Plainview-Old Bethpage Central School District

First Grade Curriculum Overview

Dear Parents and Guardians,

This booklet gives you an overview of the curriculum offerings of the Plainview-Old Bethpage Central School District which have been aligned to the New York State Standards. The subject and content listed may be presented through a variety of teaching methods in each classroom with an emphasis on an interdisciplinary approach to learning. We hope, through the curriculum, to stimulate a variety of interests and develop skills and good work habits in all children while accommodating the different styles of learning.

Reading, language arts, mathematics, social studies and science are only part of the student’s day. In addition, the children participate in library, health, Mandarin Chinese, technology, physical education, music and art. These subjects are an important part of your child’s educational experience. In participating in these special area programs, children are introduced to the fundamentals of each specific discipline. In all subjects, active hands-on experience is provided and children are encouraged to express themselves, make connections among subject areas, explore issues and problems, and work cooperatively with peers and adults in the pursuit of understanding to become lifelong learners.

Our immediate goal is to meet the expectations of the New York State Standards and work toward the Common Core Standards which will be implemented in 2012. Partnership between the schools and community is essential to meet this challenge. In creating this overview, we have raised our own expectations for the students and staff and hope to have the support of parents as well. By working collaboratively, we can empower our children to succeed to their fullest potential.

Please take the time to read this information, share it with your child and discuss the expectations for the school year ahead. Connect with your child’s teachers and communicate regularly throughout the year. Together, we have the opportunity to make a difference in your child’s future.

Sincerely, The Plainview-Old Bethpage Staff

Language Arts

PARENT INFORMATION

The major goal of our English Language Arts program continues to be the enjoyment and appreciation of reading and writing. Students are encouraged to read for pleasure and for information in a variety of genres such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry and drama. Reading and writing are mutually supportive of each other and, therefore, are integrated across the curriculum. Skills and strategies will assist the students in becoming independent, confident learners in the areas defined below. However, these skills and strategies are not isolated entities, but rather embedded in our Language Arts program.

We encourage parents to support their child’s development by being involved in the learning process. A strong home-school partnership is essential for ensuring your child’s academic success. For additional support, we’ve provided website links and contact information.

All students will be expected to meet the New York State Standards for English Language Arts. That means that students will:

Read, write, listen and speak for information and understanding

Read, write, listen and speak for literary response and expression

Read, write, listen and speak for critical analysis and evaluation

Read, write, listen and speak for social interaction During the year the children will be exposed to the following skills:

READING

Enriching reading experiences are offered to children at each of the elementary schools. Reading offers an opportunity to focus on effective reading strategies using a variety of genres and authors. Students will strive to develop literacy competencies in the area of reading in: Phonemic Awareness Phonemic awareness involves separating, blending or manipulating individual sound in spoken words.

Count the number of syllables in a word

Recognize sound/symbol relationships

Blend spoken sounds to form words, manipulating letters to represent each sound of most one-syllable words

Phonics Phonics refers to being able to identify familiar letter patterns as one strategy to “sound out” or spell unfamiliar words.

Read common word families by blending the onset (/s/) and the rime (/it/, /at/ ) in grade-level words (s-it, s-at)

Break down grade-level words using knowledge of root words, prefixes, suffixes, verb endings, plurals, contractions, and compounds

Background Knowledge and Vocabulary Background knowledge and vocabulary development allow for students to use their knowledge of words and concepts to communicate effectively and comprehend meaning.

Study root words, prefixes, suffixes, verb endings, and plural nouns to learn new grade-level vocabulary

Connect words and ideas in books to prior knowledge and to learn new words from reading

Study antonyms, synonyms, and homonyms to learn grade-level vocabulary Fluency Fluency is being able to read text orally with appropriate speed, accuracy, and expression.

Sight-read automatically grade-level common and grade-level irregularly spelled high-frequency words

Begin to use a variety of strategies to identify unknown words: Phonetic cues (sound-symbol relationship) Semantic cues (context/meaning) Syntactic cues (language structure)

Read grade-level texts with decodable and irregularly spelled words at appropriate speed, accuracy and expression

Comprehension Strategies Comprehension is the process of making sense from reading text or constructing meaning while listening.

