central Business District) 5.3.0 Neighborhood Commercial Area 5.4.0 Corner Shop 5.5.0 Fuel Stations 6.0.0 Industry 6.1.0 Forest Based Industries 6.2.0 Non Forest Based Industries 6.3.0 Service Industries 7.0.0 Urban Roads and Pedestrian Walkways 7.1.0 Urban Roads Hierarchy 7.2.0 Urban Roads – Planning Standards 7.3.0 Footpaths and Pedestrian Walkways Vehicular Parking Space 9.0.0 Bus/Taxi/Truck Park 10.0.0 Housing 11.0.0 Public Sanitary Sites 12.0.0 Protective Services 12.1.0 Fighting Facilities 12.2.0 Police Station

13.0.0. Post and Telecommunication 13.1.0. Post Office 13.2.0. Postal Agency 13.3.0. Telecommunication Facilities 14.0.0 Office Accommodation 15.0.0 Water 16.0.0 Electricity 17.0.0 Crematorium 18.0.0 Small Pet Clinic 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 The objective of providing planning standards applicable to all urban settlements

in Bhutan is to ensure that the provision and distribution services facilitate the following objectives :

i) Optimum use of community facilities and services within a defined area. ii) Convenient walking distance to social amenities within a catchment area iii) Protection of users, such as school going children, from major vehicular

traffic. iv) Provision and grouping of complimentary and related range of services

and facilities. v) Efficient use of financial resources;

1.2 In providing the following planning standards recognizance has been taken of the

fact that the country’s public transport system is not yet fully developed. Majority of the people, therefore, walk to most destinations.

1.3 Attention has, therefore, been given to the location of facilities that would in general be the most convenient walking distance to most users in identifiable catchment areas, where ever possible.

1.4 The populations of urban settlements vary widely from one area to another; from approximately 2500 persons to over 40,000 people. Provision has therefore been made for the minimum as well as the maximum requirements of urban facilities for the minimum as well as the maximum population of catchment area.

1.5 The following facilities and services are considered at various appropriate standards of provision :

1.6 The following facilities and services are considered at various appropriate

standards of provision : a) Health b) Education c) Recreation d) Commerce e) Industry f) Urban Roads and Pedestran Walkways

g) Bus/Taxi/Truck Parking h) Sanitary Space i) Housing j) Protective Service k) Post and Telecommunication l) Other Accommodation m) Water n) Electricity o) Crematorium p) Small pet Clinic

HEALTH FACILITIES Four levels of health facilities are identified These are :

1. Basic Health Units (BHUs).

- Grade I - Grade II - Grade III - Out Reach Clinics (ORCs).

2. Dzongkhag/District Hospital 3. Regional Referral Hospital 4. National Referral Hospital

2.1.0 BHUs; 2.1.1 Grade I;

i) Catchment population : Minimum of 5,000 people ii) Site size : 200 sqm to 800 sqm iii) Floor area : 170-230 sq.m and should include at

least one waiting room; one consultation room, One treatment room; one pharmacy; and two toilets.

iv) Minimum number of staff : 1 Medical Officer, 2 GNMs, 1 HA, 2

ANMs, 2 BHWS, 1 Lab. Technician, 2 ANs, 1 Dental Hygienist, 1 Driver, 1 Cook, 2 Sweepers, 1 Ward boy & 1 Caretaker.

v) No. of beds : 10 vi) General location : Centrally located with easy and

shortest access to a majority of the population and in the vicinity of other services.

2.1.2 Grade II;

i) Catchment population : 2000 – 5000 people ii) Site size : 500 – 600 sq.m iii) Floor area : 187 sq.meter iv) No. of beds : 5 observation beds

v) Minimum staff : 1 HA, 1ANM, 1 BHW & 1

Caretaker vi) General location : Sited in relation with other public

facilities where communities have tradition of gathering.

vii) Level of Services : Primary Health Care which includes casualty, diagnostic, emergency, preventive and also health education.

2.1.3 Grade III

i) Catchment population : 1000-2000 people ii) Site size : 400-500 sq.m iii) Floor area : 185 sq.meter iv) No. of beds : 5 observation beds v) Minimum staff : 1 HA or 1 BHW with a Caretaker vi) General location : Sited in relation with other public

facilities where communicates have tradition of gathering.

vii) Level of Services : Primary Health Care which includes casualty, diagnostic, emergency, preventive and also health education.

2.1.4 ORCs

i) Catchment population : 100-200 people ii) Site size : 300-400 sq.m iii) Floor area : 85 sq.meter iv) Minimum staff : clinic is conducted once or twice in a month from a near by BHU or Hospital. v) General Location : Sited centrally where the majority of population has an easy access. vi) Level of Services : Primary Health Care which includes

preventive, MCH, Immunisation and also health education.

2.2.0 Dzongkhag/District Hospital

i) Catchment population : 15,000-20,000 People ii) Site size : 3000-5000sq m iii) Floor area : 1700-2000Sq.meter (depends on the site) iv) No. of bed : 20-60 beds v) vi) General Location : Centrally located with easy and shortest

access to a majority of the population in the vicinity of other Services.

vii) Level of Services : Primary Health Care which includes emergency casualty, preventive and also health education and facilities for waste disposal.

