piper seneca ii - airborne · pdf filevh-jbp (version: 20160714) - 2 - performance –...
TRANSCRIPT
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Piper Seneca II
VH-JBP
Last revised: 14 July 2016
© 2016 Airborne Aviation Pty Ltd
www.airborne-aviation.com.au
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Contents
Aircraft Overview
General Information ........................................................................... 1
Equipment and Features ..................................................................... 1
Recency and Restrictions ..................................................................... 1
Panel Photo ....................................................................................... 1
Performance – Specifications
Summary of Aircraft Performance and Specifications .............................. 2
Operating Limitations
Airspeeds .......................................................................................... 3
Power Plant ....................................................................................... 4
Fuel System ...................................................................................... 4
Tyre Pressures ................................................................................... 4
Manoeuvre / Load Limits ..................................................................... 4
Weight & Balance
Weight and Moment Tabulations .......................................................... 5
Loading Arrangements ........................................................................ 6
Centre of Gravity Moment Envelope ...................................................... 7
Sample Configurations ........................................................................ 8
Performance Charts
Takeoff Distances at 1927 Kgs (4250 Lbs) ............................................. 9
Landing Distances at 1817 Kgs (4006 Lbs) ........................................... 10
Checklists
Normal Operations ............................................................................ 11
Emergency Operations ....................................................................... 24
Notes
Your Personal Notes .......................................................................... 34
NOTICE
The information and figures contained in this booklet are to be used for general purposes only. This document is
not a substitute for the approved aeroplane flight manual.
Report errors to [email protected]
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Aircraft Overview
This Seneca is our multi-engine and IFR trainer.
It is ideal for Instrument Rating training (IFR) and Multi Engine
endorsements for pilots wishing to further their skills. With long endurance,
big load carrying abilities and a high cruise speed this aircraft is also great
for cross-country touring.
Equipment & Features
- Dual NAV/COM
- Garmin 530
- Bendix/King HSI
- Strike Finder
- DME, VOR, ADF
- HF Radio
- Transponder
- Dual axis autopilot with altitude pre-select
Recency & Restrictions
Private Hire: Company check flight and type endorsement.
Dual training: No restrictions.
Recency: Flown type (or similar) in last 45 days.
Panel Photo
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Performance – Standard Specifications
SPEED
Maximum at Sea Level ....................................................... 170 KTS
Cruise, 80% Power at 7000 Ft ............................................. 175 KTS
CRUISE
Using recommended lean mixture with fuel allowance for engine start, taxi,
takeoff, climb and 45 minutes reserve.
65% Power at 6000 Ft ............................................... Range 700 NM
465.6 Litres Usable Fuel .............................................. Time 4.4 HRS
RATE OF CLIMB AT SEA LEVEL @ 2141 Kgs: ...............................1200 FPM
SERVICE CEILING: ................................................................. 25,000 FT
TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE - MTOW @ Sea Level:
Ground Roll ....................................................................... 1100 FT
Total Distance Over 50 Ft. Obstacle ...................................... 1420 FT
LANDING PERFORMANCE:
Ground Roll ....................................................................... 1400 FT
Total Distance Over 50 Ft. Obstacle ...................................... 2620 FT
STALL SPEED:
Flaps Up, Power Off ............................................................ 63 KIAS
Flaps Down, Power Off ........................................................ 61 KIAS
MAXIMUM WEIGHT:
Takeoff............................................................................ 2073 Kgs
Landing ........................................................................... 1969 Kgs
Zero Fuel ......................................................................... 1814 Kgs
STANDARD EMPTY WEIGHT ..................................................... 1454 Kgs
MAXIMUM USEFUL LOAD ............................................................ 619 Kgs
BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE ................................................................ 90 Kgs
WING LOADING ............................................................... 22.0 Lbs/Sq Ft
POWER LOADING ................................................................ 11.4 Lbs/HP
FUEL CAPACITY ................................................................... 484.5 Litres
OIL CAPACITY .............................................................................. 8 QTS
ENGINES: 2 x Continental ........................................................ TSIO-360
200 BHP at 2575 RPM
PROPELLER: Diameter – 2 -blade ................................................... 76 IN
Constant Speed, Hydraulically Actuated, Fully Feathering.
The above performance figures are based on the indicated weights, standard atmospheric conditions, level hard-surface dry runways and no wind. They are calculated values derived from flight tests conducted by Piper Aircraft Inc. under carefully documented conditions and will vary with individual airplanes and numerous other factors affecting flight performance.