Use comprehension strategies (predict/confirm, reread, self-correct) to clarify meaning when reading a wide range of genres

Ask questions in response to texts

Answer simple questions (such as how? why? what if?) in response to texts

Retell a story

Sequence events in retelling stories

Understand story elements (characters, setting, problem, main idea, and solution)

Draw conclusions

Understand cause and effect relationships

Summarize main ideas from informational texts

Use own perspectives and opinions to comprehend text

Use graphic organizers to organize and categorize information Motivation to Read Motivation to read for a wide range of purposes, including academic, work or pleasure, is crucial to lifelong literacy.

Show interest in reading a wide range of grade-level children’s text from a variety of genres such as stories, folktales, fairy tales, poems, and informational texts

Read familiar grade-level text voluntarily

Show familiarity with titles and authors of grade-level books

WRITING Through writing experiences, children gain an appreciation of their ability to communicate a message and engage in meaningful tasks. Students are instructed in the writing process across various genres: prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. Students who are making adequate progress in writing are able to develop literacy competencies in:

Spelling

Use developing knowledge of letter-sound correspondence to spell: Independently grade-level decodable words Word families words Common grade-level irregularly spelled content words High-frequency words Three and four-letter short vowel words

Handwriting

Write legibly uppercase and lowercase manuscript letters

Write legibly when dictated Composition

Write stories and informational text that establish a topic and use age-appropriate vocabulary that can be understood by others

Use conventional punctuation and capitalization to begin and end sentences

Write compositions for different purposes and include text, illustrations, and other graphics

Write compositions using a variety of sentences and begin to use the steps of the writing process (e.g., prewriting, drafting, revising, proofreading, editing)

Produce written work with a beginning, middle and an end

Student writing will take place in all subject areas using a variety of forms (e.g., journals, friendly letters, poems, class books, fictional pieces, simple directions, and personal narratives)

Motivation to Write

Write voluntarily to communicate using paragraphs

Write voluntarily for different purposes (e.g., tell stories, share information, give directions, write to a friend)

Share writing with others

LISTENING

Through listening, students will be exposed to a range of grade-level materials for pleasure and information. The development of listening skills enables students to develop language, expand vocabulary, and increase attention span. Students who are making adequate progress in speaking are able to:

Listen attentively to spoken language, including grade-level books read aloud

Listen attentively for different purposes (information and details) and for specified periods of time

Listen respectfully without interrupting when others speak

Attend to a listening activity

SPEAKING

Through speaking activities, students will be exposed to a range of grade level materials for pleasure and information. Development of speaking skills enables students to develop language, expand vocabulary, and increase attention span. Students who are making adequate progress in speaking are able to:

Speak for different purposes using sentences (e.g., share ideas or information, retell a story, dramatize an experience or event) by using grade-level vocabulary and conventional grammar

Speak clearly with speed and expression

Able to relate an event in sequence

Take turns in and contribute to discussion

Stay on topic

Respond appropriately when speaking in a group

WEBSITES Plainview – Old Bethpage School District: http://www.pob.k12.ny.us/ New York State Department of Education Parental Resources: http://usny.nysed.gov/parents/ New York State Department of Education Student Resources: http://usny.nysed.gov/students/ Plainview – Old Bethpage Public Library: http://www.nassaulibrary.org/plainv/ Helpful Websites for Parents of Elementary School Students:

http://schools.nyc.gov/Academics/EnglishLanguageArts ParentResources/Helpful+Websites+for+Parents+of +Elementary +School+Students.htm

CONTACT

Mr. Jeffrey Yagaloff, English Language Arts Chair K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6369 ext.261 or via e-mail at jyagaloff@pob.k12.ny.us

Library

Library Procedures

- Understand library rules and manners

- Follow circulation procedures

- Select books related to personal interests

- Reinforce book care

Literary Understanding and Appreciation

- Differentiate between fiction and nonfiction

- Review parts of a book (title, author, illustrator)

