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Contents1. INDIAN HISTORY

1. PRE-HISTORIC INDIA AND THE HARAPPAN CULTURE............................ 1.1SALIENT FEATURES OF THE HARAPPAN CULTURE ................................................................ 1.4

2. THE VEDIC CULTURE ................................................................................ 1.73. RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS........................................................................ 1.14

BUDDHISM ............................................................................................................ 1.14VAJRAYANISM ........................................................................................................ 1.16

4. THE RISE OF THE MAGADHA ................................................................. 1.195. THE MAURYAN EMPIRE .......................................................................... 1.246. POST-MAURYAN ..................................................................................... 1.31

SOURCES .............................................................................................................. 1.397. GUPTA EMPIRE ....................................................................................... 1.398. POST-GUPTA PERIOD ............................................................................. 1.449. INDIA DURING 300 – 700 A.D................................................................ 1.52

INDIAN RELIGIONS .................................................................................................. 1.55LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE ...................................................................................... 1.57ART AND ARCHITECTURE .......................................................................................... 1.59SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ....................................................................................... 1.62

10. EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA......................................................................... 1.63ADVENT OF ISLAM ................................................................................................... 1.71

11. DELHI SULTANATE.................................................................................. 1.74KHILJI DYNASTY (1290-1320) .................................................................................. 1.77TUGHLUQS DYNASTY (1320-1414) ........................................................................ 1.1.78

12. VIJAYANAGAR & BAHAMANI EMPIRE ................................................... 1.8213. ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMY (1200 – 1526) ..................................... 1.87

ECONOMY ............................................................................................................. 1.88URBAN ECONOMY .................................................................................................. 1.89

14. SOCIETY, CULTURE & RELIGION (1200 – 1526) ..................................... 1.91BHAKTI MOVEMENT ................................................................................................ 1.95

15. REGIONAL CENTRES OF POWER .......................................................... 1.10116. MUGHAL EMPIRE .................................................................................. 1.103

SUR EMPIRE(1540-55) .......................................................................................... 1.104LATER MUGHALS .................................................................................................. 1.109

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17. MUGHAL ADMINISTRATION & ECONOMY ......................................... 1.111MUGHAL ECONOMY .............................................................................................. 1.113

18. MUGHAL SOCIETY, CULTURE & RELIGION ......................................... 1.115MUGHAL RELIGIOUS POLICY AKBAR’S RELIGIOUS POLICY ................................................. 1.119

19. THE MARATHA AGE.............................................................................. 1.123SUCCESSORS OF SHIVAJI .......................................................................................... 1.124PESHWAS (1713-1818) ......................................................................................... 1.124LATER PESHWAS .................................................................................................... 1.125

20. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY’S INDIA .......................................................... 1.12621. ADVENT OF THE EUROPEANS & ASCENDANCE OF THE BRITISH ...... 1.135

ANGLO-FRENCH OR CARNATIC WARS ........................................................................ 1.138BENGAL BATTLES .................................................................................................. 1.139ANGLO MYSORE WARS .......................................................................................... 1.140ANGLO-AFGHAN WARS ......................................................................................... 1.142ESTABLISHERS OF THE BRITISH PARAMOUNTCY ............................................................... 1.143

22. ADMINISTRATION &ECONOMY UNDER THE COMPANY RULE (1757-1857) ....................... 1.145ECONOMIC & COMMERCIAL POLICY ........................................................................... 1.146PHASES OF ECONOMIC POLICY IN INDIA ...................................................................... 1.146DRAIN OF WEALTH THEORY .................................................................................... 1.147LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS ......................................................................................... 1.148

23. EARLY UPRISINGS, REVOLT OF 1857 &BRITISH POLICIES AFTER 1857 ............................................................. 1.152EARLY UPRISINGS AGAINST BRITISH RULE ................................................................... 1.153NON-TRIBAL MOVEMENTS ....................................................................................... 1.154IMPACT OF THE REVOLT .......................................................................................... 1.158ECONOMIC POLICIES .............................................................................................. 1.160

24. THE INDIAN RENAISSANCE .................................................................. 1.16425. INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS ........................................................... 1.17426. RISE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM ........................................................... 1.18127. PEASANT & TRADE UNION MOVEMENTS ............................................ 1.19228. DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION & THE INDIAN PRESS ....................... 1.196

LITERATURES ........................................................................................................ 1.19929. GANDHIAN ERA(1917-1947) ................................................................. 1.201

NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (NCM) ................................................................... 1.206SPREAD OF NCM ................................................................................................. 1.207

30. TOWARDS FREEDOM ........................................................................... 1.219IMPORTANT ACTS ................................................................................................. 1.224

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ................................... 1.227