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Operating Information
AIRSPEEDS - NORMAL OPERATIONS
Takeoff:
Normal Climb Out ............................................................. 100 KIAS
Short Field Takeoff, Flaps 25º, Speed at 50 ft ........................ 69 KIAS
Enroute Climb, Flaps Up:
Normal, sea level .............................................................. 120 KIAS
Best Rate-of-Climb ............................................................. 89 KIAS
Best Angle-of-Climb ............................................................ 76 KIAS
Landing Approach (1969.5 Kgs):
Normal Approach Flaps Up ................................................... 92 KIAS
Normal Approach, Flaps FULL ............................................... 87 KIAS
Short Field Approach, Flaps FULL .......................................... 78 KIAS
Balked Landing (1969.5 Kgs):
Maximum Power, Flaps 20º .................................................. 89 KIAS
V-Speeds:
Vne (never exceed) .......................................................... 195 KIAS
Vno (Maximum structural cruising speed) ............................ 163 KIAS
Vfe (Stage 1) ................................................................... 138 KIAS
Vfe (Stage 2) ................................................................... 121 KIAS
Vfe (Stage 3) ................................................................... 107 KIAS
Vle .................................................................................. 129 KIAS
Vlo.................................................................................. 107 KIAS
Vmca ................................................................................ 66 KIAS
Design Maneuvering Speed:
2141 Kgs ......................................................................... 136 KIAS
1391.6 Kgs ...................................................................... 121 KIAS
Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind Velocity:
Takeoff or landing ............................................................ 17 KNOTS
Stall Speed:
Flaps Up, Power Off ............................................................ 63 KIAS
Flaps Down, Power Off ........................................................ 61 KIAS
Unless otherwise noted, the speeds listed above are based on a maximum
weight and may be used for any lesser weight. To achieve the performance
specified in the performance section for take-off distance of the aircraft
approved flight manual, the speed appropriate to the particular weight
must be used.
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POWER PLANT
Oil Type: ........................................................................ W100 / 15W50
Oil Quantities
Maximum: (Company policy) .................................................. 7 QTS
Minimum: (Company policy) ................................................ 5.5 QTS
Engine operating limits including RPM, pressures, and temperatures, can be
found by referring to the green arcs and red lines on applicable gauges.
Detailed information can also be found in the approved flight manual.
FUEL SYSTEM
Total Capacity: .................................................................. 484.5 Litres.
Total Usable: ..................................................................... 465.6 Litres.
Fuel Consumption per hour: ................................. 90 litres / 23.6 gallons.
Approved Fuels:
Option A ......................................... 100LL Grade Aviation Fuel (Blue)
Option B .......................................... 100 Grade Aviation Fuel (Green)
TYRE PRESSURES
Nose wheel: ............................................................................... 31 PSI
Main wheels: .............................................................................. 51 PSI
MANOEUVRE / LOAD LIMITS
This aeroplane is certified in the normal category. The normal category is
applicable to aircraft intended for non-aerobatic operations. These include
any manoeuvres incidental to normal flying, stalls (except whip stalls).
Aerobatic manoeuvres, including spins, are NOT approved.
Flight Load Factors:
Flaps Up ............................................................................... +3.8g
No inverted manoeuvrers approved
The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all cases, the
structure meets or exceeds design loads.
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Weight and Balance
SAMPLE LOADING PROBLEM
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LOAD CHART
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SAMPLE CONFIGURATIONS
WARNING
THIS TABLE IS PROVIDED AS A GUIDE ONLY. THE AEROPLANE NEEDS TO BE LOADED WITHIN THE SPECIFIED CENTRE OF GRAVITY MOMENT ENVELOPE FOUND IN THE APPROVED FLIGHT MANUAL.
MMAAXXIIMMUUMM PPAASSSSEENNGGEERR && BBAAGGGGAAGGEE WWEEIIGGHHTTSS
- 75% cruise power @ 6000 FT - 23.6 gal / 90 litres per hour. - 45 minute reserve fuel included in fuel required.
- Taxi fuel not included, add approximately 10 litres. - Nose baggage max. 45 Kg, rear baggage max. 45 Kg.
1.0 Hour Flight Fuel Required: 41.3 gals / 157.5 litres / 113 Kg
Pax / Baggage: 463 Kg 1.5 Hour Flight Fuel Required: 53.1 gals / 202.5 litres / 145 Kg
Pax / Baggage: 369 kg 2.0 Hour Flight
Fuel Required: 64.9 gals / 247.5 litres / 226 Kg Pax / Baggage: 288 Kg 3.0 Hour Flight Fuel Required: 88.5 gals / 337.5 litres / 290 Kg Pax / Baggage: 224 Kg
4.0 Hour Flight
Fuel Required: 112.1 gals / 426 litres / 307 Kg Pax / Baggage: 207 Kg 4.4 Hour Flight Fuel Required: 122.5gals / 465.6 litres / 335 Kg
Pax / Baggage: 179 Kg
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Performance Charts
TAKE OFF DISTANCE NORMAL PROCEDURE
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CLIMB PERFORMANCE
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POWER SETTING TABLE - 45% AND 55% POWER
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POWER SETTING TABLE - 65% AND 75% POWER
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LANDING DISTANCE NORMAL PROCEDURE
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Checklists – Normal Operations
This section describes the recommended procedures for the conduct of
normal operations for the Seneca II. All of the required procedures and
those necessary for the safe operation of the airplane as determined by the
operating and design features of the airplane are presented.
These procedures are provided to present a source of reference and review
and to supply information on procedures which are not the same for all
aircraft. Pilots should familiarize themselves with the procedures given in
this section in order to become proficient in the normal operations of the
airplane.
PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
CABIN
1. Pilots Operating Handbook and GPS handbook -- AVAILABLE IN THE
AEROPLANE.
2. Air sickness bags -- ONBOARD.
3. Aeroplane weight and balance -- WITHIN LIMITS.
4. Aeroplane performance and range -- COMPUTED AND SAFE.
5. Landing gear control – DOWN POSITION.
6. Avionics -- OFF.
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WARNING
WHEN TURNING ON THE MASTER SWITCH, USING AN EXTERNAL POWER SOURCE, OR PULLING THE PROPELLERS THROUGH BY HAND, TREAT THE PROPELLERS AS IF THE MAGNETOS WERE ON. DO NOT STAND, NOR ALLOW ANYONE ELSE TO STAND, WITHIN THE ARC OF THE PROPELLERS, SINCE A LOOSE OR BROKEN WIRE OR A COMPONENT MALFUNCTION COULD CAUSE THE PROPELLERS TO ROTATE.
