planning and management op environmental
TRANSCRIPT
PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OP ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL AT TARAPUR NUCLEAR POWER STATION SITE
I.S. Ehat Health Physics Division, RARC
Environmental Survey Laboratory, TAPS Colony, Boisar (Thana District)
Maharashtra
Problems of environmental surveillance of radioactivity from operation of nuclear power stations have been realised at the stage of selecting the site and construction of Tarapur Atomic Power Station. An Environmental Survey Laboratory was set up at Tarapur in December, 1964 to study and understand the site environment in the pre-ope rational period.
Measurements and investigations carried out in .this period (1965-1969) were to:-
(i) obtain base level of radioactivity and its pattern of seasonal variations,
(li) study the uptake pathways to man for radioactive contaminants in the environment; dilution availability in the environment for station discharges and find indicator samples,
(iii) obtain information on the critical food material, critical group of population through demographic study, and
(iv) derive acceptable contamination levels in the environment•
The Power Reactors at Tarapur went critical in February 1969 and the station started commercial operation in January 1970. Liquid and gaseous radioactive effluents are being discharged to the environment from the station.
In the marine environment the contamination above the base line due to radwaste releases from the plant have been detected up to 16 km along the shore line on both sides of Btatibn. The present levels of'radioactivity in sea water, silt and marine organisms have been assessed. The land and air radioactive contamination due to station operation have been detected. The present data have been compared with the pre-operational levels and permissible concentration limits in different, media. ' ' , . •
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The paper also gives a brief account of environment-control procedures in case of emergency conditions.
> . •
INTRODUCTION
Health and safety Measures in nuclear operations are
stringent because the permissible concentrations of radioactive
pollutants is small and unlike other industrial pollutants, they
can only be detected or measured with the help of special instru
ments. Planning of environmental safety in case of Power reactors
starts right at the beginning of the design and planning of the
Power plant and selecting a site for its construction. The
criteria for siting power reactors in our country have be^n
established by the Health Physics Division of B.A.R.C. and have
been published earlier (1,2). These criteria have been considered
in selecting Tarapur as the site for our first Nuclear Power Station.
The construction of the Power plant started at Tarapur
site in 1964 and the two boiling water reactors of 200 MWe capacity
became critical in February, 1969* The station has been commissioned
for commercial power production in January, 1970, The reactors
during the commissioning and commercial operation produce low
level radioactive liquid and gaseous effluents. The liquid wastes
are diluted with warm condenser coolant sea water and discharged
to the coastal waters.. Gaseous wastes are released through a
113m high stack.
There are many concentration processes in the environment
whtreby discharged radionuclides reach man in concentration thousand'
to million times more than dischai'ge concentration. The pathways of
released radionuclides to air and water reaching man are as followst
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Release t o Ai r :
Deposition on ground and pasture >• M i l k l Pick up by grazing animal » Meat~*|
Deposition on vegetables & j j ^ a g r i c u l t u r a l produce v |
Inha la t ion and d i r e c t exposure from cloud >
Release to Water:
Fresh water used for drinking — * \ Agriculture > 1
I I I
Pish
Sea water Solar salt * Fish
Man
Contamination of silt, shore 5 i end fishing gear. . "* \
It is essential to study and understand the more
important or critical pathways of exposure and critical nuclides
in this environment for the reactor released radionuclides.
Maximum permissible concentration in tho various environmental
media have to be fixed up before any release of radioactivity
from the plant. Due to world wide fallout and natural radio-
activity* the environment has radioactivity even before the
nuclear station releases radwastes. 3?o know the contribution
to the contamination of the environment from the reactor operation %
it is necessary to know the preoperational or background levels of
activity and its fluctuations.
To obtain the background information on Tarapur
environment a preoperational environmental survey laboratory was
set up near the reactor site. The important findings of the study
carried out in the pro-operational stages are described in the „
paper. The laboratory continued to carryout environmental studies
after the reactor operation started. A distinct increase In the
background level has been observed even though the increase is a
very small fraction of maximum permissible levels. The results of
investigations carried out during operational stages are
presented in the paper. The paper emphasises the need for
the pre-operational environmental Survey programmes in
assessing th.lB email increase in background and in planning
for control of environmental pollution with minimum effort
under normal operating condition and environmental emergency
conditions.
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY LABORATORY (E.S.L.)