2.3.0 Regional Referral Hospital

(i) Catchment population : 15,000-20,000 people and in addition serves as Referral to other hospitals around the region.

ii) Site size : 4ha (approx) iii) Floor area : iv) No. of bed : 100 beds v) Minimum Staff : 1 Superintendent, specialists,few GDMOs with other medical and support staff. vi) General Location : Site centrally where the majority of population has shortest distance in relation with other public facilities, dealing centers and offices and also in relation with other hospitals in and also around the region. vii) Level of Services : Referral services, Specialist services, Secondary health services and primary Health Care and facilities for clinical waste disposal.

2.4.0 National Referral Hospital i) Catchment population : Entire nation ii) Site size : iii) Floor area : iv) No. of beds : 300 beds

v) Minimum staff : 1 Superintendent, 1 Deputy Supt. Few GDMOs, Specialists, few Assistant Clinical Officers (ACOs) and other medical and support staff

vi) General Location : Capital city vii) Level of Services : Referral services, Specialist services,

Secondary and tertiary health services and Primary Health Care and facilities for clinical waste disposal.

TABLE 1: SUMMARY OF PLANNING STANDARDS FOR HEALTH FACILITIES

Facility Catchment Area

Catchment Population

Minimum No.of doctors/staff

Site Size General Location

Min.Level of Site services

Neighborhood/ Outreach Clinic

30 minutes walking Distance

2500-5000 3 PMS* 200-800sqm

Neighborhood centers

Water, Electricity& telephone

Basic Health Unit

30 minutes walking Distance

Up to 10,000

2 doctors 10 PMS

0.3-1 ha Centrally Located, good areas

-do-

Regional Hospital With region Maximum 1 Hour driving time

Up to 30.000

5 Doctors 25 PMS

0.5ha-2 ha Central in region

-do-

National Referral Hospital

Whole country

National 20 Doctors 100 PMS

4 ha-8 ha

Central in country

-do-

• PMS- Paramedical staff

3.0.0 EDUCATION Five levels of educational facilities are considered. These are: a) Nursery/Montessori School/ Community b) Primary Schools; c) Junior High Schools; d) High Schools; and e) Post High School.

3.1.0 Nursery/Montessori School/Community i) Age of childen : 3-6 years ii) Size of school : Maximum 100 pupils,(min 420sqm.Area) iii) Catchment population : 2,500-5,000 persons iv) Catchment area : immediate vicinity up to?? km radius. Roads crossings to be monitored. v) General location : Within a neighborhood in close proximity to

a primary school or within a community centre.

vi) Accessory equipment : A play area,education materials. vii) Basic services : Water, electricity, telephone.

3.2.0 Primary school

i) Age of children : 6-14 years ii) Size of school : 350-600 persons iii) Catchment population : 2,500-6,000 persons iv) Site size : 1-1.5 ha in built-up area. v) Accessory facilities : Playing field measuring from 0.5 ha to 0.75

ha in size and screened from adjoining streets.

vi) Radius served : Less than 20 minutes walking time or up to 1km walking distance.

Vii) General location : Nodal point in relation to its catchment area and adjacent to other community facilities like a nursery school. viii) Basic service : Water, electricity and telephone.

3.3.0 Junior High School. i) Age of pupils : 10-17 years ii) Optimum size of school : 350-600 students iii) No. of pupils per class : 25-35 pupils maximum iv) Average classroom size : Not less than 30m2 v) Catchment population : 2,500-7,500 persons vi) Site size : 2-3 Ha. In built up areas vii) Accessory facilities : Play field large enough to take Football, hockey, basketball, and Volleyball pitches; library, teachers Restroom, store, and a large assembly hall. viii) Radius served : Up to 5km radius.Maximum travel time of 30 minutes by school bus. ix) General location : Near concentration of dwelling unit or near centers of residential area. x) Service : Water, electricity, telephone and bus service.

3.4.0 High school. i) Age of pupils : 13-19 years ii) Optimum size of school : up to 350 students iii) Average classroom size : Not less than 30m2, not exceeding 60 m2 iv) No. of students per class : 15 minimum; 30 maximum v) Catchment area : The whole country where school has boarding facility. vi) Site size : 2-3 ha vii) Accessory facilities : Well equipped playing for a wide range of sporting activities, indoor recreation facilities, workshops, Science lab,library,staff quarter for minimum of 50%of staff on school campus. viii) General location : Closed to central urban area with easy access to major transportation network for easy access to its catchment area. ix) Services : Water,electricity,telephone and transport.

3.5.0 Post High School i) Age of pupils : Over 17 years ii) No.of students per school : 350 students minimum; maximum 600 Students. iii) Average classroom size : 30m2 minimum area;60m2 maximum area. iv) No. of students per classroom : 15 minimum; 35 maximum. v) Catchment area : The whole country. vi) Site size : Up to 6ha in built-up area vii) Accessory facilities : Well equipped playing field for wide range of sporting activities, indoor recreation facilities,science lab, workshops, library, boarding and lodging facilities, staff quarter, transport. viii) General location : Central location and in close proximity to an urban area with easy access to major transportation network to most part or the country. ix) Basic site services : Piped water, electricity and

telephone.