7. Master Switch -- ON.
8. Landing gear lights -- 3 GREEN, NO RED.
9. Fuel quantity -- ADEQUATE PLUS RESERVE.
10. Cowl flaps -- OPEN.
11. Master switch -- OFF.
12. Ignition switches -- OFF.
13. Mixture controls -- IDLE CUT-OFF.
14. Trim indicators -- NEUTRAL.
15. Flaps -- CHECK OPERATION.
16. Controls -- FULL FREE AND CORRECT.
17. Pitot and static systems -- DRAIN using tap under dashboard on right
hand side of pedestal
18. Empty seats -- FASTEN BELTS.
19. Crossfeed drains -- DRAIN at least a cupful of fuel (using sampler cup)
from each sump location to check for water, sediment, and proper fuel
grade before each flight and after each refuelling. If water is observed,
take further samples until clear and then gently rock wings to move
any additional contaminants to the sampling points. Take repeated
samples from all fuel drain points until all contamination has been
removed. If contaminants are still present, refer to below WARNING
and do not fly aeroplane.
WARNING
IF, AFTER REPEATED SAMPLING, EVIDENCE OF CONTAMINATION STILL EXISTS, THE AEROPLANE SHOULD NOT BE FLOWN. TANKS SHOULD BE DRAINED AND SYSTEM PURGED BY QUALIFIED MAINENANCE PERSONNEL. ALL EVIDENCE OF CONTAMINATION MUST BE REMOVED BEFORE FURTHER FLIGHT.
OUTSIDE CABIN
6. Crossfeed drains -- CLOSED.
7. Right wing, aileron and flap -- CHECK security, condition, freedom of
movement.
8. Right main gear -- NO LEAKS.
a. Strut -- PROPER INFLATION.
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b. Tyre -- CHECK for proper inflation and general condition
(weather checks, tread depth and wear, etc).
9. Right wing tip -- CHECK.
10. Right leading edge -- CHECK.
11. Fuel cap -- OPEN, check quantity and colour, SECURE.
12. Right engine nacelle -- CHECK OIL, minimum 5.5 quarts.
13. Right propeller and spinner -- CHECK condition and security.
14. Cowl flaps -- OPEN and secure.
15. Fuel drains -- DRAIN at least a cupful of fuel (using sampler cup) from
each sump location to check for water, sediment, and proper fuel grade
before each flight and after each refuelling. If water is observed, take
further samples until clear and then gently rock wings to move any
additional contaminants to the sampling points. Take repeated samples
from all fuel drain points until all contamination has been removed. If
contaminants are still present, refer to above WARNING and do not fly
aeroplane.
16. Nose section CHECK.
17. Nose gear -- NO LEAKS.
a. Strut -- PROPER INFLATION.
b. Tyre -- CHECK for proper inflation and general condition
(weather checks, tread depth and wear, etc).
18. Tow bar -- REMOVED AND STOWED.
19. Landing light -- CHECK.
20. Forward baggage door -- SECURE AND LOCKED.
21. Windshield -- CLEAN.
22. Left wing, engine nacelle, and landing gear -- CHECK as on right side.
23. Pitot tube -- CLEAR, checked, cover removed.
24. Stall warning vanes -- CHECK.
25. Rear door -- LATCH.
26. Left static vent -- CLEAR.
27. Dorsal fin air scoop -- CLEAR.
28. Empennage -- CHECK.
29. Stabilator -- CHECK security, condition, freedom of movement.
30. Right static vent -- CLEAR.
31. Antennas -- CHECK.
32. Navigation and landing lights -- CHECK.
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BEFORE STARTING ENGINE
1. Pre-flight Inspection -- COMPLETE
2. Passenger Briefing -- COMPLETE
3. Seats, Seatbelts, Shoulder Harnesses -- ADJUSTED and FASTENED.
4. Brakes -- TEST and PARKING BRAKE SET
5. Circuit Breakers -- CHECK IN.
6. Electrical Equipment -- OFF.
WARNING
AVIONICS MUST BE OFF DURING ENGINE START TO PREVENT POSSIBLE DAMAGE TO AVIONICS.
7. Avionics -- OFF.
8. Cowl Flaps -- OPEN.
9. Alternate Air -- OFF.
10. Alternators -- ON.
11. Landing gear control -- RECHECK DOWN POSITION.
STARTING ENGINE (With Battery)
1. Fuel selector -- ON
2. Mixtures -- FULL RICH.
3. Throttles -- FULL FORWARD.
4. Prop controls -- FULL FORWARD.
5. Propeller area -- CLEAR.
6. Master switch -- ON.
7. Ignition switches (mags) -- ON.
8. Auxiliary fuel pump -- OFF.
9. Primer -- ON, see figure below for priming time. Typically 5 seconds.
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10. Throttle -- CRACKED.
11. Confirm area around aircraft is clear -- call “CLEAR PROP!”
12. Starter -- ENGAGE (release when engine starts).
13. Throttle -- ADVANCE slowly to obtain 1000 RPM
14. Auxiliary Fuel Pump -- LOW only as necessary to obtain smooth engine
operation.