A proposal to set up an Environmental Survey (3)
Laboratory was made in 1962 . A temporary laboratory for
environmental survey during preoperational period was set up
very near the site in December, 1964. The laboratory has
been well equipped to measure low levels of radiation and
trace radioactive and mineral constituents in variety of
environmental samples. The laboratory has a vehicle for the
purpose of survey and collecting samples. The laboratory staff
have initially gone around to the villages within 32 km region
in the environment to acquaint and educate general public about
the environmental radiation safety work being done by the
laboratory and to select the monitoring station location. The
public have been encouraged to vioit the laboratory whenever
possible. This gesture has,.obtained great co-operation from
the public in the Lab's programmes.
In February, 1969 the laboratory was shifted to the
permanent building at the housing colony about 9 km eway. from
site. The cost of laboratory building and complete equipment
has been about 7.5 lakhs rupees. The economic aspect of ..
environmental survey has been discussed in a paper by Bhat
e t a i W . ' • - • - : • ' • " . ' ' • • - • ' • / . • ; . ' : . : , • ; , , : ' , • . < :
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DESCRIPTIGN OP SITE, ENVIRONMENT AND MONITORING STATIONS
Figure 1.shows the site of Tarapur Nuclear Power
Station and the environmental monitoring stations. The
site is located about 100 Km North of Bombay on a piece of
land putting out about 250 a in the sea covering 170 arc.
The land around the site is used for agricultural production.
Table 1 shows, the area of land under cultivation and the
population within 8 km zone*
The population distribution in the environment
is shown in Figure 2. The houses in every village is
clustered around one place and land is used for agriculture
farming or cattle fodder growing.
The coastal region is uoed for heavy fishing
during all seasons except monsoon. The families of fishermen
also live clustered in the villages near coastline. A small
village of about 500 population within 1.6 km from site has
been rehabilitated beyond 3 km front site.
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
The meteorology group of H.P* Division has collected
mi cromete or ©logical data for the Tarapur site from I960.
Initially the observations were carried out at a height of 30 m
from top of lighthouse, later a special mlcromet tower of 133 m
height was erected. Continuous wind and temperature data at
various heights are now available for the site. Figure 3 gives
the wind rose which gives an average data ftom 1963 to 1969.
This wind data Is helpful during normal reactor operation, in
finding out areas in the environment where contamination is,
likely from stack gas release. In case of accidental high .
radioactivity release through stack the mlcromet data If readily
available aids very much in environmental monitoring for locating
affected group of population.
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BASE LEVEL OP RADIOACTIVITY AND TRACE ELEMENTS STUDIES
Regular collection of environmental samples from
the monitoring station and analysis of these camples in the
laboratory have been carried out for four yearB. Table 2
gives the varieties of samples collected during these four
years. The results have been published in the progress (5)
reportsv of ESL. The fission products in the environmental
samples can come either from fallout or from reactor discharges.
The pre-operationel estimation gives the levels of fission
products due to fallout and from this contribution due to
reactor release can be estimated in the operational phase.
In the radioactive wastes from the reactor,
radioisotopes of elements like Co, Mn, Zn9 Or and Pe would be
present in addition to fission product© due to corrosion and
neutron activation. The naturally occurring non-radioactive
isotopes of these dements occur in trace quantities in all
samples. The pre-operational determination of these trace
constituents helps in predicting future trends of their radio-54
isotopes. Por examples, Mh intake and deposition would depend
on the Mn content of food materials.
The direct radiation levels in all the population
centres end along coast line have been measured using a
scintillation detector survey meter and thermoluminescent
dosimeters. The direct radiation levels up to 32 km region have (5)
been reported in progress reports>'. The radiation levels vary
from 4 to 8 microroentgen per hour.
INDICATOR SAMPLES
Prom the preoperational radioactivity and trace .
element studies, it was revealed that there are high concentration
of-certain nuclides in some of the environmental samples and
these can be used as indicators for checking up any increase in
the environmental radioactivity. Goat thyroid was found to be-
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a good indicator of radioiodine contamination of the land
environment and sea weed 'Sargasum' for radioiodine in
the marine environment. .Table 3 giveB the list of indicator
samples observed in the Tarapur environment.
CONCENTRATION FACTORS
From the trace element distribution studies between
sea water and sea food, the concentration factors (CF) for
some of the important elements have been determined in the
Tarapur environment (5). Table 4 gives the concentration
factors for some of the fishes caught in Tarapur coast line.
Under equilibrium conditions, it would be possible to predict
the concentration of radionuclides of these elements in the
samples from the CFs obtained from trace element distribution
and from concentration in effluents. These concentration
factors, as described later, are useful in deriving maximum
permissible concentration of these nuclides in sea water.