TABLE 2: SUMMARY OF PLANNING STANDARDS FOR SCHOOL.

facility Catchment population

Catchment Area

Site size No. of Pupils per class (max)

Classroom Size (Min)

General location

Nursery School

2500-5000 Upto 0.5 km 10,000sq ft

50 30 sqm Off main road

Primary School

2500-6000 Upto 1km 1 ha-1.5 ha

35 30 sqm Nodal point

Junior H. School

30,000 plus Upto 5km 2 ha-3 ha 35 30 sqm High Density area

High School

30,000 plus Upto 20 km for day School country for boarding

2 ha-3 ha 30 30 sqm- 60 sqm

Periphery areas

Post H. School

More than 700,000

Country Upto 6 ha 35 30sq 60 sqm

Periphery area

4.0.0 RECREATION

Recreational facilities include the following: i) Sport facilities such as for : (a) Indoor games (b)Field Sport. ii) Public Open Spaces such as : (a) Parks and Garden; (b) Central plaza(Urban Open space) (c) Children’s Playground

4.1.0 Active Recreation (a) Recreation Center

i) Catchment population : 5,000 to 30,000 people ii) Site size : 1.50 ha to 2.50 ha iii) Minimum facility : Swimming pool of 180 sqm in size, covered basketball court with spectator seats, large hall for table tennis and badminton and a Squash Court, toilet, washing room, Changing rooms and adequate

parking facilities. iv) Location : Within easy reach of catchment area v) Minimum services : Water and electricity. (b) Local Field/ Sport Facility

i) Catchment population : Up to 5,000 persons. ii) Site size : 0.5 ha per 1000 persons with minimum total area 2-2.5ha. iii) Facilities : Football field, archery, valley ball and lawn tennis courts. Minimum

20% of total area for parking facilities.

iv) Minimum site service : Water and electricity v) General location : Within easy reach of catchment area

and with good access to public transport.

(c) National Stadium Complex i) Catchment population : All of Bhutan ii) Site size : 30 to 40 ha iii) Facilities : To cater for both active and spectator participation in a wide range of sporting activities upto international level.These includes football field, at least two archery ranges, tennis, volleyball,netball and basketball court, athletic field, hockey field, Cycle track, gymnasium, spectator

stand for a minimum of 1500 people, press room, conference rooms, office, stores, restaurant, parking space for minimum of 300 vehicles,

changing rooms, shower, toilet, Telephone,water and electricity, emergency medical facility.

4.2.0 Passive Recreation Public Open space i) Catchment population : 2,500-20,000 ii) Site size : 0.5 ha per 1000 persons minimum or not less than 10% of a development a area iii) Site facilities : an adequate number of seating

facilities, appropriate locations drinking waters, lighting, garbagecan information kiosks, public toilet (preferably pay/use),publictelephone.

Central Plaza i) Catchment population : 2,500 persons ii) Site size : 0.2 ha to 0.5 ha iii) Site facilities : Adequate public seat at appropriate location, lighting, garbage cans, drinking water public telephone. iv) General location : In the central or the town with good access to public transport. Site could be in close proximity to main commercial area. Childen’s Playground

i) Catchment area : Immediate vicinity of residential area maximum of 10 minutes walking distance. ii) Catchment population : 2500-4000 people iii) Site size : 100sqm minimum iv) Site facilities : Swings, seesaws, sand pits as well as seats for supervising adults.

5.0.0 COMMERCE Three levels of making and shopping facilities are considered & these are:

(a) Weekly Market with regional and district influences; (b) Main town commercial center (Central Business District) (c) Neighborhood commercial centre.

Other retailing activities include: (d) Corner Shop (e) Fuel Station

5.1.0 Weekly Market

i) Catchment population : Upto 30,000 persons ii) Site size : 0.2 ha in development areas.20%- 50% extra space is needed for car parking. iii) Basic site facilities : Water, electricity, cold storage and other storage facilities. Should have iv) Location : Centrally located in relation to

catchment area. Location should have good access to major roads and should be in close proximity to public transport terminal.

5.2.0 Main Town Commercial Center (Central Business District)

i) Catchment population : population or the whole urban area and its peripheral influence area. ii) Basic site facilities : parking space of not less than 10%of total commercial space area, fire fighting facilities, telephone, water electricity, public toilets. iii) Shopping facilities : Large department stores, general merchandise and hardware stores, restaurants, hotels, a variety of service enterprises and various small shops and stores. iv) Location : Locations should have good access to major roads and also have close proximity to a public transport terminal, a post office and a police station.

5.3.0 Neighborhood Shopping Centre

i) catchment population : 2500-5000 persons ii) Plot size : Minimum of 240sqm iii) Commercial floor space : minimum of 10 sqm iv) Basic site facilities : Electricity, water and proximity to a postal agency, a police and a public toilet. v) Location : Close to other neighborhood

facilities such as a clinic and a nursery school. Site should have good vehicular access to a service road.

5.4.0 Corner Shop

i) Catchment population : Up to 2,500 persons

ii) Site size : 100sqm minimum iii) Facilities : Basic necessity/ essential items, postal agency, grocery. Sale of alcohol prohibited. Parking area for vehicles.