15. Oil Pressure -- CHECK. Confirm rising within 30 seconds or shut down.
REPEAT STEPS 10 - 15 FOR RIGHT ENGINE
16. Alternators -- CHECK.
17. Gyro pressure -- CHECK.
18. Navigation lights and flashing beacon -- ON as required.
19. Avionics Master Switch -- ON
20. Radios/Navaids/GPS -- ON. Set as required
21. Flaps -- RETRACT.
STARTING ENGINE WHEN FLOODED
1. Mixture -- IDLE CUT-OFF.
2. Throttle -- FULL FORWARD.
3. Propeller -- FORWARD.
4. Master switch -- ON.
5. Ignition switches -- ON.
6. Auxiliary fuel pump -- OFF.
7. Propeller -- CLEAR.
8. Starter -- ENGAGE.
When engine fires:
9. Throttle -- RETARD.
10. Mixture -- ADVANCE slowly.
STARTING ENGINE (With External Power)
1. Master switch -- OFF.
2. All electrical equipment -- OFF.
3. Terminals -- CONNECT.
4. External power plug -- INSERT in fuselage.
Proceed with normal start
5. Throttles -- LOWEST POSSIBLE RPM.
6. External power plug -- DISCONNECT from fuselage.
7. Master switch -- ON, check ammeter.
8. Oil pressure -- CHECK.
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TAXIING
1. Taxi area -- CLEAR.
2. Throttle -- APPLY SLOWLY.
3. Brakes -- CHECK.
4. Steering -- CHECK.
5. Instruments -- CHECK indications in correct sense.
6. Heater and defroster -- CHECK.
7. Fuel selector -- ON, check crossfeed.
8. Autopilot -- OFF.
BEFORE TAKEOFF
1. Parking brake -- SET.
2. Passenger Seat Backs -- MOST UPRIGHT POSITION.
3. Seats, Seatbelts and Shoulder Harnesses -- CHECK SECURE.
4. Cabin Doors -- CLOSED and LOCKED.
5. Mixture controls -- FORWARD.
6. Prop. Controls -- FORWARD.
7. Throttle control -- 1000 RPM.
8. Manifold pressure lines -- DRAIN.
9. Prop. Controls -- CHECK FEATHERING, 300 RPM max. drop.
10. Throttle controls -- 1900 RPM.
a. Prop. controls -- CHECK GOVERNOR.
b. Prop. controls -- FULL FORWARD.
c. Alternate air -- ON then OFF.
d. Magnetos -- CHECK, max. drop 150 RPM, max. diff. drop 50
RPM.
e. Alternator output -- CHECK.
f. Gyro pressure gauge -- 4.5 to 5.2 in. Hg.
11. Throttles -- 800 - 1000 RPM.
12. Fuel selectors -- ON.
13. Alternators -- ON.
14. Engine gauges -- IN THE GREEN.
15. Annunciator panel -- PRESS TO TEST.
16. Flight instruments -- CHECK AND SET.
17. Mixtures -- SET.
18. Propellers -- SET in forward position.
19. Quadrant friction -- ADJUSTED.
20. Alternate air -- OFF.
21. Cowl flaps -- SET.
22. Wing flaps -- SET.
23. Trim -- SET.
24. Flight controls -- FULL FREE AND CORRECT.
25. Auxiliary fuel pumps -- OFF.
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26. Pitot heat -- AS REQUIRED.
27. Self Brief -- COMPLETE (Aborted T/O, engine failure, departure, TEM)
28. Brakes -- RELEASE.
HOLDING POINT CLEAR CHECKS
1. C - Clear approaches (final, base and RWY?)
2. L - Lights: Landing, Taxi, Strobes - ON (Nav - if required, eg. NVFR)
3. E - Engine: T&P green, flaps – set as required
4. A - ALT – set on TRANSPONDER and (3000 or 1200)
5. R - Radio – Frequency set, volume tested, request clearance.
TAKEOFF
WARNING
DO NOT EXCEED 40 IN. HG. MANIFOLD PRESSURE.
FAST TAXI TURNS IMMEDIATELY PRIOR TO TAKEOFF RUN CAN CAUSE TEMPORARY MALFUNCTION OF ONE ENGINE DURING TAKEOFF.
NORMAL TAKEOFF
1. Wing Flaps -- 0º.
2. Mixture -- RICH (mixture may be leaned to Maximum Power Fuel Flow
placard value).
3. Power -- 39 IN.HG and 2575 RPM
4. Accelerate to 66-71 KIAS.
5. Elevator Control -- EASE BACK TO ROTATE TO CLIMB ATTITUDE.
6. Climb Speed -- 89 KIAS.
7. Brakes -- APPLY.
8. Gear -- UP.
SHORT FIELD TAKEOFF
1. Wing Flaps -- 25º (2nd notch).
2. Stab. trim -- SET.
3. Foot Brakes -- APPLY, full power before brakes release
4. Mixture -- Lean to obtain Maximum Power Fuel Flow placard value.
5. Power -- 39 IN.HG and 2575 RPM.
6. Brakes -- RELEASE.
Accelerate to 61 KIAS.