CRITICAL FOOD AND CBITICAL GEOUP OF POPULATION
Demographic surveys of dietary and professional habits
of families living within 5 Km of site were carried out in 1966
and 1967. The survey showed that there are two main groups of -
population: viz., farmers and fisherman. The dietary studies
and analysis of .individual components of dieS for radioelements
and trace elements showed that eea food is the critical food
(7) component and fishermen are the c r i t i c a l group of population
for the environmental contamination under normal operation of
reac tors . Table 5 gives the contribution to daily dietary
intake from major food components in the diet of fishermen and
farmers. Radioiodine has-been found to be the major constituent
in the reactor radwaste released to sea. Fishermen with 18$ of
dally diet as fish and 81.5$ of iodine in the t o t a l diet coming
from fish would .be-'the most exposed group under normal operation
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or under accidental radioactivity release to sea* In case of
any emergency release of radioactivity to air and land, fresh
vegetables and milk could be the critical food material.
This type of demographic studies in th& preoperational
phase is very important to find out the group of population likely
to be affected from the plant operation and this is the first
time such studies have been done by environmental Bafety organisation
MPC IN SEA WATER AND LIMITING INDICATOR CONCENTRATION (LIC)
Since Tarepur nuclear station is discharging low level
liquid radwastes to sea, it is essential to derive maximum
permissible concentration limits in sea water for various
possible radionuclides present in the effluents* The derivation
of this working limits is based on concentration factors and the
amount of fish eaten by the critical population. The diet survey
has given the second factor which is 120 g in case of Bombay duck*
It can be taken that fishermen are exposed equally from contamination
of silt and sediments and from sea food. Thus MPC/ \ can be (sw)
derived from MPC/dw\ a s followsi
»m« 1 ^ 2200 xMPC/, v KB } . 120 :c CF
Table 6 gives the derived MPC values for sea water for
Taropur. The MPC/ % values based on IC'RP recommendation are taken
for calculation.
The values of MPC/ \ are too low to be of practical .
application in monitoring. Since monitoring of indicator samples
is the easiest method of checking and controlling environmental
contamination, the concept of limiting '.Indicator concentration (LIC) (Q)
has been introducedv . The CPs for the indicators in case the
indicators are not directly food materials but if the indicator is
edible LIC is calculated directly from the amount of indicator a. •
material consumed. The LIC in case of'few of the indicators are
given in Table 7.
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PIELD STUDIBSJ
Marine environment
The effluent discharge system of TAPS i s shovm in
Figure 4* The sea water near shore i s subjected to semi
diurnal t idal water movements moving north during high t ide
and moving south in low t i d e . Dual discharge system has been
designed to discharge hot eff luents always in the stream of
sea water moving away from the intake canal eo that the
recirculat ion of discharged effluentB i s minimised. The design
has been based mainly on model studies and few f i e ld experiments
in the off shore waters at s i t e before the construction of canale.
The discharge canals are situated in the near shore waters
(cf f f ig*4) and due to t h i s , environmental survey laboratory
f e l t the need to study the water mo-veraent in tho near shore
waters. Sea water movement studies were a lso called for the t .
safety assessment of a proposed sa l t pan at 3.4 1cm north of s i t e*
Field uxperiments were conducted during the prc-monsoon period
of 1967 to truce the sea water movement pattern using discharge
of Rhodamine B dye and bottle f loa t s from the end of discharge
canal dikes. The dye patch and f loa t s were followed in the near
shore waters with a small motor boat. The studies were carried
out during dif ferent t ida l conditions - Spring, Neap and middle
of these two. The de ta i l s of experiment and observations are (5) given in the laboratory's progress report .
The study showed that: ,
( i ) the speed of water flow in the coastal stream i s about 15 to 20 m/minute$ and the discharged water mass can reach a distance of 5 to 6 km from s i t e in the single t i d e .
( i i ) the bulk of water moved close and onwards to" , shore in high t i d e and off shore component was small in low tide*
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(iii) floats and dye patches released at the end of north discharge canal (NDC) moved right on to the shore in high tide and remained accumulated between the canal dike and shore. As the low tide started, these floats and dye patches receded towards south keeping close to shore and passed across the intake canal indicating the recirculation of discharge waters.
(iv) the dye dispersion indicated an instant dilution by a factor of 10 for single discharge.
(v) due to the north - south oscillation of shore based discharge along with tidal flow there will be a slow build up of released radioactivity along the coast line.