5.5.0 Fuel Station i) Catchment population : 2500 to 15,000person ii) Site size : 500 sqm minimum iii) Facilities : Electricity, fire-fighting equipment, telephone and storage facilities for petroleum products. iv) Location : Proximity to a major road intersection or along main roads. v) Safety measures : Petrol storage tank should be above ground & the minimum distance to nearest building should be 60 m with some fire precautions.

6.0.0 INDUSTRY Most of the industries in the urban areas small-scale manufacturing and service enterprises. These are further classified into:

(a) Forest based industries such as saw mills and furniture manufacturing, which Require large operational sites.

(b) Non-forest based industries such as pottery production, carpet weaving and battery reassembling that are generally cottage industries requiring less operational spaces.

(c) Service industries such as auto repair workshops which also require large operational sites. Forest Based Industries

i) Catchment area : The whole town and surrounding Settlements within a radius of 15kms ii) Site size per industry : minimum 1000 sqm iii) Site coverage : Not to exceed 50% of total plot area to ensure adequate parking, loading and turning space for large vehicles and bulk storage space. v) Location : Restricted to designated industrial area. Site should have access to good industrial service road. vi) Basic site facilities : Regular supply of water, electricity telephone, firefighting facilities, emergency medical facility.

Non-Forest Based Industries

i) Site size per industry : minimum 500 sqm ii) Site coverage : Should not exceed 50% of plot area to ensure adequate parking, loading & turning space for large vehicles and storage spaces. iii) Basic site facilities : Water, electricity, telephone Water,

electricity, telephone and manual firefighting equipment. iv) Location : Within designation light industrial area with access to industrial service road.

Service Industry

i) Catchment area : The whole urban area ii) Catchment population : 2500-15,000 persons iii) Site size : Minimum 500sqm iv) Site size : Not to exceed 50% of plot area v) Basic site facility : Water, electricity, telephone and firefighting equipment. Site should be fenced and screened in the case of auto repair workshops. vi) Location : Auto repair workshops should have

good access to industrial service road, facilities for safe disposal of waste, oil, wastewater, and other hazardous chemicals.

Small-scale service industries like laundry and electronic repair workshop could be located within Residential and commercial area if the land use schedule allows. There should, however, be enough parking space.

7.0.0 URBAN ROADS Urban Road Hierarchy These levels of urban roads are considered. These are:

(a) Primary Roads (b) Collector Roads (c) Access Road

Urban Roads-Planning Standards

(a) The level of all main roads entering all urban settlement with population exceeding 2500 people should not be below that of a primary road.

(b) The level of all roads linking district zones with population ranging from 2500 to 5000 in the urban area should not be below that of a collector road. Industrial plots should have at least an access to industrial collector roads.

(c) Within district zones or neighborhood in a settlement vehicular access to individual residential plots should be by access road.

TABLE 3 MINIMUM WIDTH OF URBAN ROADS AND FOOTPATHS Road Classification Design

Speed Carriage Way

Footpath paved

Road Reserve

Primary Road 40-50 (km/h)

6.60m (22’)

1.8 m (6’m)

12.0 m (40’)

Collector Road 30-40 (km/h)

5.40 m (18’)

1.20 m (4’)

10.00 m (33’)

Access Road 25-40 (km/h)

4.50m (15’)

1.20 m (4’)

8.0 m (26’)

Foot path 1.50m (5’)

3.0 m (10’)

** For additional information please refer urban road design manual, UD&HD”99 Footpaths (unpaved) and pedestrian walkways (paved) 7.3.1 Adequate space is to be provided along all main urban streets for use as Pedestrian walkways. Minimum widths are as indicated in Table 3. 7.3.2 Footpath of adequate widths are to be provided in case where distance

Between various lands uses are otherwise longer along vehicular roads.

7.3.3 Access to land uses inaccessible by vehicular traffic should be by footpath of adequate width.

8.0.0 VEHICULAR PARKING SPACE. 8.1.0 Parking facilities should be provided by a developer within the boundaries of a

Site, or at an agreed nearby location, for all public commercial, industrial and Residential developments in accordance with the following schedule

TABLE 4: Minimum Dimensions of parking spaces Passenger Car 2.0x6.0 m 2.3 x 4.5 3.2 x 4.2m Mini bus 2. 4 x 7. 0 m 2.6 x 6.0.m 3.5 x 6.0 m Lorry 3.0 x 9.0 m 3.6 x 7.5 m 4.5 x 7 .2 m TABLE 5 : PARKING REQUIREMENTS. DESCRIPTION NUMBER OF VEHICLE PARKING

SPACE REQUIRED 1. Residential (one family houses and apartments)

Class I 100% Car Class II 75% Car 25% 2-Wheeler Class III 50% Car 50%2-Wheeler Class IV 25% Car 75% 2-wheeler

2. Shops(up to 40 m2 clear retail floor space)

1 for every 5 shops

3. Shops (over 50m2 clear retail floor space)

1 for each 40m2

4. Department Store or Shopping center (over 450m2 clear retail floor space)

1 for each 25m2 clear retail floor space

5. Offices 1 for each 30m2 net usable office floor area or at least 5 per office.

6.Public community centers, non- residential clubs, Restaurants and cafes

1 for each 30m2 of public floor space or part there of.

