Presented by,

S.ARUN JOSEPH.M.L.I.Sc

D.L.I.S.University of

Kerala.

Seminar on

“PLANNING & STEPS

IN

PLANNING”

WELCOME

INTRODUCTION

Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and actions to achieve them

Planning means looking ahead and chalking out future courses of action to be followed

It is rightly said “Well plan is half done”

DEFINITIONS

According to Urwick, “Planning is a mental predisposition to do things in orderly way, to think before acting and to act in the light of facts rather than guesses”. Planning is deciding best alternative among others to perform different managerial functions in order to achieve predetermined goals.

According to Koontz & O’Donell, “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do and who is to do it. Planning bridges the gap between where we are to, where we want to go. It makes possible things to occur which would not otherwise occur”.

CHARACTERSTICS Planning is looking ahead.

Planning is goal-oriented.

Planning is a Continuous Process.

Planning involves choice & decision making.

Planning is the primary function of management / Primacy of Planning.

Planning is an intellectual process.

Planning is a Continuous Process.

Planning is Flexible. Planning is designed for

efficiency. Planning is all Pervasive.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLANNING & CONTROLLING

ADVANTAGES Planning facilitates

management by objectives. Planning minimizes

uncertainties. Planning facilitates co-

ordination. Planning improves

employee’s moral.

Planning helps in achieving economies.

Planning facilitates controlling.

Planning encourages innovations.

Planning provides competitive edge.

DISADVANTAGES* INTERNAL LIMITATIONS

Misdirected Planning Rigidity Time consuming Probability in planning Expensive False sense of security

* EXTERNAL LIMITATIONS

Political Climate – Eg: Change of government.

Labour Union - Eg: Strikes, lockouts, etc.

Technological changes.Policies of competitors.Natural Calamities.Changes in demand and prices.

STEPS IN PLANNING Establishment of objectives

Plann ing requ i res a sys temat ic approach.Plann ing s tar ts w i th the se t t ing o f goa ls and

ob jec t ives to be ach ieved.Objec t ives prov ide a ra t iona le fo r

under tak ing var ious ac t iv i t ies as we l l as ind ica te d i rec t ion o f e f fo r ts .

Goals shou ld be spec i f ied in qua l i ta t ive te rms.

Objec t ives shou ld be prac t ica l , acceptab le , workab le and ach ievab le .

Establishment of Planning PremisesPlanning premises are the assumpt ions

about the l ive ly shape of events in fu ture.They serve as a basis of p lanning.Establ ishment of p lanning premises is

concerned wi th determin ing where one tends to deviate f rom the actual p lans and causes of such deviat ions.

I t is to f ind out what obstac les are there in the way of bus iness dur ing the course of operat ions.

Choice of alternative course of actionWhen forecast are available and premises are

established, a number of alternative course of actions have to be considered.

For this purpose, each and every alternative will be evaluated by weighing its pros and cons in the light of resources available.

The merits, demerits as well as the consequences of each alternative must be examined before the choice is being made.

After objective and scientific evaluation, the best alternative is chosen.

Formulation of derivative plans

Derivative plans are the sub plans or secondary plans which help in the achievement of main plan.

Secondary plans will flow from the basic plan.

Derivative plans indicate time schedule and sequence of accomplishing various tasks.

Securing Co-operationAfter the plans have been determined, it is necessary rather advisable to take subordinates or those who have to implement these plans into confidence.

Follow up/Appraisal of plans

After choosing a particular course of action, it is put into action.

After the selected plan is implemented, it is important to appraise its eff ectiveness.

This enables the management to correct deviations or modify the plan.

This step establishes a l ink between planning and controll ing function

KOONTZ Diagramatically represented as...

CONCLUSION Planning is a major factor in

the control of the organization

Concerned with the future Conserves time Only way to combat

uncertainibility WELL PLAN IS HALF DONE

REFERENCE

Koontz,Harold & weihrich,Heinz.(2007).Essentials of management:An international perspective.Ed.7.New Delhi:Tata Mc Graw Hill publishing company limited,76-84

R.Krishnamurthy.(1997).Library administration and resources.New Delhi:Commonwealth publishers,1-9

Williamson,Joan.(1992).Managing the new One-Person Library.London:Bowker Saur,78-83

Seetharama,S.(1990).Guidelines for planning libraries and information centres.Calcutta:Indian Association of special libraries and information centres,15-20

Mittal,R.L.(2007).Library Management.New Delhi:Ess Ess Publications,38

http://www.managementstudyguide.com/planning_disadvantages.htm on February 11, 2013