Metallurgyis a domain ofmaterials science and engineeringthat studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallicelements, theirintermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are calledalloys. Metallurgy is also thetechnologyof metals Distillationis a process ofseparatingcomponent substances from liquidmixturesthrough vaporisation and condensation, based on differentvolatility(vaporizationpoint) of components in the mixture. Distillation is aunit operation, or a physical separation process, and not achemical reaction Where gravity flow linesare shown, piping has to ensure that there is no loop in the circuit and if provision of a loop becomes unavoidable, one has to ensure that the outlet nozzle of the tank from which the fluid flows, is always at a higher elevation than the inlet nozzle of the tank in to which the fluid flows. Siphon u tube When the ends of the pipe ends are closed and pipe is subjected to an internal pressure Pfollowing stresses would act on each element of the pipe.Circumferential (hoop) stress HLongitudinal Stress LRedial Stress R Elements resisting this type of failure would be subjected to stress and direction of this stress is along the circumference. Hence the above stress is called Circumferential or Hoop Stress

Piping Specification is a document specifying each of the elements. Different material specifications are segregated in different Piping Classes. Identification of Piping Classes depends on each designer. Ultimate tensile strength(UTS), often shortened totensile strength(TS) orultimate strength,[1][2]is the maximumstressthat a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before failing or breaking. Tensile strength is not the same ascompressive strengthand the values can be quite different.Some materials will break sharply, withoutplastic deformation, in what is called abrittle failure. Others, which are moreductile, including most metals, will experience some plastic deformation and possiblyneckingbefore fracture. compressive strengthis the capacity of a material or structure to withstand loads tending to reduce size. It can be measured by plotting applied force against deformation in a testing machine. Some material fracture at their compressive strength limit; others deform irreversibly, so a given amount of deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive strength is a key value for design of structures The selection or design of the elements is based on : Yield Strength. The Ultimate Strength Percentage elongation Impact Strength The Fatigue Endurance StrengthAyield strengthoryield pointof a material is defined inengineeringandmaterials scienceas thestressat which a material begins todeform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deformelasticallyand will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removedYoung's modulus, also known as thetensile modulusorelastic modulus, is a measure of thestiffnessof anelasticmaterial and is a quantity used to characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of thestress(force per unit area) along anaxisover thestrain(ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of stress in whichHooke's lawholdsFatigue limit,endurance limit, andfatigue strengthare all expressions used to describe a property of materials: the amplitude (or range) ofcyclic stressthat can be applied to the material without causingfatigue failure.[1]Ferrousalloys andtitaniumalloys[2]have a distinct limit, an amplitude below which there appears to be no number of cycles that will cause failure. Other structuralmetalssuch asaluminiumandcopper, do not have a distinct limit and will eventually fail even from small stress amplitudes. In these cases, a number of cycles (usually 107) is chosen to represent the fatigue life of the material.

TheASTMdefinesfatigue strength,SNf, as the value of stress at which failure occurs afterNfcycles, andfatigue limit,Sf, as the limiting value of stress at which failure occurs asNfbecomes very large. ASTM does not defineendurance limit, the stress value below which the material will withstand many load cycles,[1]but implies that it is similar to fatigue limit

The following are to be considered for strength calculationDesign Pressure as 10% higher than anticipated maximum operating pressure.Design Temperature as 25C above the maximum anticipated operating temperature.When operating temperature is 15C and below, the design temperature is minimumanticipated operating temperature. Carbon Steel shall be used upto 425C. (797F)Low temperature Steel shall be used below 20C.Alloy carbon steel shall be used above 425CThe pipes are normally available in standard length of 20 ft.( 6 m ).Type of Pipe based on Pipe EndsBevelled Ends.Plain EndsScrewed Ends.Flanged Ends.Spigot / Socket Ends ( lead cock joint ).Type of Pipes Based on ManufactureSeamlessWelded.Electric Resistance Welded ( ERW).Electric Fusion Welded ( EFW ).Spiral Welded.Furnace Butt Welded.Double Submerged Arc Welded.Forged and Bored.

In American National Standard, material standards are covered under ASTM (AmericanSociety of Testing Materials) and dimensional standard under ANSI (American NationalStandard Institute). Most of these Standards are adapted by ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) and are specified along with.