During these experiments the circulating water system (CWS)
of the station was not working. Studies of Rhodamine B dye
discharge through discharge canal flow was conducted again after
the CWS pumps started operating during the commissioning stages. (8)
The later studies confirmed the earlier observations^ .. The
distribution of the dye after discharge through north discharge
canal at the beginning of high tide in spring and neap conditions
are summarised in Figure 4 and Figure 5* The recirculation of
discharge water has been seen clearly. It was observed that the
coastal stream at site is spread from high water line to the 3'
fathom line where it meets the main sea currents. The water
renewal rate in the coastal stream has been estimated to be about
(8) per tide cycle
Land Environment
,-.' Experiments were conducted to study the so i l plant
relationship in case of paddy crops and vegetables by growing
these in a farm adjacent to temporary laboratory. The pick up
fallout fission^ products at different stagets of growth of paddy
plants and distribution of the radioactivity in differerit parts
of plant crop have been studied * 9 ' . In paddy about 92$ of 9 Sr 137
and 85# of Cs are present in the husk and bran and the remaining small fraction is present in the rice.
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Popular var ie t i e s of vegetables have been grown in
the ESL's farm near the s i t e . Soil-water-plant relat ion for
vegetables and f r u i t s have been studied. I t has been found
that wide open leafy type of vegetables l i k e spinach, radish
leaves have considerable fo l i ar absorption of direct deposited
radioact iv i ty i but vegetables and f r u i t s with protective
covers receive the radioactivity along with the mineral
uptake from s o i l water system* .
During the monsoon of 1966, experiments were carried
out to find out absorption and leaching in the s o i l - rainwater
system. The experiment and resul ts , are described in progress (5)
report . About 5 to 10 kg of s i t e s o i l was taken in p las t i c
l ined buckets & exposed to rain water and water passed through
the s o i l column was col lected and tested* It was found that
almost a l l the ac t iv i ty coming down in rain water "was absorbed
in the s o i l column. •_
The f i e ld studies in preoperational stage have given the
picture of poss ible , s o i l and food material contamination due
to fell-out from reactor stack discharges.
MEASUREMENTS OP BODY RADIOACTIVITY .
The f i n a l estimate of the radioact iv i ty in man i s done
by counting of person in case of gamma a c t i v i t y and by excretion
analysis in case of pure alpha and beta radioact iv i ty . The
requirement of whole body counting f a c i l i t y for environmental
survey has been brought cut in a recent paper on guide l i n e s
for onrirtsojscntal monitoring * Preoperational body burden
measurements have been carried out for Tarapur population'to a
l imited extent with the whole body counter at BARO. A whole
body counter has been ins ta l led in the permanent building of BSL
and now the counting of members of c r i t i c s ! group of population
i s done right at the laboratory. The f a c i l i t y has been found
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useful not only for environmental monitoring but also for the
whole body counting of Power Station staff.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL UNDER EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
Even though the chances are remote for environmental
emergencies due to Power reactor operation; these are not
ruled out from happening at times, due to equipment or instru
ment failures or personal errors. The laboratory has drawn
up a plan to cope up with emergency conditions in the environment(12).
The field sampling and survey vehicle has been fitted up with
emergency monitoring equipments operating on battery power
supply so that en the spot measurements could be done at any
place in the environment* Follow up and remedial action have (12)
been suggested on the basis of preoperational findingsv '.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING OPERATIONAL PERIOD
Marine environment
After the reactors became critical in February, 1969,
the sea at site started receiving low level liquid radioactive
waste discharges. Iodine-131 has been the major (80 to 90$)
radionuclide in the discharged radwaste. Regular environmental
sampling and analysis have been carried out as planned from the 137 131
preoperational studies* Table 8 shows the Cs and I
content of sea waters from various locations, during the operational
period with few results from preoperational data for comparison.
The gross activity of suspended silt in sea water at the plant
outfall is given in Table 9* Table 10 gives the gross activity
of shore bottom deposited silt from 3 locations within 2 km from
site. Radioiodihe content in sea weed samples is presented in
Table 11. The silt samples have been analysed for individual
activation products and fission products and data is given in
Table 12. Radioiodine has been found to be present,upto,a level
0.5 pCi/g soft tissue in case of fish samples caught within 1 km
from site.
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Air and Land environment
The Weekly air activity measurements at site and at
Housing Colony showed that site air activity is increasing
significantly but the leval at colony remains normal. Table 13
gives.the long lived gross beta activity in weekly air samples
at site and colony. The cumulative air samples each month are
analysed for individual radionuclides and the results are given
in Table 14*
Banana leaf; samples were collected from south, east and
north at about 1.6 km from site to detect the fallout from
reactor stack discharges. During the month of March, 1970
banana leaves from Akkarpatti at South showed the presence of
radio!odine where as east and north samples did not show any
radioiodine. The goat thyroid sample from south also showed
radioiodine in March but samples from other direction were back
ground. In the month of Hay, wind direction changes to southwest
and as expected the thyroid samples from Tarapur - Chinchani In
north showed radioiodiae but in other direction levels were
background. In June and JuJLy 1970 the fallout due to French
nuclear weapons test reached this environment and the thyroid,
samples from all areas showed I and level of I in thyroid
reached a peak of 287.6 pCi/g thyroid in July 2nd week and then 131
started decreasing. This type of variation of I level
differentiates the nuclear weapons fallout from the reactor
fallout.