7. Theatres and Cinema 1 for each 15 fixed seats of public accommodation or part thereof.

8. Hotels and Guest House 1 for each 5 guest beds 9. Hospitals 1 for each 10 beds 10. Industry and/or Workshops 1 for each 80 m2 usable floor space 11. Warehouse 1 for each 100 m2 of usable floor space 12. Vehicles service and Repair Workshop 1 for each service and/or repair bay.

8.2.0 Where development proposals are not covered by the above schedule, parking

requirements shall be determined by the Urban Planning and Development Division under the Department of Urban Development and Engineering Services.

8.2.0 In the central areas of towns, Where the provision of on-site parking, in the

Opinion of the Competent/ Implementing Authority, may neither be feasible nor desirable, developers shall be obliged, in return for permission to utilize more of their ground floor area, to contribute to a central fund the provision of public car parks.

8.3.0 Vehicle Loading Requirements

When it is intended to erect a new building or extend an existing building for one of the uses listed in the following schedule, provision should be made within the boundaries of the site for the loading of trucks and goods vehicles in accordance with the standards shown. The Competent/Implementing Authority may however, waive this requirement when the gross floor area of the building is less than 1000m2.

TABLE 5: REQUIRED LOADING AREAS DESCRIPTION OF BUILDING NO OF LOADING OR OFF – LOADING REQUIRED

Shops Showrooms

Minimum of 1 space from 100-500m2 Minimum of 2 spaces from 500 -1000m2 Minimum of 3 spaces above 1000m2 usable floor space

Supermarkets, large stores and Shopping centers

2 spaces from 950 m2 to 2,800 m2 of usable floor space

Industrial and warehousing Minimum of 1 space up to 450m2, 2 spaces from 450 m2 and 3 spaces over 2300m2 usable floor space.

9.0.0 Bus/Taxi/Truck Park 9.1.0 Three forms of parking spaces area required for the public transport.

These are: i) Bus terminal ii) Taxi stands iii) Truck park

9.1.1 Bus Terminal

i) Catchment area : Whole urban area ii) Site size : 500 m2 min. in smaller towns to 20000 m2 min. in large towns iii) General location : Away from main commercial area, but close proximity to center of town (Preferably at the entrance of the town)

9.1.2 Taxi Stand i) Catchment area : Whole urban area ii) Site size & location : Approx. 1000m2 to accommodate about 50 taxis in the centre of the town and a site to accommodate about 10 taxis near a neighborhood center. Separate parking bays are required on busy roads for taxis and buses.

9.1.3 Truck Park i) Catchment area : Whole urban area ii) Site size & location : Min of 1000m2 in class’A’ & ‘B’ towns, min. 500m2 in class’C’ & town, to be located away from prime commercial area.

10.0.0 HOUSING. 10.1.0 Planning standards for residential for residential buildings in urban areas are

considered under three density zones. i) Residential Low Density Zone (up to 250 pph) ii) Residential Medium Density Zone (250-550 pph) iii) Residential High Density Zone (550 & above pph)

Minimum plot size : should be 370 m2 in different densities and

differing slope category.

10.2.0 The boundary of a Zone should be determined by significant landmarks such as streams or major roads.

10.3.0 Basic Residential facilities

A designated residential zone with maximum population should have the following facilities:

- a nursery school - a primary school - a neighborhood shopping area and clinic, a postal agency, public refuse

bins, adequate recreational facilities and children’s play area.

11.0.0 Public Sanitary Site. 11.1.0 Three types of public sanitary sites are considered .

These are: i) Public Toilet ii) Neighborhood refuse collection points iii) Refuse depot

11.2.0 Public Toilets 11.2.1 With the exception of the”Hutment” areas and few of the older town houses most

Houses and officers in the urban areas have privet toilets.Public toilets should therefore be provided for user or public places transport terminals which attract mostly out of town visitors and for the scattered “Hutment” areas. Institutional areas such as hospital, clinics and basic health units, school and areas where large bodies of monks reside, should also be with well maintained toilet for the use of visitor and residents. Minimum floor area for one close : 2.00sqm (Min. with =0.90) Hight : 2.40 m Window area: : 10% of lorarea,Location in exterior Wall Water requirement per person : 15 lpcd Wash basins : @ 1nos for every 4 WC Water closet provision : @ 1 no. up to 15 persons Urinal : 1 for 7-20 persons. A toilet blocks should consist of at least eight units per toilet building (found for men and for women) and urinals(2 nos. minimum)

11.2.2 The selection and development of a site for public toilet with proper flush system Would be based on the following considerations: i) Window ii) Availability of regular and adequate water supply for flushing and

cleaning purposes. iii) Availability of electricity light for good visibility at night. iv) Location should ensure that seepage from facility does not pollute adjacent

streams and rivers

v) Location of public toilets in all cases should be at least 3 m away adjoining roads and should be adequately without completely it from potential users. Public toilets should be properly labeled for identification.

11.2.3 In “Hutment” areas as well as the older section of the town where private facilities

are limited the recommended standard is one unit of squatting pan for 50 persons (maximun).

11.2.4 Site size should be a minimum of 50 sqm 11.3.0 Household Refuse Collection’s Points In areas where door garbage collection is not feasible, location of refuse bins for Household refuse would be determined by residential densities.

i) In Residential Low Density areas with maximum 75 persons per ha: Distance from one bin to another should not exceed 360 m.

ii) In residential Medium Density areas with maximum 75- 150 persons per Ha: distance between two bins should not exceed 270 m

iii) In Residential High Density areas with over 150 persons per ha; Distance between two bins should not exceed 180 m.