American Petroleum Institute ( API ).The American Iron and Steel Institute ( AISI ).The American National Standard Institute ( ANSI ).The American Society of Testing Materials ( ASTM ).The American Welding Institute ( AWS ).The American Water Works Association ( AWWA ).The Manufacturers Standardization Society of Valves and Fitting Industry - StandardPractices MSS - SP )The American Society of Mechanical Engineer (ASME)API 5L - Specification for line pipe.API 6D - Pipe line valves, end closures, connectors and swivels.API 6F - Recommended practice for fire test for valves.API 598 - Valves inspection and test.API 600 - Steel Gate Valves.API 602 - Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves for Refinery use.API 607 - Fire test for soft seated ball valves.API 609 - Butterfly valvesAPI 1104 - Standard for welding pipe line and related facilities.DIN stands for "Deutsches Institut fr Normung", meaning "German institute for standardization"ASME B 16.1 - Cast iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings.ASME B 16.3 - Malleable iron threaded fittings.ASME B 16.4 - Cast iron threaded fittings.ASME B 16.5 - Steel pipe flanges and flanged fittings.ASME B 16.9 - Steel butt weldings fittings.ASME B 16.10 - Face to face and end to end dimensions of ferrous valves.ASME B 16.11 - Forged steel socket welding and threaded fittings.ASME B 16.20 - Ring joint gaskets and grooves for pipe flanges.ASME B 16.21 - Non metallic gasket for pipe flanges.ASME B 16.25 - Butt welding ends.ASME B 16.28 - Short radius elbows and 180 Degree returnsASME B 16.47 - Large Diameter steel FlangesASME B 16.34 - Steel valves, flanged and butt welding ends.ASME B 18.2 - Square and hexagonal head bolts and nuts.ASME B 36.10 - Welded and seamless wrought steel pipes.ASME B 36.19 - Welded and seamless Austenitic stainless steel pipes.Wrought ironis anironalloywith a very lowcarbon(0.1 to 0.25%) content in contrast tocast iron(2.1% to 4%), and has fibrousinclusions, known asslagup to 2% by weight. It is a semi-fused mass of iron with slag inclusions which gives it a "grain" resembling wood, that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easilywelded

c = Sum of mechanical allowances (Thread or groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion allowances.

C Sum of Mechanical, corrosion and erosion allowances.Following are the usual allowances to be accounted.1. Threads:This is applicable if the pipes are threaded for making joints as is the case with galvanized piping. The nominal thread depth has to be accounted under such situation. Refer table314.2.1 Minimum Thickness of male threaded components2. Corrosion/erosion allowances:These allowance depend upon the type of fluid handled and are indicated by the Process licenser. These allowances vary from 1mm to 6mm, and in some cases even more. As a good engineering practice, it is advisable to consider minimum 1mm corrosion allowance for all other services where Process licenser has not specifically indicated any requirement. This also takes care of external corrosion if any.3. Bending Allowance:If the pipes are to be used for making bends, then it may be necessary to increase thethickness tm by a factor called bend thinning allowance. During bending the outer fibres get stretched and in order to maintain minimum wall thickness tm at all point in a completed bend, one has to add allowance for thinning Flattening of a bend, the difference between maximum and minimum diameters at any cross section, shall not exceed 8% of nominal outside diameter for internal pressure.6D (nom. Dia) 1.06 tm5D 1.08 tm4D 1.14 tm3D 1.25 tmThe DN code is a code that rounds off the diameter of the pipe to get an even number to work with, not the exact diameter. The American version is called NPS and is in english units. DN is the european version and is based on millimeters. For example, If you want 2" Pipe, NPS calls it 2" and DN calls it 50 mm. but the actual outside diameter is neither 2" or 50 mm. They just use these nice round numbers cause it is easier.

Finding the inside diameter is even more complicated. If you have 2" pipe, the inside diameter will vary dependeing on how strong the pipe needs to be. For example, 2" sch 80 pipe has thicker walls and therefore a smaller inside diameter than 2" Sch 40 pipe. The outside diameter of these pipes are the same so that you can use the same fittings on each You must remember that people have been produced steel pipe for about 150 years. The Pipe sizes that we use today in pvc and galvanized were originally designed years ago for steel pipe. The number system, like Sch 40, 80, 160, were set long ago and seem a little odd. For example, Sch 1120 pipe is even thinner than Sch 40, but same OD. And while these pipes are based on old steel pipe sizes, there is other pipe, like gold-flow cpvc for heated water, that uses pipe sizes, inside and out, based on old copper pipe size standards insteasd of steel.