QOHOLUSIOH
A systematic preoperational environmental survey has enabled to find the small but distinct rise In the activity level
in the Tarapur environment. Even though the present Cs level
in site sea water has gone up by a factor of five it is still
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about thousand times less than MPC limits. The I levels
in sea water at site has gone up at times upto 1/Bth of
MPC (ow) but considering the indicator I concentration, 131
I level has reached only 150 to 120 times lesB than MPC. 131
The I contamination in coastal waters due to reactor release could be traced up to 16 1cm on either side of the
sitejbut the levels are quite low compared to MPC level.
The major amounts of radioactivity released to sea
gets adsorbed in the silt and the silt in sea water has been
found to decontaminate sea water by bringing down the silt
adsorbed radioactivity to the shore bed. Even though the
silt gamma activity measured by gross gamma counting has gone
up by a factor of 40 to 50 over preoperational level, the
shore gamma radiation level as observed by the survey meter
has not so far increased. The contamination of shore silt
hag been observed up to distance of 2 to 3 km. [The limiting
silt radioactivity concentration for Tarapur environment has
been evaluated as 300 pCi/g and the present silt activity
levels are 15 to 30 times lower than the,limiting concentration.
The fishes caught near the site have shown the presence
•of reactor released radioiodine but the levels are insignificant
at present. If the silt contamination reaches;-the oysters farm
located at 4.0 km, the radioactivity of oyster© may increase due
to their sedentary nature end due to the pick up of their diet
. requirements from Bilt.\ The field study has shovyn the
uneuitableness of. shore based discharge system due to tidal
oscillations.
The plant management has been kept acquainted with all
the findings of the laboratory studies so that suitable remedial
measures can be taken if necessary to decrease the environmental
releases. '
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Tho environmental studies carried out for the Tarapur
reactor w i l l be useful for the other nuolear f a c i l i t i e s l ike
fuel reprocessing plant and Radioactive waste treatment plants
tthlch are coming up near the Nuclear Power Stat ion.
REFERENCES
1. A.S. Rao, P.R. Kanath and A.K. Ganguly, Health ft Safety Criteria for Si t ing Power Reactors in India. IAEA Symposium on s i t i n g of Reactors and Nuolear Research Centres, Bombay, March - 1963*
2 . V.V. Shirvaikar and A.K. Ganguly, Containment and Power Reactor s i t i n g , ib id .
3» I»S. Bhat and P.R. Kamath, Proposal for the Preoperational Environmental Survey Laboratory for Tarapur Project -ABET internal report - 1962.
4. I . S . Bhat, A.A. Khan and P.R. Kamath, Economic Planning of Environmental Survey for Power Reactors, Mid-year Topical Symposiiua of H.P. Society, January - 1968.
5. I i S . Bhat et a l . Preoperational Environmental Survey for Tarapur Atomic Power Project , Progress reports BARC-242 (l964-65)» BARC-289 (1966), BARC/HP/ESL/7 (1967-68).
. 6. I .S . Bhat and P.R. Kamath, Goat thyroids'as indicators, for routine environmental monitoring of radioiodine. Health Physics Vol.16, pp 65-67, (1969).
7- P.R. Kamath e t . a l . Preoperational Search for base l ine radioact iv i ty c r i t i c a l food and population group at Tarapur Power Station s i t e , proceedings of First IRPA Congress 1966, Pergaramon Press* Oxford.
8 . P.R. Kamath, I . S . Bhat and A.K. Ganguly, Environmental behaviour of discharged radioactive eff luents at Tarapur Atomic Power Stat ion, IAEA-SM-146/58. (1970). IAEA-USAEC Symposim, New York, Aug.70.
. . . . . I
9. A.A. Khan, Fallout pick up in paddy; Annual progress report 1967-1968, BARC/HP/ESL-7.
-*0 . P.R. Karaath and I . S . Bhat, Field Monitoring and invest igat ion for the evaluation, of public health hazards through contamination of water sources) Proceedings of WHO-IAEA-PAO Symposium on Environmental contamination by Radioactive materials , Vienna, 1969.