7. Control wheel -- ROTATE firmly to attain 69 KIAS through 50’.
8. Brakes -- APPLY.
9. Gear -- UP.
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TAKEOFF CLIMB
1. Mixture -- FULL RICH.
2. Power (1000’ AGL) -- 33 IN.HG and 2500 RPM.
WARNING
DO NOT EXCEED 40 IN. HG. MANIFOLD PRESSURE.
3. Climb speed:
a. Vx 76 KIAS
b. Vy 89 KIAS
4. Auxiliary fuel pumps -- OFF (one at a time).
5. Fuel Flow -- CHECKED
6. Engine instruments -- CHECKED.
7. Cowl flaps -- AS REQUIRED.
CRUISE CLIMB
1. Mixture -- FULL RICH.
2. Power -- 31.5 IN.HG and 2450 RPM.
3. Climb speed -- 102 KIAS.
4. Engine instruments -- CHECKED.
5. Cowl flaps -- AS REQUIRED.
CRUISE
75% POWER @ 6000’
1. Power -- 32.0 IN.HG and 2400 RPM
2. Rudder and Elevator Trim -- ADJUST.
3. Mixture -- LEAN (Approx 12GPH per Engine)
4. Engine instruments -- CHECKED.
5. Cowl Flaps -- CLOSE.
DESCENT
1. Power -- CRUISE SETTING.
2. Mixture -- ENRICH with descent.
3. Cowl Flaps -- CLOSED.
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BEFORE LANDING
1. Gear Warning Horn -- CHECK.
2. Seat Backs -- MOST UPRIGHT POSITION.
3. Seats, Seatbelts and Shoulder Harnesses -- CHECK SECURE.
4. Brakes -- Checked and OFF.
5. Undercarriage -- DOWN and locked, 129 KIAS MAX.
6. Mixture -- RICH.
7. Fuel selectors -- ON, check quantity, pressure.
8. Auxiliary Fuel Pump -- LOW.
9. Landing/Taxi Lights -- ON.
10. Autopilot -- OFF.
SHORT FINAL
1. Power -- REDUCE.
2. P -- Propellers Full Fine.
3. U -- Undercarriage CONFIRM DOWN AND LOCKED.
4. F -- Cowl Flaps Open
5. F -- Flaps Set as required
GO-AROUND/MISSED APPROACH
Full takeoff power -- 40 IN. HG. MAX. and 2575 RPM.
Establish Positive Rate of Climb.
1. Wing Flaps -- RETRACT.
2. Gear -- UP.
3. Climb Speed -- 89 KIAS (Minimum).
4. Cowl Flaps -- OPEN.
LANDING
1. Wing Flaps -- AS DESIRED (Not above 107 KIAS)
2. Airspeed -- 87 KIAS (Flaps FULL).
3. Power -- REDUCE to idle as obstacle is cleared.
4. Trim -- ADJUST as desired.
5. Touchdown -- MAIN WHEELS FIRST
6. Landing Roll -- LOWER NOSE WHEEL GENTLY.
7. Braking -- MINIMUM REQUIRED.
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AFTER LANDING
1. Wing Flaps -- “Identified”, then RETRACT.
2. Auxiliary Fuel Pumps -- OFF (one at a time).
3. Cowl Flaps -- OPEN.
4. Pitot Heat -- OFF.
5. Radios/Navaids -- AS REQUIRED.
6. Landing/Taxi/Strobe Lights -- OFF/AS REQUIRED.
SHUT DOWN/SECURING AEROPLANE
1. Heater -- FAN 2 mins. then OFF (if used).
2. Throttles -- 1000 RPM.
3. Parking brake -- SET (if required).
4. Magneto switches -- CHECK L, R, then ON BOTH.
5. Avionics, electrical equipment -- OFF.
6. Mixtures -- IDLE CUT OFF.
7. Throttles -- CLOSED (once propellers have stopped).
8. Ignition switches -- OFF.
9. Master Switch -- OFF.
10. Fuel selectors -- ON.
11. Control lock -- INSTALL.
12. Running sheet figures -- COMPLETE.
13. Aeroplane interior -- TIDY.
14. Pitot cover -- INSTALL.
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Checklists – Emergency Procedures
INTRODUCTION
Emergencies caused by aeroplane or engine malfunctions are extremely
rare if proper pre-flight inspections and maintenance are performed.
The following procedures are not exhaustive and if a situation arises in
flight that does not have an appropriate checklist in this booklet then
Section 3 of the approved flight manual should be consulted.
Procedures in this section shown in bold faced type are immediate action
items that should be committed to memory.
AIRSPEEDS
AIRSPEEDS FOR EMERGENCY OPERATION
VMCA (Minimum Speed for Control in Air) ......................... 66 KIAS
Engine Failure After Takeoff:
Single Engine Best Rate (BLUE LINE) ......................... 89 KIAS
Single Engine Best Angle ................................................. 78 KIAS
Manoeuvring Speed:
4570 Lbs ...................................................................... 136 KIAS
3068 Lbs ...................................................................... 121 KIAS
Precautionary Landing With Single Engine Power ...................... 100 KIAS
Landing With One Engine:
Wing Flaps 25º ............................................................... 91 KIAS
EMERGENCY LANDING GEAR EXTENSION
Check following before using emergency gear extension procedure.
1. Circuit Breakers -- CHECK.
2. Master Switch -- ON.
3. Alternators -- CHECK.
4. Navigation Lights -- OFF (daytime).
To extend, reposition clip downward clear of knob and proceed as follows:
1. Airspeed -- 85 KIAS Max.
2. Gear selector -- GEAR DOWN LOCKED position.
3. Emerg. gear extend knob -- PULL
4. Indicator lights -- 3 GREEN
Leave emergency gear extension knob out.