Thus for seamless pipes if tm is the minimum thickness required then the nominal thickness T should be equal or greater than tm / 0.875.Similarly, for electric fusion welded steel pipes as per ASTM A672 the manufacturersnegative tolerance is 0.01 inch (0.3mm). Hence for pipes conforming to A 672 nominalthickness T should be equal or greater than (tm + 0.01 inch)

STEPS TO DETERMINE PIPE WALL THICKNESS:Using the minimum inside diameter determined from the fluid flow evaluation, select thenext larger standard nominal size or outside diameter (OD) pipe from the listings providedin ASME B 36.10M for Standard Wrought Steel Pipe or B 36.19M for Stainless Steel Pipe.Based upon the Fluid and Service select a suitable piping material and if necessarydetermine the corrosion, erosion, joining or mechanical strength allowances.Using equations provided in the design Code, calculate the required minimum wallthickness to provide for pressure integrity and allowances.Refer to ASME B 36.10M or ASME B 36.19M to select an appropriate nominal wallthickness or Schedule.Confirm that the standard manufacturing tolerance will not reduce the minimumcalculated wall thickness or selected nominal wall thickness in the steps above.Confirm that the inside diameter of the pipe based on the selected nominal wall thicknessis compatible with the required inside diameter based on the fluid flow evaluation.

Eccentric reducers on horizontal lines with flat side down are preferred for following cases:On piperack & sleeperOn gravity flow lineOn pump suction line handling slurry.Eccentric reducers on horizontal lines with flat side up are preferred for all pump suction linesexcluding pumps handling slurry. This is to avoid air getting trapped inside the pipeline duringinitial venting through pump casing.

Galvanizationis the process of applying a protectivezinccoating tosteeloriron, in order to preventrusting. The term is derived from the name ofItalianscientistLuigi Galvani. Although galvanization can be done withelectrochemicalandelectrodepositionprocesses, the most common method in current use ishot-dip galvanization, in which steel parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc.Slip on type of flange is widely used because of its low initial cost.Slip on flange is attached to pipe by fillet weld. The welding is either at the back or atback and face.

The use of this type of flange is usually limited to moderate services where pressurefluctuations, temperature fluctuations, vibrations and shocks are not expected to besevere. The fatigue life of this flange is approximately one third that of a welding neckflange

Use of slip on flange is usually limited to class 300 (refer para on pressure temp.rating) and design temperature not exceeding 500F.

Welding-neck flanges have a long, tapered hub between flange ring & weld joint. Thishub provides a more gradual transition from the flange ring thickness to the pipe wallthickness, thereby decreasing the discontinuity stresses and consequently increasingthe strength of the flange. Also welding area is sufficiently away from the face to avoidundue distortion.This type of flange is preferred for extreme service conditions such as repeatedbending from line expansion or other forces, wide fluctuations in pressure ortemperature, high pressure, high temperature and sub zero temperature.

While ordering this type of flange it is necessary to indicate schedule numberthickness or I.D and O.D. of connected pipe so that bore of the flange as well as buttwelding ends can be machined to suit pipe.Lap - Joint Flanges :i. Lap joint flanges are used with a lap -joint stub.ii. The combined cost of the two parts is generally greater than the cost of a weldingneck flange of the same size, rating & material. However, we have an option of usingan ordinary steel flange behind the lap on alloy and stainless steel pipe withoutsacrificing internal corrosion protection, thereby, the combined cost of two parts maybe less than the cost of a welding neck flange which necessarily has to be of thesame material as that of pipe.These flanges have the disadvantage of having only about 10% of the fatigue life ofwelding neck flanges. For this reason, these flanges should not be used forconnections where severe bending stresses exist.This type of joint avoids the necessity of accurate alignment of bolt holes since theflange is free to revolve on pipe. This permits it to be readily aligned with bolt holes ofmating flange whether they are on straddle centre line or in some odd or specialposition.

"Lbs" is the abbreviation of the unit of weight called "Pounds"

1 Pound = 1 lb = 0.45359 Kilogram1 Pound = 1 lb = 453.59 gramsThe venturi flow meter uses the bernoulli principle and the manometer principleInfluid dynamics,Bernoulli's principlestates that for aninviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease inpressureor a decrease in thefluid'spotential energy

By multiplying with the fluid density, equation (A) can be rewritten as:

or:

where:isdynamic pressure,is thepiezometric headorhydraulic head(the sum of the elevationzand thepressure head)[10][11]andis thetotal pressure(the sum of the static pressurepand dynamic pressureq).[12]The constant in the Bernoulli equation can be normalised. A common approach is in terms oftotal headorenergy headH:

Inphysics,cryogenicsis the study of the production and behaviour of materials at very lowtemperatures(below 150C, 238F or 123 K). A person who studies elements that have been subjected to extremely cold temperatures is called a cryogenicist. Rather than the relative temperature scales of Celsius and Fahrenheit, cryogenicists use the absolute temperature scales.Asme B31.3 The code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. For example the first character of the piping class code may indicates the base material which can be 1 for carbon steel, 2 for alloy steel, 3 for stainless steel and so on. The second character in this example may be a letter which indicates the pipe pressure rating, the third character may be a number indicating the corrosion allowance and the last character is usually a progressive letter for coding the class of similar pipe sections having different forms of the same base material. Each piping system is allocated a piping class, which lists all the components required to construct the piping. Process design conditions. Corrosion allowance. List of piping components. Branch table. Special assemblies. Support notes. Pipe (seamless and welded)carbon and stainless steel. Pipe (exotic)Inconel, Monel, titanium. Pipe fittings (seamless and welded)carbon and stainless steel. Valves gate/globe/check (small bore, 112 in. and below)(Larg Bore 2 in. and above)carbon and stainless steel. Ball valves (all sizes)carbon and stainless steel. Special valves (all sizes)non-slam-check valves, butterfly valves. Stud boltingall materials. Gasketsflat, spiral wound, ring type. Special piping items (SPs)strainers, hoses, hose couplings, sight glasses, interlocks, and the like.90o long radius (LR) elbowChange directionASME B16.9 (1248 in.)ASME B16.11 (124 in.)

90o short radius (SR) elbowChange directionASME B16.28 (1248 in.)Not applicable

45o ElbowChange directionASME B16.9 (1248 in.)ASME B16.11 (124 in.)

180o returnChange directionASME B16.9 (1248 in.)Not applicable

Equal TeeChange directionASME B16.9 (1248 in.)ASME B16.11 (124 in.)

Reducing TeeChange direction and sizeASME B16.9 (1248 in.)ASME B16.11 (124 in.)

Reinforced Branch (Olet)Change direction and sizeManufacturers standardManufacturers standard

Eccentric ReducerChange sizeASME B16.9 (1248 in.)ASME B16.11 (124 in.)

Concentric ReducerChange sizeASME B16.9 (1248 in.)ASME B16.11 (124 in.)

FlangesJoin pipe and componentsASME B16.5 (1248 in.)ASME B16.5 (1224 in.)

FlangesJoin pipe and componentsASME B16.47 (2660 in.)Not applicable

CouplingsJoin pipe and componentsNot applicableASME B16.11 (124 in.)

UnionsJoin pipe and componentsNot applicableBS 3799

Spectacle Blinds, Spades and SpacersIsolationNot applicableNot applicable

Each particular component is manufactured to a specific dimensional standard, with fixed tolerances, based on its size, pressure rating, the method of manufacture, and the choice of end connections. Hazardous processASME 31.3, Category M. Nonhazardous processASME B31.3, Normal Fluid Service (NFS). Utility serviceASME 31.3, Category D Low pressureASME Class 150 and 300. Intermediate pressureASME Class 600, 900, 1500, 2500. High pressureabove ASME 2500 as specified in ASME B31.3, Chapter IX, K. Highbutt weld used for weld neck, lap joint. Mediumfillet weld used for socket weld, slip on. Lowthreaded used for screwed joints Lap joint and weld neckmost expensive (one butt weld). Slip onexpensive (two fillet welds). Socket weldcheaper (one fillet weld). Screwedcheapest (one mechanical joint). Lap jointmost expensive (two components). Weld neckexpensive (one component, one butt weld). Socket weldcheaper (one component, one or two fillet welds). Screwed and slip oncheapest (one component, no weld).

Inmaterials science,creep(sometimes calledcold flow) is the tendency of asolidmaterial to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of mechanicalstresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below theyield strengthof the material. Creep is more severe in materials that are subjected toheatfor long periods, and generally increases as they near theirmelting point.