2. INDIAN POLITY

1. INDIAN CONSTITUTION: AT A GLANCE .................................................. 2.1PART I: THE UNION AND ITS ERRITORY .......................................................................... 2.1PART II: CITIZENSHIP ................................................................................................. 2.1PART III: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS .................................................................................. 2.1PART IV: DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY ............................................................. 2.2PART IV A: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES .............................................................................. 2.3PART V: THE UNION ................................................................................................ 2.3PART VI: THE STATES ................................................................................................ 2.5PART VII: THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE .................................................. 2.7PART VIII: THE UNION TERRITORIES .............................................................................. 2.7PART IX : THE PANCHAYATS ....................................................................................... 2.8PART IX A: THE MUNICIPALITIES .................................................................................. 2.8PART X: SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS ......................................................................... 2.8PART XI: RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES ................................................ 2.8PART XII: FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS ...................................................... 2.9PART XIII: TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTER COURSE WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF INDIA ................ 2.10PART XIV: SERVICES UNDER UNION AND STATES ............................................................ 2.10PART XIV A: TRIBUNALS .......................................................................................... 2.11PART XV: ELECTIONS ............................................................................................... 2.11PART XVI: SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES ......................................... 2.11PART XVII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE ............................................................................... 2.12PART XIX: MISCELLANEOUS ....................................................................................... 2.12PART XX: CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ..................................................................... 2.12PART XXI: TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS ........................................ 2.13PART XXII: SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE TEXT IN HINDI ......................... 2.13SCHEDULES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION ......................................................................... 2.13

2. SOURCES OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION .................................................. 2.16DEVELOPMENTAL SOURCES ........................................................................................ 2.16CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY ........................................................................................ 2.18MAIN PROVISIONS OF IMPORTANT ACTS PASSED IN BRITISH INDIA ....................................... 2.18ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 2.20‘DIARCHY’ AND ‘DEVOLUTION RULES’ ......................................................................... 2.20GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935 ............................................................................ 2.22

3. FRAMING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA ....................................... 2.25ROLE OF CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY ............................................................................... 2.28

4. PREAMBLE ............................................................................................... 2.29THE PREAMBLE ....................................................................................................... 2.29SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE ......................................................................................... 2.35FRDERALISM ........................................................................................................... 2.35SECULARISM ........................................................................................................... 2.36





5. THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY........................................................... 2.39UNION TERRITORIES ................................................................................................. 2.40ARTICLE: 2 ............................................................................................................ 2.41ARTICLE: 3 ............................................................................................................ 2.41ARTICLE: 4 ............................................................................................................ 2.41

6. CITIZENSHIP ........................................................................................... 2.44CITIZENSHIP ACT, 1955 .......................................................................................... 2.44ACQUISITION OF CITIZENSHIP ..................................................................................... 2.44TERMINATION OF CITIZENSHIP .................................................................................... 2.45DUAL CITIZENSHIP .................................................................................................. 2.45BENEFITS AND PRIVILEGES .......................................................................................... 2.46CITIZENSHIP ACT 2003 ........................................................................................... 2.46PEOPLE OF INDIAN ORIGIN ........................................................................................ 2.47SINGHVI COMMITTEE ............................................................................................... 2.47

7. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS ......................................................................... 2.49RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ART.19) .................................................................................... 2.55OTHER RIGHTS COVERED UNDER THE RIGHT TO FREEDOM (ART. 19) .................................. 2.55PROTECTION AGAINST ARREST AND DETENTION (ART - 22) ............................................... 2.58RIGHT TO CONSTITUTIONAL REMEDIES (ART. 32) ........................................................... 2.63

8. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY ............................................. 2.65DPSP ADDED BY AMENDMENTS .................................................................................. 2.66DIRECTIVE IN OTHER PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION (NOT IN PART IV) .............................. 2.66FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS VS. DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY ..................................... 2.67FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES ............................................................................................ 2.72PART I V -A: FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES: ........................................................................... 2.72

9. UNION EXECUTIVE ................................................................................. 2.74EMERGENCY POWERS ................................................................................................ 2.78VICE-PRESIDENTS OF INDIA ............................................................................. 2.83ATTORNEY GENERAL OF INDIA .................................................................................... 2.89CAGS OF INDIA ................................................................................................ 2.91

10. PARLIAMENT .......................................................................................... 2.92PART V, THE UNION CHAPTER I PARLIAMENT ............................................................... 2.94PARLIAMENTARY PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES ............................................................... 2.100PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEES ................................................................................... 2.100SPEAKER OF LOK SABHA .......................................................................................... 2.101SPEAKERS OF LOK SABHA ......................................................................................... 2.102DEPUTY SPEAKER OF LOK SABHA ............................................................................... 2.103RAJYA SABHA ...................................................................................................... 2.104CHAIRMAN AND DEPUTY CHAIRMAN OF RAJYA SABHA .................................................. 2.104JOINT SITTING OF THE PARLIAMENT ............................................................................ 2.105