11.3.0 Refuse Depot i) Catchment population : 2,500-30,000 persons ii) Site size : 5 ha per 10,000 people iii) Location : within 10 km radius of town iv) Site condition : site should be fairly flat or a valley with a good vehicular access to a main roads. Site should be free from visual pollution and ensure safety from seepage of waste into nearby rivers.

11.4.0 Soild Waste management System 11.5.1 Solid wasted management is defined as the descipline associated with the control

Of generation, strorage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of soil wastes in a manner with the best principals of public health, economics, engineering, aesthetics and other environmental considerations, and also responsive to public attitudes.

11.5.0 The activities associated with the refuse management are: i) Waste generation; ii) Waste handing & separation and processing at the source; iii) Collection iv) Irr v) Disposal

11.6.1 Waste generation

Estimates of waste generated usually based on the amount of water generated per person per day.

Table: Municipal waste generation rate per capita. Table: Solid waste generation rates for selected industrial and agricultural sources. Source Unit Range Industrial: Printing & Publishing

Ton/ton of raw paper 0.08-0.10

Agricultural Manures: Chickens (fryers) Hens (layers) Cattle Fruit and nut crops Field & raw crops

Ton/1000 birds. Yr Tons/1000 birds. Yr Ld/ head. D Tons/acre.Yr Tons/acre,yr

45-50 45-50 85-120 1.3-2.5 4.5

11.6.1 Storage of solid Waste at the Course.

Factors that must be considered in the onsite storage are:

1) The effects of storage on the waste components 2) The type of containers to be used 3) The container location, and 4) Public health and aesthetics

The type and capacities of the containers used depend on the characteristics and type of solid wastes to be collected, the type of collection system in use, the collection frequency, and the space available for the placement of containers. The types and capacities commonly used for non-site storage is summarized in the table below. Date on the types and sizes of containers used for onsite storage of solid wastes Capacity Dimensions Type Unit Range Typical Unit Typical Small contaoner Plastic or galvanized matal gal 20-4- 30 in 20Dx26H (30 gal) Barrel, plastic, aluminum,of fiber gal 20-65 30 in 20Dx26H (30 gal) Medium container yd3 1-10 4 in 74Wx42dx65H(4yd3) Large Contanier Open top, roll off (also called debris) yd3 12-50 -b ft. 8Wx6Hx20L (35 yd3) Used with stationary compactor yd3 20-40 -b ft. 8Wx6Hx18L (30 yd3) Equipped with self-contained Compaction mechanism yd3 20-40 -b ft. 8Wx8Hx22L (30 yd3) Container, trailer-mounted Open top yd3 20-50 -b ft 8Wx12Hx20L (35 td3) Enclosed, equipped with self- Contained compaction mechanism yd3 20-40 -b ft. 8Wx12Hx24L (35 yd3) -b size various with waste characteristics and local site condition Typical applications and limitations of containers used for the onsite storage of solid wastes. Container type Typical application Limitations Small container Very low-volume wasted sources, such as containers are damaged Individual homes, walkways in parks, Over and degraded in And small isolated commercial appearance and

establishments; in appearance and capacity; containers Low-rise residential areas with setout and extra weight that Collection service must be lifted during Collection aperations; Containers are not

Large Enough to hold Bulky waste. Medium container Medium-yolume wasted sources that inside the container Might also have bulky wastes; location forms ice and lowers Should be selected for direct-collection capacity while increasin Areas;commercial areas;industreal areas. Weight; containers are Difficult to get to after Heavy snows. .

11.6.2 Collection:

Collection includes gathering or parking up of solid wastes from various sources, and also hauling to the location where the contents of the collection vehicles are emptied.

11.6.3 Transfer and Transport: Here the contents of relatively small collection vehicles are transferred to larger vehicles that are used to transport the waste over extended distance either to materials recovery facilities (MRFs) or to disposal sites.

11.6.4 Disposal Land disposal is today the most commonly used method for waste disposal. Landfills are the physical facilities used for the disposal of residual solid wastes in the surface solid of the earth. Today, sanitary landfill refers to an engineered facility for the disposal of MSW designed & operated to minimize public health and environmental impact.

Criteria’s to select the land fill sites are: Assess aved all-weather access roads to landfill site temporary roads to Unloading areas. Land Area Areas should be large enough to hold all community wastes for a Minimum of 5 yr, but preferably 10 to 25 yr: areas for buffer strips Of zones must also be included. Landfilling Method Landfilling method will vary terrain and available cover; most Commom methods are excavated cell/ trench, area and canyon. Completed landfill Finished slopes of landfill,3 to 1; height to bench,if used, 50 to 75 Characteristics. Ft slope of fine landfill cover, 3 to 6 % Surface Drainage Install drainage ditches to divert surface water runoff; maintain 3 To 6 % grade on finished landfill cover to prevent ponding; Develop plan to divert storm water from lined but unused Portions of landfill. Immediate Cover Maximize use of onsite soil materials; other materials such as Material compost produced from yard waste and MSM can be used to Maximize the landfill capacity; typical waste to cover ratios vary From 5 to 1 to 10 t0 1. Cell design and Each days wastes should from one cell cover the end of the day Construction with 15 cm of earth or other suitable material. Ground Water Divert any underground springs; if required install perimeter drains Protection well points system, or other control measures.