Acronym: AARHDefinition: Arithmetic Average Roughness Height

Types of Gaskets For flanges designed to ASME B16.5, B16.47 (series A or B), or API 6A, materials fall into three fundamental types: Nonmetallicflat rubber, elastomers, graphite, Teflon, and the like. Semi-metallic or compositespiral wound, jacketed, Kamprofile (stainless steel/graphite, Inconel/graphite, and so forth). Metallic-ring typesoft iron, stainless steel, Monel, and the like. For ASME flanges, bolts, sometimes called fasteners, are used in sets, which come in multiples of four bolts, with four the minimum number. The bolt spacing is carefully calculated, taking into consideration the nominal pipe size of the flange, the design temperature, the pressure to be encountered, and the material of the flange to ensure good sealing characteristics. Bolt Coating Nonebare bolts, with no coating, are also known as black bolts. Zinc. Hot-dipped galvanization. PTFE (polytetraflouridethylene). Other coatings. Lubrication of Bolts Lubricationthe better the lubricant, the lower the effects of friction. Compatibilitythe lubricant must be compatible with the stud and nut and also the gasket construction; and it must not contaminate the process fluid. Temperaturethe lubricant must be suitable at the upper and lower temperatures of the process fluid. LJ- Lap Joint SO- Slip-on WN- Welding Neck FF- Flat Face RF - Raised Face BF- Blind Flange Size 1-Main line size in inches * Size 2-Branch line size or reduced size in inches * Sch 1-Pipe thickness relating to size1 in inches or schedule Sch 2 -Pipe thickness relating to size 2 in inches or schedule RF-Raised Face BW / BE-Butt welded / Beveled End PE-Plain End TE-Threaded End WN-Weld Neck SW-Socket Weld SCD-Screwed End TOE-Threaded One End TBE-Threaded Both Ends TLE-Threaded Large End PLE-Plain Large End PBE-Plain both Ends BLE-Bevel Large End TSE-Threaded Small End PSE-Plain Small End WND-Wound ST.-Straight NPTF-National Pipe Taper Female NPTM-National Pipe Taper Male HDG - Hot dip galvanised FLG -Flanged S.S-Stainless Steel SSCR-Soft Steel Centering Ring Vlaves body astm a216 gr wcb Trim astm a182 gr f316lAcheck valve,clack valve,non-return valveorone-way valveis avalvethat normally allowsfluid(liquidorgas) to flow through it in only one direction.Check valves are two-port valves, meaning they have two openings in the body, one for fluid to enter and the other forfluidto leave. There are various types of check valves used in a wide variety of applications. Check valves are often part of common household items. Although they are available in a wide range of sizes and costs, check valves generally are very small, simple, or inexpensive. Check valves work automatically and most are not controlled by a person or any external control; accordingly, most do not have any valve handle or stem. The bodies (external shells) of most check valves are made of plastic or metal.

By the very definition of Surge Drum, it is a vessel that is designed to provide a given volume or residence time for the fluid passing through. I have only heard the term used in connection with liquid services, so I'll address it from that point of view. I suppose the term could also be applied to gases,

Immiscible- (of liquids) not forming a homogeneous mixture when mixed.Horizontal drums may be supported on saddles positioned about one-fifth of the drum length from each T/L of the drum.Ademisteris a device often fitted tovapor-liquid separatorvessels to enhance the removal of liquid dropletsentrainedin a vapor stream

Baffle (heat transfer), a flow-directing vane or panel in some vessels such as shell and tube heat exchangers, chemical reactors, or static mixers

Knock-out drums are used to separate condensate in the relieving discharges before going to the flare stack

Headers to flare stacks from relief and blow down valves and vents are run first to knockout drum.It is recommended that the lines should run overhead to the top of the drum and must slope at minimum 1:400 so that all condensate drain into the drum.

To locate a drum, the following information to be collected so that the level of drum can be finalised.Drum dimensionsType of headsSupport detailsNPSH requirements of pumpBottom outlet sizeMinimum clearancesLocation

Piping should be positioned to facilitate the installation of supports with sufficient flexibility to absorb any excessive stresses during operation.

Therelief valve(RV) is a type ofvalveused to control or limit thepressurein a system or vessel which can build up by a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, or fire.The pressure is relieved by allowing the pressurised fluid to flow from an auxiliary passage out of the system. The relief valve is designed or set to open at a predetermined set pressure to protectpressure vesselsand other equipment from being subjected to pressures that exceed their design limits. When the set pressure is exceeded, the relief valve becomes the "path of least resistance" as the valve is forced open and a portion of the fluid is diverted through the auxiliary route. The diverted fluid (liquid, gas or liquidgas mixture) is usually routed through apipingsystem known as aflare headerorrelief headerto a central, elevatedgas flarewhere it is usually burned and the resultingcombustion gases are released to the atmosphere.[1]As the fluid is diverted, the pressure inside the vessel will drop. Once it reaches the valve's reseating pressure, the valve will close. Theblowdownis usually stated as a percentage of set pressure and refers to how much the pressure needs to drop before the valve reseats. The blowdown can vary from roughly 220%, and some valves have adjustable blowdowns.In high-pressure gas systems, it is recommended that the outlet of the relief valve is in the open air. In systems where the outlet is connected to piping, the opening of a relief valve will give a pressure build up in the piping system downstream of the relief valve. This often means that the relief valve will not re-seat once the set pressure is reached. For these systems often so called "differential" relief valves are used. This means that the pressure is only working on an area that is much smaller than the openings area of the valve. If the valve is opened the pressure has to decrease enormously before the valve closes and also the outlet pressure of the valve can easily keep the valve open. Another consideration is that if other relief valves are connected to the outlet pipe system, they may open as the pressure in exhaust pipe system increases. This may cause undesired operation.

