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Abstract Conclusion

BUSINESS MODEL

Solar Water Pasteurization

Limited access to safe drinking water has always been a

threat for people living in rural area. Millions of children in

developing countries die every year due to lack of

access to safe water and sanitation. There are variety of

methods and technologies to purify water. Many

organizations involved to solve this issue however

unstable economic, social and political situation are the

main obstacles for impressive progress in rural area of

developing world. Attempt of this paper is to evaluate the

feasibility of application of inexpensive, single-person

use of solar water pasteurizers in tropical developing

countries as a reliable and worth to invest technology for

social entrepreneurs. They can easily meet the demand

for clean water in rural area of developing countries. The

potential users for this technology are mainly those live

in villages or low-density populated area of developing

countries, those who live on with less than $2 a day.

Now that the AquaPak has been developed, patented,

and tested, Solar Solutions will attempt to identify

entrepreneurs and companies that will establish

independently owned "copy exactly" manufacturing

facilities in the developing world. Extensive hands-on

training for the managers of these facilities would be

provided at the San Diego manufacturing site.

Solar Solutions LLC will continue to seek approval from

interested non-governmental organizations (NGO's) and

any other group that may buy large numbers of units at

humanitarian prices from these newly formed

companies. The new companies would be able to sell to

the NGO's directly or through Solar Solutions, but would

also have the opportunity to sell through normal

distribution channels in their home countries and to other

neighboring countries.

Pasteurization

Poor people spend

a lot of their income on

fuel to boil their drinking

water and they mostly

not even know that there

is no need to boil water up

to 100°C, they can purify

water by only heating it up

to 65°C for 6 minutes or to

a higher temperature for a

shorter time [1].

Pasteurization is a reliable

method discovered by

Louis Pasteur back in

nineteenth century, since then

it has been using in a wide range of food and dairy

industries.

Solar Cooker Solar Box Cookers are the most common type of solar

cookers. This technology is like traditional oven so water

will be placed in insulated box. Box cooker can make

from any kind of material like wood or plastic and then

covered by transparent glass or plastic to permit solar

rays inside the box and in the same time prevent trap the

solar rays that have been converted to heat energy. For

effective and higher temperature reflector panel also

added in order to concentrate the sun rays toward the

cooking pot

AquaPak is one-piece unit using sun light to heat up water to the

pasteurization temperature

Basically a batch system which has its own storage to

prevent recontamination of water

It has Water Pasteurization Indicator(WAPI)

AquaPak is a low-cost solar water pasteurizer which cost

less than two dollars per unit to manufacture in third world

countries.

Each unit can produce up to 3 gallons (maximum) of

water per day.

The bubble pack layer automatically maintains a thermal

convection gap. Sunlight enters through the bubble pack,

clear plastic layer, and water and then converts into heat

when it comes in contact with the black plastic layer. The

bubble pack serves as a thermal insulator, which allows water

to be heated to a temperature sufficient for pasteurization.

• cross-section of the materials used in the AquaPak.

solar puddle The solar puddle that was developed in 1994 is simply a

puddle in ground isolated with foam rubber or various organic

materials such as grass, leaves, straw or dry brush. It is also

possible to make this puddle above the ground by using

wooden side or other similar material. In order to pasteurize

water a pasteurization indicator, a siphon tube and four

sheets of plastic are needed .One form of solar puddle is

sketched in figure below[2].

• The need for water free of biological pathogen for

people living in rural part of developing countries

is absolute.

• Improving water supply and sanitation helps to

grow national economy and reduce poverty by

reducing sickness and death.

• Heating water to pasteurization point in compare

with boiling point reduce the energy required by at

least 50% so it reduce the cost and also pollution

caused by burning fossil fuel

• By using Solar water pasteurizer technology

people are able to spend this time for education

and schooling also it will help them to improve

their health as they do not need burn wood inside

of their home to boil water.

• Between all appropriate water treatment

technologies pasteurization/boiling has got the

highest rank of removal performance in

classification of household water treatment

supply. On a scale of 0-9, pasteurization technique

scored 9+.[3]

References

[1] Burch, Jay D. and Thomas. Karen,E., 1998, “Water

Disinfection in Developing Countries and the Potential for

Solar Thermal Pasteurization,” Solar Energy, 64.( 1-3),

pp.87-97.

[2] Andreatta, Dale., 2007, “A Summary of Water

Pasteurization Techniques,” S.E.A. Ltd,

Columbus.

[3] World Health Organization and Unicef, 2012, “A toolkit

for monitoring and evaluating household water treatment

and safe storage programs, "World Health

Organization/Unicef, Geneva.

Small Solar Water Pasteurizer Techniques for Water Disinfection in Rural

Area of Developing Countries Tayyebatossadat P.S Aghaei*, Frank Husson**, Allen Johnston***

*Research Engineer at Solar Solution LLC; **president of Solar Solution LLC; ***Vice President of Dental Materials at Designer Molecules, Inc.

10080 Willow Creek Road, San Diego,CA,USA,92131