- Continue author and illustrator studies

- Continue introducing various genres

Information Literacy Skills

- Reinforce classification: fiction books are separate from nonfiction books

- Review organization: how materials in the library are organized

- Reinforce following directions and listening skills

Technology

- Expand computer-related vocabulary

- Review computer log-on procedures

- Use of computer hardware and software appropriate to grade level

- Use of appropriate databases

- Introduce internet safety

Mathematics

PARENT INFORMATION

All students will be involved in classroom activities designed to help them develop strategies for understanding math concepts and retaining basic math facts and skills. All students need practice, over extended periods of time, to commit facts and skills to memory. We encourage parents to support their children’s learning via the use of flash cards, card games, and web-based math games. This brochure contains suggested websites and links to the NYS Education Department to learn more about benchmark assessments, and the new Common Core curriculum in mathematics. A strong home-school partnership is essential for ensuring our students’ academic success. Thank you for your continued support.

VOCABULARY

Add, sum, addend, plus (+)

Subtract, difference, minus (-)

Equal (=), less than (<), greater than (>)

Number sentence, equation (has an equal sign), inequality (has < or >), expression (no =, <, or >)

More, less, greatest, least

Before, after, between

Hour, minute, o’clock

Penny (1¢), nickel (5¢), dime (10¢), quarter (25¢)

Ones place, tens place

Rectangle, circle, square, triangle, hexagon, rhombus Grade 1: Introduction In Grade 1, instructional time will focus on four critical areas: (1) developing understanding of addition, subtraction, and strategies for addition and subtraction within 20; (2) developing understanding of whole number relationships and place value, including grouping in tens and ones; (3) developing understanding of linear measurement and measuring lengths as iterating length units; and (4) reasoning about attributes of, and composing and decomposing geometric shapes.

1. Students develop strategies for adding and subtracting whole numbers based on their prior work with small numbers.

2. Students develop, discuss, and use efficient, accurate, and generalizable methods to add within 100 and subtract multiples of 10.

3. Students develop an understanding of the meaning and processes of measurement. 4. Students compose and decompose plane or solid figures (e.g., put two triangles together

to make a quadrilateral) and build understanding of part-whole relationships as well as the properties of the original and composite shapes.

GRADE 1 FOCUS TOPICS

OPERATIONS AND ALGEBRAIC THINNKING

Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.

Understand and apply properties of operations and the relationship between addition and subtraction.

Add and subtract within 20.

Work with addition and subtraction equations.

NUMBER AND OPERATIONS IN BASE TEN

Extend the counting sequence.

Understand place value.

Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract.

MEASUREMENT AND DATA

Measure lengths indirectly and by iterating length units.

Tell and write time.

Represent and interpret data.

GEOMETRY

Reason with shapes and their characteristics.

WEBSITES NYS Standards-http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/3-8/MathCore.doc NYS Mathematics Glossary-http://www.emsc.nysed.gov/3-8/glossary.htm

MATH GAMES FOR FAMILIES http://www.pbs.org/parents/earlymath/grades_games.html

CONTACT Mr. Ronald Labrocca, Mathematics Chair K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6379 or via e-mail at rlabrocca@pob.k12.ny.us

Science The elementary science program at Plainview-Old Bethpage offers students a hands-on science experience. Lessons are designed from a math, science and technology perspective that reinforces the integration of the disciplines. Students are encouraged to develop their understanding of the subject through inquiry and hands-on experimentation. The curriculum is designed to address the New York State core curriculum. As a result, students are well prepared for the Grade 4 Elementary Science Assessment. Inquiry

Identify problem

Predict outcomes

Make hypothesis

Test/Experiment

Observe

Record and analyze data

Draw conclusions Earth Science

Our Earth o Land o Water o Changes

Natural Resources o Observations o Protection

Physical Science

Investigating Matter o Solids o Liquids o Gases

Life Science

Plants and Animals all Around

Eggs to Toads

All about Animals o Living vs. Nonliving o Animals o Grouping

All about Plants o Needs o Parts o Growth

Science Websites

Harcourt Science Program: www.hspscience.com ESP Science Kits: www.espsciencetime.org Science with Me: www.sciencewithme.com HHMI Cool Science for Curious Kids: www.hhmi.org/coolscience/forkids American Museum of Natural History – Ology: www.amnh.org/ology Endangered Animal Channel: www.endangeredtv.com Enchanted Learning: www.enchantedlearning.com BBC – KS2 Bite-size Science: www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks2bitesize/science