Acatastropheis an extremely large-scaledisaster, a horrible event.The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material'scoefficient of thermal expansionEmbrittlementis a loss ofductilityof a material, making itbrittle.ductilityis a solid material's ability to deform undertensilestress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire.Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform undercompressivestress; this is often characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling. Both of these mechanical properties are aspects ofplasticity, the extent to which a solid material can be plastically deformed withoutfracture. Also, these material properties are dependent on temperature and pressure (investigated byPercy Williams Bridgmanas part of his Nobel Prize winning work on high pressures)

Mill Tolerance is the tolerance for variation in the thickness of pipe from nominal pipe thickness which is 12.5%corrode is usually applied to metals while erode is usually applied to soil, rock, concrete, and mineralsCorrode: Destroy or damage (metal, stone, or other materials) slowly by chemical action.Erode: Become ground down or deteriorate.Basically corrode is a chemical thing & erode is a more general term of anything being worn down. So corrosion is a form of erosionSeismic wavesare waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers, and are a result of anearthquake,explosion, or a volcano that imparts low-frequency acoustic energy. Many other natural and anthropogenic sources create low amplitude waves commonly referred to asambient vibrations.

Thrustis areactionforcedescribed quantitatively byNewton'ssecond and third laws. When a system expels oracceleratesmassin one direction, the accelerated mass will cause a force of equalmagnitudebut opposite direction on that system. The force applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular or normal to the surface is called thrust. Force, and thus thrust, is measured in theInternational System of Units(SI) as thenewton(symbol: N), and represents the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second squared.

The question:What is the meaning of MTO, BOM and BOQ and how do I start this ..... I mean some useful tips to make a BOM, MTO, BOQ...like what are the things to be considered, what all are mandatory... etc. ?My answer: (Based on my experience)MTO means Material Take-Off. This is the action of counting of the pieces and parts needed to fabricate, purchase and or construct something. (Have you started the MTO yet? - Have you completed the MTO yet?)BOM means Bill of Material. This is normally a listing of only the material shown on an individual specific drawing such as a piping Isometric. (Have you checked all the BOMs for the Area 10 Isometrics?)BOQ means Bill of Quantity (also called Material Summary). This is the totaling of all the quantities from all the BOMs from all the project to send to a piping supplier for pricing or purchase.There are normally three material take-offs sessions during a process plant project. These are preliminary, secondary and final.Preliminary MTO:What is it? A preliminary MTO is a material take-off very early in the design process when only a limited amount of information is known and very little detail has been developed.Why is it done? - A preliminary MTO is normally done for two reasons. The first is to assist with the early "order-of-magnitude" (+/- 10%) estimate for the overall project. The second reason is to issue early order of magnitude "RFQ's" (Request for Quote) for piping materialsWhen is it done? - The preliminary MTO is only possible when there is a Plot Plan that is "Approved" by the Client or has been issued to the client for approval. This is done long before there is any detailed work started on the 3D design model.Who does it? - A preliminary MTO is best done by very strong well experienced senior piping designers who are familiar with the project.How is it done? - For the preliminary MTO we used a formatted form on which we could indicate the number or amount of material required for each line. On the form I would identify the line number along with the line class. I would then look at this line on the P&ID and on the Plot Plan and determine the routing of the pipe. Then in the boxes (on the form) I would then mark the amount of pipe required for each size required for that line. Then I would count the number of fittings required, starting with 90 degree elbows. Then continuing through all the other inline fittings and online fittings. After the fittings I would count all the flanges by size. Then I would count all the valves from the P&ID. The high point vents and low point drains would be made last based on an educated guess. Then I would take another form and do another line. As I did each line I would "Yellow" off the line on the P&ID so at the end all the lines are accounted for. As the forms were completed they would be reviewed by the Area Supervisor and then forwarded to the Material Control Group who would process the data to produce the RFQ'sSecondary MTO:Why is it done? - The primary reason for the Secondary MTO is to update quantities for the issue of the actual Purchase orders for piping material. A second reason is to update the project estimate.When is it done? - The Secondary MTO can only be done when there is significant progress completed on the 3D design model (or other electronic design method). However it must be done early enough to insure that the procurement (purchase and delivery) of the piping material to the field will fit the overall project schedule.Who does it? - The Material Control Group.How is it done? - The Material Control Group would access the electronic data base and down-load all the material available at that time. Some factoring would be done by the Material Control Group and the Piping Design Leads to allow for work not done yet.Final MTO Why is it done? - The final MTO is done first to identify any item added late in the project or anything that was missed on the Preliminary or Secondary MTO's. The second reason for the Final MTO is to get a fix on the final job costs.When is it done? - The Final MTO is done when the last Isometric has been issued.Who does it? - The Material Control Group.How is it done? - The Material Control Group would access the electronic data base and down-load all the material. Any differences between the Final MTO and the Secondary MTO would be identified. Purchase orders would be issued for the updated quantities.