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11 P.R. Kamath, Recent guide lines for developing environmental monitoring programs near nuclear installations* ibid.
12. P.R» Kanath and I.S* Bhat, A programme of environmental control following an accidental release of radioactivity to the environment, ibid.
DISCUSSION
C.J. Mohanrao
I.S. Boat
D.V. Virkar
I.S. Bhat
R. Jayaraman
(1) I agree that it is easier to analyse the indicator organism rather than the water. But does not concentration factor vary depending, upon environmental conditions.
(2) What is the variation in the concentration factors?
(1) Concentration factors vary with environmental condition but these remain nearly the same for a particular environment.
(2) The individual values of concentration factor may vary by a factor of two or more but the order of magnitude remains the same.
Has the future increase in fish consumption» say. after 5 years, been considered in the MPC calculation?
The MPC (seawater)derived at present has taken into consideration only the present amount of fish consumed 1 but the local dietary habits are being checked at regular intervals. If any increase in consumption is found, the MPC values will be revised accordingly.
(1) Is the circulation pattern as worked out by the H.P. Diviaion of BARC at Tarapur restricted to 16 km North & South of Tarapur?
(2) How far offshore is the contamination detected?
(3) In regard to the Oyster beds situated South of Tarapur (5 km) the contamination is said to be very low. Won't there be an accumulation of contamination as years progress.
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I.S. Boat 1 (1) No. Only contamination has been found up to 16 km at present.
(2) Upto 3 km offshore near site.
(3) As the discharge continues the concentration of radioisotopes in the oysters will reach an equilibrium. In case of short-lived radioisotopes it has already reached equilibrium for TAPS discharges but it may increase if additional discharges are made.
S. Pradhan J In the evaluation of the maximum permissible concentration, have the local conditions been considered or is it based on the limits fixed by other countries?
I.S, Bhat : The MPC seawater derived for Tarapur, is based on local dietary habits and is evaluated from the limits adopted for the Indian conditions from International limits.
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Table 1s Land under cultivation and population within 8 km zone of TAPS Site
Zone from Site Jem _
0 - 1.6
1.6 to 4.8
4.8 to 8.0
Area in 170 Arc
km
Farming area Total
3.8
30.7
61.5
km
9.4
24.4
Population (1961)
10,757
17,020
Table 2* Pre-operational sampling data * *
Type of sample
Air filter Crops Fruits Sea food (Oysters, flsh^oto) Grass Meat and Eggs Milk Soil and Silt Salt Sea water Fresh water (Wells & Rivers) Fallout Vegetables Diet Thyroid Bone and Teeth Sea weeds
Toialt
No.
w 1965"]
60 24 17 18
142 6 16
136 12 24 33 11 46 4 -
rm
9
558
of samples collected m_12<56 1967 1968^
. 59 26 25 39 110 5 19 43 6 52 21 12
106 a -
-
11
542
52 9 4 12 43 1 9 22 2 36 7 • 12 70 3
30 20 15
377
58 8 4 8 25 2 5
44 6 29 10 '12 84 4
70 3 8
380
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Table 3* Indicators of contamination by various Radionuclides in the TAPS environment
Radionuclide contamination.
Iodine - 131
Long lived fission product fallout '
(90Sr and l37Ce)
Activation products l ike 65 60 58 54 3Zn, Co, * Co, J Bfti
Indicator sample
Land
Goat thyroid
Betel and Banana leaves
Sea
Sea weed - Sargasum
Silt
Oysters and s i l t
Iron - 59 Spinach
Table 4i Concentration factors in sea food (Soft Tissue) in Tarapur Coast
Sea food Ca Sr Mh Zn 9°Sr 37Cs
Bombay duck (Harpondon neherus)
Pomfret (Parapus argentau8)
4.25 4.2 0.91 x 10 1.11 260 153 - 20-40
4.7 6.95 1.3-x r 0.21 900 320 - 13-5
Prawns 3.3 3.2 "1.6 x 10\ I.31 330 340 11 35
Oysters (Grossostrea graphoides)
197 3»52 0.8 x 10* 0.4 2170 530 10-40 20-60
Table 5 J Contribution to daily intake from major food constituents in diet of farmers and fisherman at IAPS environment.'?'
Food groups % age daily intake of
Cereals and .Pulses YSSSlables . Parmer ~Fisher* Farmer "Fisher
man Ban
Milk, Farmer Fisher
man
nFish Farmer Fisher
man
Food staff
Ca.