Contact

Mrs. Joyce Thornton Barry, Science, Research and Technology Chair K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6369 ext. 331 or via e-mail at jbarry@pob.k12.ny.us

Technology

At the elementary level, grades K-4, technology is integrated into the curriculum through

projects facilitated by classroom teachers, library media specialists, Project Challenge and

Enrichment For All teachers, and are supported by building-based computer technology

teacher aides. Technology activities and projects are led by the goals of the classroom

curriculum at each grade level. In alignment with National Education Technology Standards, a

computer technology curriculum guide provides teachers with a guide to integrate grade level

appropriate technology skills into daily instructional activities.

A computer lab, with Internet access, is housed adjacent to library media centers located at

each school. Typically, initial instruction is provided in the computer lab/library media center

and supported by computers located inside each classroom.

Enrichment For All

Elementary students in grades K-4 participate in an interdisciplinary inquiry-based

enrichment program that enhances discovery through hands-on experiences.

Focus: Problem Solving in the Modern World – Looking at the gulf coast region/the Alaskan coast – where is that? Students explore the effects of an oil spill on the environment, what effect it may have on communities and the role of government and industry in guiding those communities in cleaning up. First grade students participate in four sessions of Enrichment For All throughout the school year. Lessons are designed to meet the needs of all learners.

Social Studies

The grade 1 social studies program focuses on helping students to learn about their roles as members of a family and school community. The development of identity and social interaction is stressed. The students explore self, family, and school. Students learn about families now and long ago, as they study different kinds of families that have existed in different societies and communities. Students also begin to locate places on maps and globes and learn how maps serve as representations of physical features and objects. Building on the Kindergarten program, the grade 1 program assists in developing the content, concepts and skills outlined in the K-12 social studies program. Identity, Culture and Interdependence:

Families and different kinds of families exist in all communities and societies though they may differ

Families have beliefs, customs, traditions, roles and responsibilities

Families are interdependent

Families have a past and they change over time

Folktales, biographies, oral histories and legends relate family histories

People exchange elements of their culture Places and Regions:

Places can be located on maps and on a globe

Maps and diagrams serve as representations of places, physical features and objects

Cardinal directions can be used to locate places and physical features

Symbols represent places and can be used to locate geographic features Needs and Wants:

Scarcity means that people’s wants exceed their limited resources

People use technologies, tools and other resources to meet their needs and wants

People make decisions about how to spend the money they earn

People work to earn money to purchase the goods and services they need and/or want Citizenship:

Citizenship includes knowledge about and respect for the flag of the United States of America

Citizenship includes a pledge of allegiance or loyalty to the United State of America

Students, teachers and staff are all citizens of the school community and have rights and responsibilities

People form governments in order to develop rules and laws to govern and protect themselves

Key terms related to the study of government include: democracy, citizenship and justice

WEBSITES

National Archives – Introduction to Documents:

http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/introductory_activity.html

National Archives – Document Analysis Worksheets:

http://www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/lessons/analysis_worksheets/worksheets.html

Geography Olympics: http:www.geographyolympics.com/challenge.php Ellis Island: http://www/ellisisland.org/ Popular Songs in American History: http://www.contemplator.com/america/ PBS Growing Up Global – Kid Cards: http://www/pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/global/cards.html

CONTACT

Ms. Maria Carnesi, Social Studies Chair K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6369 ext. 264 or via e-mail at mcarnesi@pob.k12.ny.us

World Languages

Mandarin Chinese

The mission of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) is to

promote and foster the study of languages and cultures as an integral component of American

education and society.

In keeping with this mission, the goals of the elementary world language program in the

Plainview-Old Bethpage Central School District are to introduce students to the basics of world

language learning, develop limited communicative competence and promote cultural

awareness and understanding.

In grades one through four, our students are introduced to Mandarin Chinese. Each week,

students participate in a 45-minute class within a 6-day cycle in Chinese language and

culture.

The Chinese program is a content-related program consisting of thematic, linguistic and

cultural units. The emphasis is on the development of listening and speaking skills as well as

vocabulary building using a variety of techniques. These techniques include, but are not

limited to, total physical response, story telling, dialog and role play, folktales, games, songs

and special projects. Some of the vocabulary topics include greetings, numbers, colors, family,

food, weather and action words.