Each particular componentis manufactured to a specific dimensional standard, with fixed tolerances,based on its size, pressure rating, the method of manufacture, and thechoice of end connectionsRustis aniron oxide, usually redoxideformed by theredoxreaction ofironandoxygenin the presence of water or air moisture.

stainless steel, also known asinox steelorinoxfrom French "inoxydable", is asteelalloywith a minimum of 10.5%[1]chromiumcontent by mass.Stainless steel does not readilycorrode,rustor stain with water as ordinary steel does, but despite the name it is not fully stain-proof, most notably under low-oxygen, high-salinity, or poor-circulation environments.[2]There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and resistance to corrosion are required.Stainless steel differs from carbon steel by the amount of chromium present. Unprotected carbon steelrusts readily when exposed to air and moisture. Thisiron oxidefilm (the rust) is active and accelerates corrosion by forming more iron oxide, and due to the greater volume of the iron oxide this tends to flake and fall away. Stainless steels contain sufficientchromiumto form apassivefilm of chromium oxide, which prevents further surface corrosion by blocking oxygen diffusion to the steel surface and blocks corrosion from spreading into the metal's internal structure, and due to the similar size of the steel and oxide ions they bond very strongly and remain attached to the surface90 shortradius (SR)elbowASME B16.28(1248 in.)

Weld end (WE) Butt weld ASME B16.25 All sizesPlain end (PE) Socket weld ASME B16.11 4 in. and belowThreaded (Thd) Screwed ASME B1.20.1 4 in. and belowFlanged (Flg) Flanged ASME B16.5 1224 in.Flanged (Flg) Flanged ASME B16.47 2660 in.

Inmaterials science,quenchingis the rapidcoolingof a workpiece to obtain certainmaterial properties. It prevents low-temperature processes, such asphasetransformations, from occurring by only providing a narrow window of time in which the reaction is both thermodynamically favorable and kinetically accessible. For instance, it can reducecrystallinityand thereby increase toughness of bothalloysandplastics(produced throughpolymerization).Inmetallurgy, it is most commonly used to hardensteelby introducingmartensite, in which case the steel must be rapidly cooled through itseutectoidpoint, the temperature at whichaustenitebecomes unstable. In steel alloyed with metals such asnickelandmanganese, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, making the process much easier.High speed steelalso has addedtungsten, which serves to raise kinetic barriers and give the illusion that the material has been cooled more rapidly than it really has. Even cooling such alloys slowly in air has most of the desired effects of quenching.Note: Schedules 5S and 10S wall thickness do not permit threading inaccordance with ASME B1.20.1.The joint type chosen must be leak free for the duration of the plantlife. Therefore, the following factors must be taken into consideration:. Type of process fluidits toxicity and viscosity.. Design temperature range.. Design pressure.. Mechanical strength of the base materialits tensile strength and abilityto yield.. Size.. Weight.. Erosion and corrosion. For permanent or temporary use, need for quick release.. Quality of the labor available.. Cost.. Maintainability and reliability.. Plant life.. Need to handle vibration.. External mechanical impact from personnel, vehicles, and the like.. Ease of fabrication or erection.. Availability.

Hazardous processsee ASME 31.3, Category M.. Nonhazardous processsee ASME B31.3, normal fluid service (NFS).. Utility servicesee ASME 31.3, Category D.

Tabulated data in ASME B16.5 for steel flanges states the maximumallowable internal design pressure for a specific material in a piping classat a given temperature. This allowable internal pressure reduces as thetemperature increases

Piping systemscarrying toxic fluids or operating under very high pressures andtemperatures may be subjected to 100% NDE, which means that allvalves are X-rayed.Other methods of nondestructive examination, such asmagnetic particle examination (MPE) or liquid penetration examination(LPE), for nonmagnetic metals, come a very close second. Piping systemscarrying toxic fluids or operating under very high pressures andtemperatures may be subjected to 100% NDE, which means that allvalves are X-rayed

hexagonal machine bolts complete with one hexagonal nut,and more commonly, stud bolts, which have a threaded stud completewith two hexagonal nuts. Bolts come in four material groups: carbonsteel, low alloy steel, stainless steel, and exotic material, such as Monel orInconel.