11.7.8 Disposal of S, T Effluent

Disposal of septic effluent can be made either to a soakage pits or an absorption trenches/beds for final treatment.

Site selection for absorption trenches: 1) Soil permeability should be moderate rapid and soil

percolation rate should be 24 minutes/cm 2) Ground water level during wettest season should be

atleast 1..22 m below the bottom of trenches in sub-surface soil absorption field and 1.22m below pit floor in a field using soakage pits.

3) Site for an absorption field should not be within 15.24 m of a stream or other water body.

4) Should not be installed in an areas subject to flooding 5) Rock formation or other impervious layers should be

more than 1.22m below the bottom of trenches, seepage bed and pit floor.

Other features: These trenches are shallow usually 0.3-1.5m deep and 0.3-0.9m wide. The pipes used in the trenches are perforated. The area required is large which depends on the percolation rate of soil and quantity of waste water below. Soakage pits: These pits or dry wells are deep excavation used for sub-surface disposal. -pit excavation should be terminated at 1.22m above the ground water level. -Capacity of the pit should be computed on the basic of percolation tests. -Typical pits are about 1.8-3.6m in diameter and 3-6m deep. But, pits of 0.5m diameter can also be considered depending on site condition. 11.8.0 PIT LATRINES

- Simplest of all on-site dry disposal system for excreta. - Mvolume of pit is 1.0x1.0x4 m³ (WxLxD) - Can accommodate excreata from a family of 5 persons for 3-4 years. - Normally 2 pits are constructed and used alternatively - When the pits is 2/3rd it is filled or covered with solid or dirt,and

alternative pit is used instead - After more than a years, excreated should be anaerobically stabilized.

12.0.0 PROTECTIVE SERVICES Protective Service Facilities are considered under the following.

a) firefighting facilities b) Police Service

12.1.0 Firefighting Facilities 12.1.1 Local Fire Station

i) Catchment area : Urban areas of upto 15,000persons ii) Site size : A minimum area of 200 m2 to allow ample

Space on site for parking and maneuvering of at least three 4000-gallon capacity water trucks. If distance from regional fire station more than 15kms, lodging facilities for min. personnel required.

iii) Basic requirement: Hydrants placed t 120 m intervals along major town roads. Hydrants should be located at a minimum of 15 m from nearest building. In areas where the regular supply of water is a problem, water storage tanks of 30,000 gallons capacity each should be provided at a maximum of ½ km distance in crowded old housing areas and within industrial zones with high fire risks and 1 km distance at other less density areas.

12.1.2 Regional Fire Station i) Catchment : A regional of 15 km to 25 km radius. ii) Location : Should be in the center of catchment areas and within striking distance of all parts. iii) Site size : Minimum of 250 m2 to afford ample space on site for parking and maneuvering of vehicles. Depending on the availability of land, Additional area to accommodate lodging Facilities for 40 personnel and training Ground for the same required. iii) Basic site facilities: Electricity, Telephone and water.

12.2.0 Police Station 12.2.1 Neighborhood Police Post

i) Catchment population : 2500-4500 person

ii) Catchment area : A neighborhood or zone iii) Minimum site area : 200 sqm including spaces for an office, a detention room and toilets. iv) Basic site facility : Telephone, electricity and water. v) General location : Centrally located within the neighborhood or zone and in close proximity to other neighborhood facilities such as postal and shops.

12.2.2 Local Policy Station i) Catchment population : Upto 15,00 ii) Catchment area : the whole urban area ii) Site size : Minimum of 500 sqm iv) Basic site facilities : Adequate parking for vehicles. Temporary jail. v) Services : Well serviced with telephone, electricity , water and telecommunication. vi) General : Within town central with good vehicular access to major roads.

12.2.3 Regional Police Station i) Catchment population : Upto 30,000 persons ii) Catchment area : Throughout the whole regional upto a radius of 40 km. iii) Site size : 1 ha-4 ha (2.5-10 acres) iv) Basic site facilities : Adequate parking space for vehicles upto 20, a prison, recreation space, dormitory area. v) Basic facilities : Well serviced with telephone telecommunication, water supply and electricity. vi) General location : Should be determined by the availability of the required land within a maximum of 1 km to 3 kms from city center and with good vehicular access to major roads.

13.0.0 POST AND TELECOMMUNICATION.

Three types of communication facilities are consider. These are:

a) Post Office b) Postal Agency c) Telephone Exchange.

13.1.0 Post Office

i) Catchment area : The whole urban area

ii) Catchment population : Upto 15,000 persons iii) Site are : Minimum 370sqm. iv) Floor area : Upto 465sqm. v) Basic site facilities : Adequate space for parking offiial and public vehicles, electricity, telephone. vi) General location : Close to town with good vehicular access to major roads. Location should normal within 45 minutes walking distance from houses in catchment area.