• K
.60.0 58.5 11.5
24.3 26.3 H.6 »
71.0 67.8 7.8
6.5
8.6
4.7
8.6
30.3
4.1
3.80
13.80
1.90
7.80
18.3
5.40
18.0
41.6
12.0
Sr
28h
Zn
55.4
95.0
80.0
54.9
95.0
89.0
9.0
2.3
1.5
3.3
1.3
0.8
3.2
0.1
2.2
0.90
0.05
0.88
18.9
1.1
1.2
31.2
2.7
6.2
Sr-90
Cs-137
30,6
55.0
76.0
15.6
72.0
74.0
3.9
25.0
12.0
2.3
18.6
7.9
4.7
7.1
6.0
1.06
4.40
3.70
58,0
3.8
4.2
81*5
3.2
5.6
-96-
Table 6t Derived MPC limita for eea water at Tarepur on the basis of flan Intake
Radionuclide
9 0 Sr
1 5 7 C B
65, Zn
5V 3 2 P
1 3 1 I
MPC (sw) jmc/ml
7.0 3t 1(T7
3.6 x 10~6
1.7 x 10~6
4.3 x 10"*7
1.2 x 10**8
1.2 x 1 0 " 6
-
'•
Environment Indicator
Table 7: Limiting indicator concentration
___ LLSL ^Ci/g soft tissue or wet sample
54. m 58 Co 65,
Zn 131.
Marine Oyster
Prawns
Air and Land '. Goat thyroid
7.3 x 10
1.1 x 10
-3
-2
Bombay duck 7*3 x 10
Sargassum -(sea weed)
-3
7.3 x 10"
1.1 x 10
7.3 x 10
r2
-3
5.5 x la"3
8.3 x 10* 3
5«5 x 10 .-3
-3 4.6 x 10
8.4 x 10~ 2
t>
-98-
Table 81 Radioactivity of sea water In Tarapur Environment In the preoperational and operational period.
Date of Collection
26.9.67
5.10.68
15.2.69
9.7.69
29.1.70
5.2.70
2.3.70
28.3.70
31.12.68 *
14.1.70
11.3.70
26.3.70
21.1.68
23.3.68
18.4.70
2.7.68
20,2.69
24.3.70
25.4.68
7.6.69
31.3.70
Location
Intake canal area
Tarapur-Chinchani creek
Dahenu creek
•
Uchali creek
-
Satpath! creek
Activity in . . . . . . . .
0.44 ±0.11
0,67 ±0.12
0.58 ± 0.11
0.79 ±0.12
1.73 ± 0.26
1.36 ±0.25
1.65 ±0.22 -
4.9 ±0;67
0.36 ±0.10
0.52 ± 0.26
1.28 £0.21
2.3 ±0.53
0.33 ±0.18
0.56 ± 0.13
1.25 ± 0.19
0.56 ±0.11
0.57 ± 0.13
2.4 ± 0.27
0.60 > 0.20
0.58 ± 0.09
1.8 + 0.12
pCi litre 131
Background
Background
-do-
-do-
0.95 ± 0.64
44.9 ± 2.5 .
159.0 ± 4.6
19.28 ± 0.99
Background •T. •
Background
2o7 ± 0.3
0.5 ± 0.14
Background
-do-
1.43 ±0.88
Background-
=do~
10.5 ± 0.75
Background
«d(b~
9.7 + 0.5
-99-
Table 9) Gross activity Of suspended silt in sea water samples at plant outfall
Bate of Silt Grooa beta Gross gamma collection content activity activity
13. 5.69
2. 7.69
11. 7.69
19. 8.69
6*10.69
5. 2.70
5. 3.70
20. 3.70
75.0
218.0
153-0
168.9,
167.0
. 67.2
64.11
98.8
14.6
22.68
20.20
13.36
32.53
3L84
31.64
20.84
+ 5.30
± 5 . 8 0
± *«59
± 3.46
+ 5.69
± 4 . 9 1
± 5 . 3 1
+ 5.06
1.2
1.5
3.4
5.8
97.5 "
75.58
88.28
28.2
± o^1
± 0.32
± "1-2
± 2.3
" ± 1.20
± 3*87
± 4.37
± 2.63
-100-
Table 10: Gross Beta and Gamma activity of deposited silt
Da to of Location Gross beta Gross gauaaa collection activity activity
— . * — _ * . .
18.10.68
21. 3.69
19. 5.69
3.10.69
27.11.69 11. 1.70
9. 2.70
11. 3.70
27. 4.70
20. 9.68
1. 4.69
9. 2.70
11. 3.70
28. 4.70
1. 9.68
27.11.69 10. 3.70
27. 4.70
• » « • » • - ! • ! . . , - - «^..Lm
Site (NEC end)
Ghivali sal t pan creek
.