Moment of inertiais the mass property of a rigidbodythat determines the torque needed for a desiredangular accelerationabout an axis of rotation. Moment of inertia depends on the shape of the body and may be different around different axes of rotation. A larger moment of inertia around a given axis requires more torque to increase the rotation, or to stop the rotation, of a body about that axis. Moment of inertia depends on the amount and distribution of its mass, and can be found through the sum of moments of inertia of the masses making up the whole object, under the same conditions. For example, ifma+mb=mc, thenIa+Ib=Ic. Inclassical mechanics, moment of inertiamay also be calledmass moment of inertia,rotational inertia,polar moment of inertia, or theangular mass.For planar movement of a body, the trajectories of all of its points lie in parallel planes, and the rotation occurs only about an axis perpendicular to this plane. In this case, the body has a single moment of inertia, which is measured around this axis.For spatial movement of a body, the moment of inertia is defined by its symmetric 33 inertia matrix. The inertia matrix is often described as a symmetricranktwotensor, having six independent components. The inertia matrix includes off-diagonal terms called products of inertia that couple torque around one axis to acceleration about another axis. Each body has a set of mutually perpendicular axes, calledprincipal axes, for which the off-diagonal terms of the inertia matrix are zero, and a torque around a principal axis only affects the acceleration about that axis.

Gaskets for raised face flanges shall be spiral wound, non-asbestos filled, with 316 stainless steel in accordance with ASME B16.20, with the exception that compressed fiber gaskets complying with ASME B16.21 are acceptable for cooling water service. Full-face gaskets for flat face flanges shall be made from 3-mm (1/8) thick compressed, oil-resisting non-asbestos sheets or neoprene. Materials shall be specified in the pipe class Data Sheets. Ring gasket for ring type joint shall be octagonal and shall be as per ASME B16.20. Rings for API 10000# flanges shall conform to API 6A. Type RX rings shall be used.

BUTTERFLY VALVE-API 609BALL VALVE-API 6D/BS 5351FIRE SAFE TEST-API 607/API 6FA

SEAT-SOFT SEAT( EPDM,RESILIENT)FOREIGN PARTICLE METAL SEAT,SEAL INSET-PTFESTEM SEAL-PTFEPACKING-GRAPHITEAnabrasiveis a material, often amineral, that is used to shape or finish a work piece through rubbing which leads to part of the work piece being worn away. While finishing a material often meanspolishingit to gain a smooth, reflective surface which can also involve roughening as in satin, matte or beaded finishes.Abrasives are extremely commonplace and are used very extensively in a wide variety of industrial, domestic, and technological applications. This gives rise to a large variation in the physical and chemical composition of abrasives as well as the shape of the abrasive. Common uses for abrasives includegrinding, polishing,buffing,honing,cutting,drilling,sharpening,lapping, andsanding(seeabrasive machining). (For simplicity, "mineral" in this article will be used loosely to refer to both minerals and mineral-like substances whether man-made or not.)Filesare not abrasives. They remove material not by scratching or rubbing, but by the cutting action of sharp teeth which have been cut into the surface of the file, very much like those of a saw. However, diamond files are a form of coated abrasive (as they are metal rods coated with diamond powder).An oilskimmeris amachinethat separates aliquidfrom particles floating on it or from another liquid. A common application is removingoilfloating onwater. These technologies are commonly used foroil spillremediation but are also commonly found in industrial applications such as removing oil from machine tool coolant and removing oil from aqueous parts washers. They were used to great effect to assist in the remediation of theExxon Valdezspillin 1989.Oil skimmers are commonly found in three types: weir and oleophilic and non-oleophilic (disc, drum, belt, tube, brush,mop, grooved disc, grooved drum):

Coalescenceis the process by which two or more droplets, bubbles or particles merge during contact to form a single daughter droplet, bubble or particle. It can take place in many processes, ranging frommeteorologytoastrophysics. For example, it is seen in the formation ofraindropsas well asplanetaryandstar formation.there is very inverse relation between pressure and velocity

remember this line always

"where the pressure is high velocity will be low."

if u have any idea of venturi tube or nozzle them u can understand it practically

whenever area will be large then pressure velocity will be low because we know continuity equation that

AV = constant

A= areaV= velocity

in case of venturi or nozzle at convergent portion, area is decreasing mean velocity increasing and thus pressure is decreasing and similarly in divergent portion, area is increasing gradually and velocity is decreasing & pressure is increasing

in nozzle throat is the minimum area and thus we have maximum velocity and minimum pressure at throat