13.2.0 Postal Agency

i) Catchment : A designated zone or neighborhood ii) Catchment population : Upto 4500 persons iii) Floor area : Minimum 25 sqm devoted to postal services and could be part of multipum bulding iv) General location : Central and proximity to neighborhood shopping area.

13.3.0 Telecommunication Facilities

i) Catchment area : The whole of urban area ii) Demand : Minimum of 1 telephone to 15 persons ii) Site size : 370sqm. minimum iv) Floor area : v) Basic site facility : Electricity vi) General location : Strategically location within catchment area and with good vehicular access to a main

Minimum storage (in litres) of water for domestic purposes: i) Hotel(boarding - 90 per bed ii) Hotel - 200 per bed iii) Office premises: - With canteen facilities - 45 per employee Without canteen facilities - 40 per employee iv) Restaurant - 7 per meal v) Day School - 20 per pupil vi) Nursing Home(Hospital) - 135 per bed

15.1.0 Space Requirement 15.1.1 Domestic and Institutional Water consumption

i) For upto 2000 people’ space needed for maximum 70,000 gallon Reservoirs should be upto 200sqm

ii) For upto 6000 people, space needed for maximum three 70,000

Gallon reservoirs should be upto 50 1sqm 15.1.2 Location of water treatment and storage facilities should ensure safety from

Contamination water treatment plant should normally location al least 1 km Away from nearest buildings or possible sources of contamination

15.1.3 The location of public atandpipes should ensure easy access to user as well as

Safety of users from vehicular traffic. Site should normally be at least 3 m from the adjoining roads and should be properly drained.

14.0.0. OFFICE ACCOMODATION Office Space Requirements 14.1.1. The floor space requirements for office depends largely on the type of office,

Certain specialized offices require specific accommodation and have different space requirements, but in general for administrative purposes the gross average office area can be calculated by counting on 15 m2 per employee.

14.1.1 The maximum coverage of an office building will depend on its location in the Urban center, in central areas a maximum of 60% is recommended, in other areas a maximum of 40 % coverage.

14.2.0 Parking Requirements

The parking standard for offices is 1 car park for ever 150 m2 of office space, with a minimum of 5 car park per office.

14.3.0 Location and Facilities 14.3.1 Location of offices should be central from most residential zones preferably with

45 minutes walking time from most homes. Offices site should have good vehicular access with a major public transport terminal.

14.3.2 Basic site facilities should include water, electricity and telephone. 15.0.0 WATER SUPPLY: Water Requirements. Domestic Demand:- (Requirements in litres) Drinking, cooking, cleaning per capita per day - 20 to 30 One shower bath - 40 to 80 One flushing of toilet - 8 to 15 Gardening per m² - 1 to 2 ________ 67 to 127 ________ Commericial Demand:- (Requirements in litres) Hotels per bed accupied per day - 100 to 150 Laundry per kg of dry cloths - 40 to 70 __________ 140 to 220 ___________ Industrial Demand:- (Requirements in m²) Dairy per 1000ltrs.Of milk - 2 to 6 Automobile per unit - 150 ________

2 to 156 __________

Fire Denmand:- (Requirements in m3) _ Average rate of supply 91/s for The period of 5 hours. = 162m3 16.0.0 ELECTRICITY. 16.1.0 Street Lights 16.1.1 Head clearance of a street light from the street should be a minimum of 5 m 16.1.2 Location of the pole carrying the street light should be minimum of 45 cm from the edge of the street or the outer edge of the adjoining pedestrian walkway should the width of the walkway be within 2 m. 16.1.2 The distance between two street and lights should be determined by the type of

Street light used and the level of illumination.

16.1.3 Minimum clearance of overhead line from building should be 2.5m vertical and

1.2m horizontal. Electricity Line 16.2.1 Head clearance of all overhead electricity lines from street level should be

Minimum of 5.8 m 16.2.2 The location of a pole carrying overhead electricity lines should be a minimum of

45cm from the edge of the street. 16.2.0 Space Requirements for transformers. 16.3.1 For a residential area with 6000 population, space requirement for a transformer

Should not exceed 25 sqm 16.3.2 The minimum distance of facilities to the nearest houses should be 600m. 16.3.3 For a main town commercial area, land allocation to the use of a transformer

Should not exceed 25sqm. Minimum distance of facilities to nearest building should be 600m

16.3.4 For a light industrial area within or adjacent to an urban area land allocated to the Use of a transformers should not exceed 300 sqm. Minimum distance of facilities to nearest building should be 600m.

17.0.0 Crematorium Wherever there is electricity an electrical crematorium is preferred. . One in every town . Min. 5,000m2 for Thimphu & Punakha/2000m² min. for all other towns. . Away from residential areas or to be properly screened . . Close proximity to Religious institutions . Basic amenities to religious institutions . Public toilet required 18.0.0 Small Pet Clinic (_ for like cat, dogs, hens, rabbits, hamsters etc) 18.1.0 I) Catchment area : Upto 15,000 owners. ii) Site size : Min. of 500m². ii) General location : Away from core commercial area but in close proximity to a majority of the residential areas. iv) Level of service : Casualty & emergency service, diagnostic, preventive treatment and animal health education. v) Basic site facilities : Water supply, electricity, telephone, roads

access. vi) Precautionary Measures; Provision to handle clinical waste and perimeter should be fenced.