PLACEBO EFFECT

Kelompok 5 Rosiana Hardianti C (1120120)Indah Permata Sari C (1120128)Ferawinda Desna D (1120374)Rachmawati C (1120383)Siti Aliyah D (1120386)M. Alvian Rahmansyah D (1120343)Rizki Damayanti D (1120378)Aresto Bayu E. P. D (1120377)

• In the context of healthcare, treatment should be understood as “ the way in which the patient is treated and responds”, this involves not only the medical intervention, but also the environment in which it takes place, the attitudes of the healthcare providers and the attitudes of the patient.

• There are many factors which can influence the effectiveness of treatment such as:1. drug therapy2. Surgical intervension3. Manipulative therapy4. the communication skills of the healthcare provider

to the willingness of the patient to act upon the advice that they have received.

5. Another aspect like placebo effect

BACKGROUND

• Placebo is an inert substance that creates either a positive response or no response in a subject who takes it. ( non pharmacological effect)

• The Placebo Effect means the behavior of the person receiving the treatment is greatly influenced by their expectation of the effect that may occur, and by their previous experience of the treatment.

• A placebo control is usually defined as a treatment which is identical to the treatment under consideration in every aspect except that is does not contain the active component (i.e. drug, which were identical in size, colour and shape but did not contain the active drug)

BASIC THEORY

• Nocebo effect is sometimes used to describe the phenomenon in which an individual experiences adverse effects following administration of a ”dummy” treatment.

• Placebo are usually used in condition with subjective symptoms such as anxiety or depression or conditions where pain or discomfort are the predominant symptoms. (Ex : migraine headache, pain osteoarthritis, low back pain, premenstrual syndrome, cyclical breast pain, patient who are probable that dietary advice or recommendations concerning lifestyle, insomnia).

Healthcare practitioner used placebo because of :• The condition will improve naturally and

rapidly although the provision of a prescription “medicine” may aid the relief of symptoms and will definitely improve patient satisfaction.

• To relieve the patient of discomfort, to improve their well-being and to enhance their quality and or duration of life, in doing this it is the patient’s feelings that are paramount, not the healthcarer’s prejudices about the various forms of treatment.

WHY PLACEBO IS BEING USED?

“NOCEBO” EFFECT

ADVERSE EFFECT

The warning for patient’s safety, but increases the incidence & saverity of

the effect

ACTIVE TREATMENT

BEING INTERFERED

Informed that patient eithermedication or placebo

*) The Effect of Alcohol on Psychomotor Performance

THE EXPERIMENT OF PLACEBO EFFECT (ILLUSTRATION)

To demonstrate the effect of alcohol on psychomotor performance

To understand about the placebo effect

EXPERIMENT’S OBJECTIVE

Participants are told that:They are to receive a drink containing 100 ml

of proprietary vodka, diluted with further 200 ml of carbonated cola drink

The magnitude of expected effect of this dose of alcohol is influenced by personal factors such as gender, weight, previous experience of alcohol use (average weekly alcohol intake) and current state of health

EXPERIMENT

A range of tests

Receive the drink

15 minutes absorption

of the alcohol

Tests are repeated

Rate their degree of intoxication on a

scale 1-10 & report any adverse effect

DESIGN OF THE EXPERIMENT

Reaction time: recording the time taken to press the key corresponding to the letter displayed on a screen

The mental arithmetic test: participants being presented with a range of additions, subtractions, multiplication, divisions or a combination. The number of sums answered correctly in a 2 minute period is recorded

The card sorting: recording the time taken to sort a shuffled pack of playing cards into the four suits in descending order, king to ace.

THE TEST UNDERTAKEN ARE :

Reaction Time

Mental arithmetic

Card sorting

Intoxication score

Before drink

265 ms 36 77 s 0

After drink

307 ms 29 89 s 3,9

RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT

*At the conclusion of the study, 5 of the 30 participants reported having experienced feelings of

nausea at some point during the experiment, and three subjects reported a headache.

None of the participants, in fact, received alcohol . The drink were containing cola, small amount of peppermint oil and ginger (to create a warm sensation as it is drunk)

The result of the experiment shows that participants will often respond appropriately when given a drug or treatment even if the drug is given in doses too small to be effective or even if the drug/treatment is absent.

CONCLUSION OF THE EXPERIMENT

• Suggestion or prediction of the effects that may occur

• Expectation of the effects that may occur

• Previous experience**

• Physical characteristics and appearance of a medicine

• Personal factors

FACTOR AFFECTING THE PLACEBO EFFECT

• The placebo effect, however, can also interfere with the actions of the active treatment or may result in the apperance of side-effects: the nocebo effects.

• Placebo effect = suggestions

CONCLUSION