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ENGINE FAILURES ENGINE FAILURE DURING TAKEOFF ROLL (Below 85 KIAS)
1. Throttles -- IDLE.
2. Brakes -- APPLY.
3. Wing Flaps -- RETRACT.
4. Mixtures -- IDLE CUT OFF.
5. Magneto Switches -- OFF.
6. Master Switch -- OFF.
ENGINE FAILURE IMMEDIATELY AFTER TAKEOFF
Control the aeroplane
1. Airspeed -- 89 KIAS (Best Single Engine Climb speed).
2. Rudder -- Opposite to Yaw. 3. “Five to live” -- Establish 5° roll to live engine.
4. Mixtures -- FULL RICH.
5. Propellers -- FULL FINE.
6. Throttles -- 40 IN. HG. Max.
7. Gear -- UP.
8. Flaps -- UP.
9. Identify -- DEAD FOOT / DEAD ENGINE.
10. Confirm -- Retard throttle on suspected failed engine (no yaw,
pitch or change in sound will confirm this as the failed engine).
11. Feather -- propeller on failed engine (before RPM is below 800).
12. Mixture -- IDLE CUT OFF on failed engine.
SECURING INOPERATIVE ENGINE
1. Trim -- AS REQUIRED.
2. Auxiliary fuel pump -- OFF (except in case of engine driven fuel pump
failure).
3. Magnetos -- OFF.
4. Cowl flaps -- CLOSE ON INOP. ENGINE, as req. on operative engine.
5. Alternator -- OFF.
6. Electrical load -- MANAGE, reduce if req.
7. Fuel management -- OFF, consider crossfeed.
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ENGINE FAILURE DURING FLIGHT (adequate performance & terrain
clearance)
Control the aeroplane
1. Airspeed -- 89 KIAS (Best Single Engine Climb speed).
2. Rudder -- Opposite to Yaw. 3. “Five to live” -- Establish 5° roll to live engine.
4. Mixtures -- FULL RICH.
5. Propellers -- FULL FINE.
6. Throttles -- 40 IN. HG. Max.
7. Gear -- UP.
8. Flaps -- UP.
9. Identify -- DEAD FOOT / DEAD ENGINE.
10. Confirm -- Retard throttle on suspected failed engine (no yaw,
pitch or change in sound will confirm this as the failed engine).
Before securing inop. engine:
11. Fuel flow -- CHECK (if deficient, auxiliary fuel pump ON)
12. Fuel quantity -- CHECK.
13. Fuel selector (inop. engine) -- ON.
14. Oil temp & pressure -- CHECK.
15. Magnetos -- CHECK.
If engine does not start, complete securing inoperative engine checklist.
SINGLE ENGINE LANDING
1. Inop. Engine -- SECURE.
When certain of making field:
2. Landing gear -- EXTEND.
3. Wing flaps -- LOWER.
Maintain additional altitude and speed during approach.
4. Final approach speed -- 91 KIAS. 5. Wing flaps -- 25°.
SINGLE ENGINE GO-AROUND
WARNING
UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS A SINGLE ENGINE GO-AROUND MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE. BE AWARE OF YOUR ASYMETRIC COMMITAL HEIGHT.
1. Mixture -- FORWARD.
2. Propeller -- FORWARD.
3. Throttle -- OPEN SLOWLY TO 40 IN. HG.
4. Flaps -- RETRACT.
5. Landing gear -- RETRACT.
6. Airspeed -- 89 KIAS.
7. Trim -- SET.
8. Cowl flap operating engine -- AS REQ.
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AIR START (UNFEATHERING PROCEDURE)
All steps apply to INOPERATIVE ENGINE.
1. Fuel Selector -- ON.
2. Auxiliary Fuel Pump -- OFF.
3. Throttle -- Open ¼ inch.
4. Propeller -- Forward to cruise RPM position.
5. Mixture -- RICH.
6. Magneto switches -- ON.
7. Starter -- Engage until prop windmills.
8. Throttle -- Reduce power until engine is warm.
If engine does not start, prime as required.
9. Alternator -- ON.
FUEL MANAGEMENT DURING SINGLE ENGINE OPERATION
When using fuel from tank on the same side as the operating engine:
1. Fuel selector operating engine -- ON.
2. Fuel selector inop. engine -- OFF.
3. Auxiliary fuel pumps -- OFF.
When using fuel from tank on the side opposite the operating engine:
1. Fuel selector operating engine -- CROSSFEED.
2. Fuel selector inop. engine -- OFF.
3. Auxiliary fuel pumps -- OFF.
USE CROSSFEED IN LEVEL FLIGHT ONLY
NOTE
DO NOT CROSSFEED WITH FULL FUEL ON SAME SIDE AS OPERATING ENGINE
SINCE RETURN FUEL FLOW WILL BE LOST THROUGH THE VENT SYSTEM.
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FIRES DURING START ON GROUND
1. Cranking -- CONTINUE to get a start which would suck the flames
and accumulated fuel into the engine.