At the end of Grade 1 students will be able to:

Greet people by saying

Hello, thank you , good-bye

Count numbers

1-10

Identify core family members:

Father, mother, older brother, younger brother, older sister, younger sister

Name and indicate body parts:

Head, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, hands, feet

Name basic colors:

Red, blue, green, black, white and yellow

Sing "Happy Birthday" in Chinese

Understand that Chinese New Year is the most important holiday for Chinese people.

CONTACT Mr. Brian O’Sullivan, World Languages Chair K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6369 ext. 277 or via e-mail at bosullivan@pob.k12.ny.us

Health

The health education curriculum is designed to motivate and assist students to maintain and improve their health and prevent disease. Students learn to develop and demonstrate the knowledge, attitudes, skills, and practices that are essential in making responsible health related decisions.

Elementary Health Education - follows many themes throughout the primary years in order to

reinforce the health message, gradually increasing the depth of each curriculum issue.

Grade 1 Topics:

o Illness Prevention – Don’t Spread Those Germs

o Personal Safety and Injury Prevention – Making Safe Decisions

o Substance Abuse Prevention – Good Drugs vs. Bad Drugs

o Nutrition – Healthy Eating and Healthy Meals

o Fitness – Your Muscles

o Emotional Health – When We Feel Emotions

o Communication and Friendship – Friends Are Special

o Family – Your Family, My Family

o Summer Safety – Summer Safety Rules

Physical Education

The Plainview Old Bethpage physical education curriculum will foster the development of the

whole child in conjunction with the three New York State Standards. Physical education in first

grade will continue to expand the foundation for development and exploration within a wide

range of activities. Students will be introduced to the necessary knowledge and skills to

establish and maintain physical fitness, participate in physical activity, and maintain personal

health.

Motor/Movement Skill Development

Continued development of locomotor skills and non locomotor skills

Introduction of movement concepts as they relate to games and sports

Introduction and development of manipulation skills as they relate to games and sports

Daily exercise related to muscular development

Fitness /Wellness

Introduction of the five fitness components – cardiovascular, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, and body composition

Introduction of how the body responds to exercise

Introduction to how fitness is measured

Daily aerobic exercise

Living Skills

Learn acceptance of rules and consequences

Encourage students to try new activities with a sense of confidence

Encourage family activities within the community

Exploratory movement activities, manipulation of various equipment, basic gymnastic skills,

dance and rhythm, sport themes, fitness stations and challenges, and educational games are the

tools used for goal achievement at this level.

CONTACT Mr. Kevin McDermott, Director of Physical Education, Health, Recreation & Athletics K–12,

can be reached by phone at (516) 349-4789 or via e-mail at kmcdermott@pob.k12.ny.us

Music

Through recommended activities such as singing, moving, playing instruments, reading music, creating and listening, students will study the following concepts: Rhythm:

Continue steady beat

Begin to read and notate half, quarter eighth notes and rests

Long/short patterns

Fast/slow tempos Melody/Harmony:

High/low

Melodic singing – do-mi-sol

Melodic direction (upward-downward)

Major/minor

Simple instrumental/vocal improvisation

Sing a vocal melody while hearing a contrasting accompaniment Form:

Melodic pattern/contrast

Contrasting sections, introduction and coda

Perform simple accompaniment on barred instruments Timbre:

Unique sounds of different instruments

Using percussion instruments, voices and body percussion to create different effects

How different instruments make sound

Explore “found sounds” Dynamics:

Piano, forte, crescendo, decrescendo

Dynamic contrast

WEBSITES Plainview-Old Bethpage Music Department: http://www.pob.k12.ny.us/MUSIC/musicdepartment.htm Music Association of Plainview-Old Bethpage (MAPOB): http://www.pob.k12.ny.us/MAPOB.HTM New York State School Music Association: http://nyssma.org/ Nassau Music Educators Association: http://www.nmea.us/ Long Island String Festival Association: http://www.lisfa.org/ National Association for Music Education: http://www.pob.k12.ny.us/MUSIC/musicdepartment.htm