Popranpada creek
-
pCi/g(dry s i l t )
6.0 ± 0.6
9.49 ± 3^20
13.2 ± 3.80
9.3 ± 4.1
13.5 + 4.3 16.1 +, 4.7
23.74 + 3 . 8
17.2 ± 4.3
2 0 . 5 + 5 . 4
10.7 + 2 . 1
8.01 +, 4.1
11.08 ± 5*0
18.7 + 3.8
15.3 ± 3 . 2
6.5 ± 2.3
5.2 ± 1.59
11.4 ± 2.5
18.9 ± 6.3
cpn/g (dzy si
0.5 +.0^12
0.56 ± 0.22
0.65 ± 0 . 1 5
0.49 ± 0.24
1.53 +.0.26
18.3 ± 0.25
24.23 ± 1.50
6.56 ± 1.8
9.16 ± 1.2
0.55 ± 0 . 1 1
0.38 + 0.12
11.J ± 1.5
5.9 + 1.4
5.9 ± 1.2
0*52 ± 0 . 2 1
0.65 ± 0.24 4.88 ± U 1
5.00 £ 0.8
-101-
Table lis Radioiodine in sea weeds at Tarapur
Date of c o l l e c t i o n
10.1.70
12.1.70
10.3.70
13.K70
10.J.70
27.4 .70
27 .4 ,70
27.4.70
27.4 .70
loca t ion
Intake canal
0 .5 ton south of SDC end
- d o -
Popranpada creek
-do-
- d o -
Uchali
SDC end
Akkarpatti low water l i n e
Variety of sea weed
Sargaesum
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Bronish needle type buehy-growth
-do-
-do-
Sargaseum
131,
pCi/g (wet.wt)
23.20 +_ 1.2
61.0 + 2 . 5
26 .8 +, 2.1
28.8 jf 2.2
10.16 j+ 0,75
0.49 i 0.05
0.13 ± 0.02
-5.35 +.0.38
17.7 + . 0 ' 6 4
137
Date of Collection 89„ 90CT_ \ 157
Preoperational
period
29.11.69
•11. 1.70
11 . 3.70
Location
N3X3 end
SDC end
NBC end
2IDC end
-i-8Si/i-ilS;.Eii52.. . 8% 90. Sr + Sr Cs 54. Mn
58 Co 60 Co
0.1
0.18 £ 0 . 0 3
0.20 +.0.06
0;45 + 0.19'
0.2 Below Detection
1.68 £ .0 .07 1.28 2.79
1.91 + 0.09 1.37 3.10
0.55 + 0.02 0,45 1.14
4.9
6.2
1.97
o ro I
Table 13t Long lived gross beta activity in air at site and colony
Duration of sampling Gross beta activity in pCl/H
At s i te
0.096 0.125 0.174 0,300 0,312
At colony
0.099 0.105 0,168 0,061 0.065
17.11.69 15.12.69 15. 1.70 16. 2.70 13. 3.70
to to to to to
24.11.69 20,12.69 22. 1.70 21. 2.70 24. 3.70
137. Table 14s Radiostrontium and " C s content in monthly cumulative air samples
Total Month - Tear Location Volume of
Air filtered M3
April - 1969 Site Lab. April - 1969 Colony Lab. March - 1970 Site Lab. March - 1970 Colony Lab. April - 1970 Site Lab, April - 1970 Colony Lab. Hay - 1970 Site Lab. Way : - 1970 Colony Lab.
1115.0 1115.0 994.0
1092.0 970.0 824.0
1454.0 877.0
89, Sr
42.2 + 6.0 8.5 + 3.0
40.8 + 6.2 3 .0 '7 3.0 5.6 + 2.0 1.6 • 1.6
*-12ILE£I^ 90,
Sr 137
Cs
2.34 + 0.81 3.5 + 1.2 7.86 + 2.2 1.45 + 1.2 6.8 + 3.8 6,7 + 3.4 8.2 + U6 1.9 + 1.6
3.95 5.2 9.3 1.7
11.4 4.1 4.4 4.2
A- 1.38 «• 0.80 + 1.1 + 0.99 • 2.8 + 2.4 + 2.1 •f 2-3
o I
-104«
72-AO
-105«
iiiiia
-106-
•ww
w
wsw
3»»
WW
>3B-3
FIQ3
ANNUAL W1NDR05ES AT TABAPUtt SIX YEAR AVERAGEfJUHt ff&3 TOHAVffo?)
AT 3.0M.HEIQHT
' S
E.?oio.q.t6&; ' s
-107-
0
108«
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