If engine starts:
2. Power -- 1700 RPM for a few minutes.
3. Engine -- SHUT DOWN and do not fly aeroplane.
If engine fails to start:
4. Mixture -- IDLE CUT OFF.
5. Throttle -- OPEN.
6. Starter -- CRANK ENGINE.
7. Fuel selector valves -- OFF.
8. Auxiliary fuel pump -- OFF.
9. Master switch -- OFF.
10. Magneto switches -- OFF.
11. Parking brake -- RELEASE.
12. Fire extinguisher -- OBTAIN.
13. Aeroplane -- EVACUATE.
14. Fire -- EXTINGUISH using fire extinguisher, wool blanket or dirt.
15. Fire damage -- INSPECT, repair damage or replace damaged
components or wiring before conducting another flight.
ENGINE FIRE IN FLIGHT
All steps apply to AFFECTED ENGINE.
1. Fuel selector -- OFF.
2. Throttle -- CLOSE.
3. Propeller -- FEATHER.
4. Mixture -- IDLE CUT-OFF.
5. Heater -- OFF.
6. Defroster -- OFF.
If terrain permits land immediately.
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CABIN FIRE/ELECTRICAL FIRE IN FLIGHT
Land aeroplane as soon as possible.
1. Master switch -- OFF.
2. Vents, cabin air -- CLOSED.
3. Heater -- OFF.
4. Fire extinguisher -- ACTIVATE.
5. Avionics master switch -- OFF.
6. All other switches (except magneto switches) -- OFF.
WARNING
AFTER DISCHARGING FIRE EXTINGUISHER AND ASCERTAINING THAT THE FIRE HAS BEEN EXTINGUISHED, VENTILATE CABIN.
7. Vents, cabin air -- OPEN when it is ascertained that fire is completely
extinguished.
If fire has been extinguished and electrical power is necessary for
continuance of flight to the nearest suitable airport or landing area:
8. Master switch -- ON.
9. Circuit breakers -- CHECK for faulty circuit, do not reset.
10. Radio switches -- OFF.
11. Avionics master switch -- ON.
12. Radio/electrical switches -- ON one at a time, with delay after each
until short circuit is localised.
WING FIRE
1. Light switches -- OFF.
2. Pitot heat -- OFF.
3. Sideslip to keep flames away from cabin and fuel tank.
Land as soon as possible using flaps only on when final approach.
VACUUM SYSTEM FAILURE
Pressure below 4.5 in. Hg.
1. RPM -- Increase to 2575.
2. Altitude -- descend to maintain 4.5 in. H.g.
Beware of LSALT/terrain clearance.
Use electrically powered flight instruments to monitor vacuum powered
flight instrument performance.
STATIC SOURCE BLOCKAGE
(Erroneous instrument readings suspected)
1. Static pressure alternate source valve -- ON.
2. Airspeed/Altitude -- See Flight Manual (Section 5) for correction table.
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ICING
INADVERTENT ICING ENCOUNTER
1. Pitot heat -- ON.
2. Divert or change altitude to obtain an outside air temperature that
is less conducive to icing.
3. Heater -- ON.
4. Defroster -- ON.
5. Increase propeller RPM to minimize ice build-up on propeller blades.
6. Watch for signs of induction air filter icing. An unexplained loss of
manifold pressure could be caused by ice blocking the air intake filter.
Adjust the throttle as desired to set manifold pressure. Adjust mixture,
as required for any change in power settings.
7. Plan a landing at the nearest airport. With an extremely rapid ice build
up, select a suitable “off airport” landing site.
8. With an ice accumulation of as little as ¼ inch or more on the wing
leading edges, be prepared for significantly higher stall speed.
9. Leave wing flaps retracted. With a severe ice build up on the
horizontal tail, the change in wing wake airflow direction caused by
wing flap extension could result in a loss of elevator effectiveness.
10. Perform a landing approach using a forward slip, if necessary, for
improved visibility.
11. Maintain at least 89 KIAS on final.
12. Perform a landing in a level attitude.
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LANDING WITH A FLAT MAIN TYRE
1. Approach -- NORMAL.
2. Wing flaps -- FULL DOWN.
3. Touchdown -- GOOD MAIN TYRE FIRST, hold aeroplane off flat tyre as
long as possible with aileron control.
4. Directional control -- MAINTAIN, using brake on good wheel as
required.
LANDING WITH A FLAT NOSE TYRE
1. Approach -- NORMAL.
2. Wing Flaps -- As required.
3. Touchdown -- ON MAINS, hold nose wheel off the ground as long as
possible.
4. When nose wheel touches down, maintain full up elevator as
aeroplane slows to stop.
ELECTRICAL MALFUNCTIONS
AMMETER SHOWS EXCESSIVE RATE OF CHARGE
(Full scale deflection)
1. Alternator -- OFF.
2. Nonessential electrical equipment -- OFF.
Terminate flight as soon as practicable.
LOW VOLTAGE ANNUNCIATOR ILLUMINATES DURING FLIGHT
(Ammeter indicates discharge)
1. Avionics -- OFF
2. Alternator circuit breakers -- CHECK IN.
3. Master switch -- OFF (ALT and BAT)
4. Master switch-- ON.
5. Low voltage annunciator -- CHECK OFF.
6. Avionics -- ON.
If low voltage light illuminates again:
7. Alternators -- OFF.
8. Non-essential radio and electrical equipment -- OFF.
Terminate flight as soon as practicable.
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PASSENGER BRIEFINGS
It is important to brief your passengers thoroughly prior to flight, and also
keep passengers updated during the flight. Included are some suggestions
for items to be included in your briefs.