CONTACT Mr. Joshua Golbert, Director of Music K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6406 or via e-mail at jgolbert@pob.k12.ny.us

Visual Arts

The Plainview-Old Bethpage elementary art program is designed to reach all students and offer them a broad range of experiences and activities. While supporting the New York State Standards for the Arts, art instruction is based on the Basic Elements of Art and Principles of Design. Children are exposed to creative opportunities in various mediums and areas of self-expression, which are enriched further with art history and the works of accomplished artists. The art program is an integral part of the elementary interdisciplinary curriculum and plays a significant role in community activities. There is an annual celebration of the visual arts at the Elementary Art Expo at POBJFK High School Tim Sanchez Visions Gallery. The following examples provide an overview of the art focus at each grade level: projects and materials may vary depending on each school’s equipment, supplies, and designated themes/celebrations. Students will be introduced to design elements and basic art vocabulary for:

Line

Shape

Color

Texture

Space

Patterns

Movement/Rhythm

Balance

Examples may include:

Drawing Family Shape

Painting Abstract Primary Colors

3-Dimensional work Animals Found object

Pinch Project (clay) Subtractive method

Art History Replicating artistic style Reproduction

Possible mediums:

Paint Tempera Watercolor

Crayon Resist technique

Pastels Finger blending

Clay Modeling clay White kiln clay

Paper Construction Paper folding

Chalk As mixed media

WEBSITES Metropolitan Museum: http://www.metmuseum.org Just for Kids: http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/for-kids.html J. Paul Getty Museum: http://www.getty.edu Art Institute of Chicago: http://www.artic.edu Cleveland Museum of Art: http://www.clemusart.com National Gallery of Art: http://www.nga.gov Kids Zone: http://www.nga.gov/kids/zone/zone.htm Tessellations: http://tessellations.org/animation-aquarium.htm Optical Illusions: http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_sigma/index.html

CONTACT Dr. Judith Chen, Director of Art K–12, can be reached by phone at (516) 937-6369 ext. 240 or via e-mail at jchen@pob.k12.ny.us

BOARD OF EDUCATION

2011-2012

Mr. Gary Bettan, President

Mrs. Amy Pierno, Vice President

Mrs. Debbie Bernstein

Mr. Angel Cepeda

Mrs. Ginger Lieberman

Mrs. Evy Rothman

Mrs. Emily Schulman

Central Administration

Mr. Gerard W. Dempsey, Jr…………………………………………… Superintendent of Schools

Ms. Jill M. Gierasch.………………………..Asst. Superintendent for Curriculum and Instruction

Mr. Arthur Jonas. . . . ……………………………………………………...Deputy Superintendent

Mr. Ryan Ruf……..…………………………………………….Asst. Superintendent for Business

Ms. Ellie Becker ……………...….………………………… Director of Pupil Personnel Services

Ms. Catherine Maiman……...........................Asst. Dir. of Special Education, Grades Preschool-4

Ms. Dolores Binstock.…..….………………………...Asst. Dir. of Special Education, Grades 5-8

Ms. Sandy Steinberg..……………………………… Asst. Dir. of Special Education, Grades 9-12

Mr. Kevin McDermott…………………Director of Physical Education, Recreation and Athletics

Dr. Judith Chen..…………………………………………………………………....Director of Art

Mr. Joshua Golbert.………………………………………………………….......Director of Music

Mr. Guy Lodico……………………………………………………………Director of Technology

Ms. Kim Parahus………………………………….Director of School Facilities and Operations II

Ms. Nadine Eiring……………………….……District Transportation Specialist & Safety Officer

Mr. Mark Donovan…………………….……………………………….Transportation Supervisor

Mission Statement

The mission of the Plainview-Old Bethpage Central School District is to provide an

academically challenging and stimulating environment for all students, and to enable them

to realize their full potential to be happy, ethical and analytical citizens of the world.

We do this by:

making tolerance, acceptance, respect, honesty and kindness expectations for

all students, and for members of the Plainview-Old Bethpage school

community;

identifying each student’s academic, social-emotional, aesthetic and physical

needs, and striving to meet those needs; and

encouraging communication between and among students, teachers, parents,

administrators, and community members