PRIOR TO GOING AIRSIDE
Passengers should stay with you while airside for security and safety.
No smoking anywhere while airside or in the aircraft.
Stay away from other aircraft and be alert to hazards.
Overview of flight and expected flying conditions.
Does anybody require the toilet before we take-off?
ON THE GROUND
Don’t scare your passengers by talking about engine failures, fires, or
similar – simply ensure they are told to follow your instructions and
know how to operate the doors and/or emergency exits.
Adjustment of seat belts and seat position.
Location of sick bags.
An intercom is provided so passengers can easily communicate.
Passengers to minimise chat when radio is busy, or as requested.
Front seat passenger should be encouraged to point out any aircraft
spotted that might be of conflict – another set of eyes is always useful.
Front seat passenger briefed on not interfering with controls.
If any passengers have any concerns during the flight they should be
encouraged to raise them.
Be sure to ask your passengers if they have any questions.
Encourage passengers to read the self-briefing cards if available.
IN FLIGHT
A running commentary of sights that can be seen, locations flown over
and how the flight is progressing can be useful.
Update your passengers about any change of plans.
Check on the status of your passengers regularly.
Should a situation arise in flight you should remain calm. Communicate
clearly and confidently the situation and your intentions to passengers.
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SELF BRIEFING - DEPARTURE
A takeoff briefing should clearly state your plan-of-action for both when
everything goes as planned and when they do not!
“He who fails to plan, plans to fail!”
You should brief yourself on the following points:
How you plan on taking off and departing the aerodrome.
Consider any threats relevant to the departure and manage them.
Reasons for an aborted takeoff and how to execute it.
Dealing with an engine failure with runway remaining.
Dealing with an engine failure at low level with no runway remaining.
SELF BRIEFING - ARRIVAL
The arrival is the single most demanding phase of flight, and the one that
carries the highest risk. As with a departure briefing, a thorough self brief
on arrival is the key to a smooth and arrival.
You should brief yourself on the following points:
How you plan on conducting your approach to the aerodrome, and what
clearance or joining procedure you anticipate based on ATIS / AWIS.
Example: Join upwind for RWY 06 at 1,800ft descending on upwind to 1,300ft.
Any NOTAMS relevant to your approach and landing.
Example: RWY 10/28 closed due soft wet surface.
Consider any threats relevant to the arrival and manage them.
Example: Particularly strong crosswind and in-to-wind runway not available. - Revise crosswind procedure, be go-around minded if unstable. - Consider diversion if necessary.
The type of approach and landing you plan on making.
Example: Reduced flap setting due to strong winds, final speed 65-75kts.
If needing to go-around, the actions required to execute the procedure.
Example: Full power, raise nose, establish positive climb, flaps up slowly, communicate with ATC or other aircraft.
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THREAT AND ERROR MANAGEMENT
TEM is an approach to flying that seeks to equip the pilot with the skills to
recognise and counter everyday problems which, if ignored, could result in
accidents or incidents.
Not all threats can be anticipated, it is unrealistic to make contingency
plans to try to cover unexpected events. Experience shows that many
threats can be anticipated, the first step is to identify likely threats. Once a
threat has been identified, it must be managed.
If you identify a threat that cannot be managed you should not go flying!
Example Threat Management
High number of aircraft
operating at aerodrome
Extra vigilance of traffic in the circuit through visual means and radio
monitoring.
Tower closed, CTAF procedures
in operation
Without additional safety of tower protection maintain an enhanced
lookout and radio monitoring.
Short Runway Ensure correct short field take-off or landing procedures are used and
that performance has been confirmed.
Terrain or obstacles Maintain enhanced situational awareness, also modify departure or
arrival as appropriate.
Landing in to setting sun Use another runway if possible. Wear sunglasses and be go-around
minded if unhappy with any aspect of the approach.
Adverse Weather ie. Crosswind on landing
Ensure correct crosswind procedures are adopted and you are up to the task (aircraft and/or crosswind recency). Be go-around minded if
the approach or landing becomes unstable. Request an alternate
runway if operationally required or preferred.
Your recency Study aircraft procedures prior to flight and take extra time to
perform checks and monitor your own performance, or take a safety
pilot.
Aircraft status
ie. COM1 distorted / unreadable
Utilise COM2 for primary communications if available, otherwise
divert or abort flight after troubleshooting.
NOTAMS Familiarise yourself with changes to regular procedures and include in departure or arrival briefs.
ERROR MANAGEMENT
The TEM model accepts that it is unavoidable that pilots, as human beings,
will make errors. While errors may be inevitable, safety of flight requires
that errors that occur are identified and managed before flight safety
margins are compromised.
Identification of errors requires aircraft/systems/procedure knowledge and
situational awareness. Analyse your own performance and identify errors
before they lead to an undesired aircraft state or more serious error.
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USEFUL INFORMATION
Location Frequency
Camden Tower / CTAF(R) 120.1
Ground 121.9
ATIS / AWIS 125.1
Training Area Sydney Radar 124.55
Bankstown Preferred diversion airport
Tower / CTAF(R) 132.8
Ground 119.9
ATIS / AWIS 120.9
NDB 416
Wedderburn CTAF 122.55
The Oaks CTAF 126.7
Airborne Aviation Airborne Base 119.2
Phone (02) 4655 7200
SYDNEY/Bankstown (YSBK)
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