11. JUDICIARY ............................................................................................ 2.107SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ...................................................................................... 2.107





CHIEF JUSTICES OF INDIA ........................................................................................ 2.109HIGH COURTS ..................................................................................................... 2.110HIGH COURTS IN INDIA ......................................................................................... 2.112

12. STATE EXECUTIVE ................................................................................. 2.117GOVERNOR ......................................................................................................... 2.117CHIEF MINISTER ................................................................................................... 2.120STATE LEGISLATURE ............................................................................................... 2.120UPPER HOUSE ..................................................................................................... 2.120LOWER HOUSE ..................................................................................................... 2.121

13. LOCAL GOVERNMENT.......................................................................... 2.125PANCHAYATI RAJ : AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ....................................................... 2.12573RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ......................................................................... 2.130IMPORTANCE ARTICLES ........................................................................................... 2.130ELEVENTH SCHEDULE (ARTICLE 243-G) ....................................................................... 2.131GRAM SABHA ...................................................................................................... 2.132GRAM PANCHAYAT ............................................................................................... 2.133PANCHAYAT SAMITI ............................................................................................... 2.134ZILA PARISHAD .................................................................................................... 2.135PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION ................................................................................... 2.136BLOCK DEVELOPMENT OFFICER ................................................................................. 2.137EXTENSION OFFICERS .............................................................................................. 2.138VILLAGE LEVEL WORKER ......................................................................................... 2.139FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................... 2.139CONTROL OVER PRIS ............................................................................................. 2.140COORDINATION IN PRIS ......................................................................................... 2.141PROBLEM AREAS ................................................................................................... 2.142TOWARDS RENEWED THRUST ................................................................................... 2.14574TH CONSTITUTIONAL ADENDMENT ........................................................................ 2.147IMPORTANT ARTICLES ............................................................................................. 2.148TWELFTH SCHEDULE (ARTICLE 243-W) ....................................................................... 2.150FUNCTIONS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ........................................................................ 2.150PATTERNS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCES .............................................................. 2.151TAXES LEVIABLE UNDER THE CONSTITUTION ................................................................ 2.152

14. PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION ........................................................... 2.155CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS .................................................................................. 2.155

15. ELECTORAL SYSTEM ............................................................................. 2.160CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS OF INDIA .................................................................. 2.161ELECTROL REFORMS ............................................................................................... 2.162COMMITTEES ........................................................................................................ 2.163

16. CENTER STATE RELATION .................................................................... 2.166





CENTRE - STATE RELATIONS: CONFLICT ZONE ............................................................... 2.171PUNCHHI COMMISSION ON CENTRE - STATE RELATIONS ................................................... 2.176FINANCE COMMISSION VS PLANNING COMMISSION ........................................................ 2.177

17. EMERGENCY PROVISIONS.................................................................... 2.180NATIONAL EMERGENCY (ART. 352) ........................................................................... 2.180PROCLAMATION OF PRESIDENT’S RULE (ART. 356) ........................................................ 2.181

18. AMENDMENT OF CONSTITUTION ....................................................... 2.183AMENDMENT PROCEDURE ........................................................................................ 2.183AMENDMENTS IN BRIEF ........................................................................................... 2.183

19. SEVENTH SCHEDULE (ARTICLE 246) ..................................................... 2.288LIST I—UNION LIST ............................................................................................... 2.188LIST II-STATE LIST .................................................................................................. 2.191LIST III—CONCURRENT LIST ...................................................................................... 2.194

20. ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS ............................................................. 2.196IMPORTANT COMMITTEES ........................................................................................ 2.197MEMBERS OF SECOND ARC ...................................................................................... 2.198ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS COMMITTEES ...................................................................... 2.198

21. PLANNING ............................................................................................ 2.203POLICY FORMULATION IN INDIA ................................................................................ 2.203LEGISLATURE ........................................................................................................ 2.203EXECUTIVE ........................................................................................................... 2.204PLANNING COMMISSION ......................................................................................... 2.205NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL .......................................................................... 2.206

22. NATIONAL COMMISSIONS .................................................................. 2.212NATIONAL COMMISSIONS FOR SCS ........................................................................... 2.212NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR STS ............................................................................. 2.213NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR MINORITIES .................................................................... 2.214NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN ....................................................................... 2.215NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR PROTECTION OF CHILD RIGHTS ........................................... 2.216

23. DICTIONARY OF POLITY ...................................................................... 2.221

PRACTICE QUESTIONS ......................................................... 2.2413. INDIAN ECONOMY

1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................. 3.1SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MAINTAINING PEOPLE & EARTH ............................................... 3.2REALITY CHECK ........................................................................................................ 3.2ECONOMIC GROWTH AND SUSTAINABILITY ...................................................................... 3.4ECOLOGICAL SUSTAINABILITY ........................................................................................ 3.5OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................. 3.5SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY .............................................................................................. 3.7CORPORATE INTEREST AND ACTIVITIES OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 3.9





SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD ................................................... 3.10STRENGTHENING- GOVERNANCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ........................................ 3.12SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA .......................................................................... 3.14GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ......................................................................................... 3.14SUSTAINABLE EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN INDIA ........................................................... 3.17ECONOMIC ASPECT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : INDIA IN FOCUS ................................. 3.18EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ................................................................. 3.20DECADE OF EDUCATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA ..................................... 3.22POPULATION & ENVIRONMENT LINKAGE ....................................................................... 3.22ENVIRONMENT AS A NECESSITY AND LUXURY .................................................................. 3.26CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 3.28NATURAL RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ...................................................... 3.29LAND RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 3.29SUGGESTED REMEDIES ............................................................................................... 3.31SOIL EROSION ........................................................................................................ 3.32WATER RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 3.33FOREST RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 3.34MINERAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 3.37

2. POVERTY................................................................................................. 3.42THE CONCEPT OF OOVERTY LINE ................................................................................ 3.42INCIDENCE OF POVERTY IN INDIA ................................................................................ 3.42GROWTH STORY OF INDIA ........................................................................................ 3.46POVERTY : RURAL AND URBAN .................................................................................. 3.49SAFETY NETS FOR POOR – POVERTY ALLEVIATION PROGRAMMES .......................................... 3.50ESTIMATION OF BPL HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL AREAS ........................................................ 3.55INDIA RANKS DOWN IN GLOBAL HUNGER INDEX ............................................................ 3.56GLOBALISATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THE INDIAN ECONOMY .............................................. 3.56GLOBALISATION IN INDIA .......................................................................................... 3.57STEPS TOWARDS GLOBALISATION ................................................................................. 3.57EFFECTS OF GLOBALISATION ....................................................................................... 3.60GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS ..................................................................................... 3.62GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION ............................................................................... 3.62

3. INCLUSION ............................................................................................. 3.64PLANNING PROCESS ................................................................................................. 3.65ELEVENTH PLAN (2007-12) ...................................................................................... 3.70NATIONAL TARGETS OF THE 11TH PLAN (2007-12) ....................................................... 3.70INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT ......................................................... 3.74CAPITAL AND COMMODITY MARKET ............................................................................ 3.93MIBOR AND MIBID ................................................................................................. 3.95PUBLIC FINANCE ...................................................................................................... 112

4. DEMOGRAPHICS .................................................................................. 3.120THE THREE STAGES DEMOGRAPHY TRANSITION ............................................................. 3.120THE THREE STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION ......................................................... 3.120





INDIA’S POPULATION: SIZE AND GROWTH TRENDS ........................................................ 3.121CAUSES OF THE RAPID GROWTH OF POPULATION ......................................................... 3.123OPULATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 3.128REMEDIES FOR POPULATION EXPLOSION ....................................................................... 3.133POPULATION POLICY .............................................................................................. 3.136SOME IMPORTANT TABLES ........................................................................................ 3.142HUMAN ECOLOGY ................................................................................................ 3.146SOME DEMOGRAPHY ISSUES ..................................................................................... 3.150THE SEX COMPOSITION OF POPULATION IN INDIA: THE MISSING WOMEN .......................... 3.151AGE STRUCTURE OF POPULATION AND ITS DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND ................................. 3.151URBANIZATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS ......................................................... 3.154MIGRATION OF RURAL POPULATION TO URBAN AREAS IN INDIA ....................................... 3.156HEALTH CARE IN INDIA .......................................................................................... 3.159VISION FOR HEALTH .............................................................................................. 3.159NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (NCDS) .................................................................. 3.162

5. AGRICULTURE & INDUSTRY ................................................................ 3.164INFLATION ........................................................................................................... 3.167INDUSTRY ........................................................................................................... 3.168

6. SOCIAL SECTOR INITIATIVE ................................................................. 3.174EMPLOYMENT TRENDS ............................................................................................ 3.174NATURE AND ESTIMATES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA ................................................... 3.177AGRICULTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT ............................................................................... 3.180CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT .................................................................................... 3.182GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR REMOVING UNEMPLOYMENT .................................................. 3.183

MULTIPLIE CHOICE QUESTIONS ........................................ 3.216GEOGRAPHY

PART I [INDIAN GEOGRAPHY]

1. PHYSIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 4.1INDIA’S FRONTIERS ................................................................................................. 4.2

2. POPULATION 2011 INDIA AT A GLANCE ................................................ 4.4ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS ...................................................................................... 4.5TOP TEN POPULATION COUNTRIES - WORLD POPULATION AND INDIA ................................ 4.52011 CENSUS OF INDIA .......................................................................................... 4.6SCOPE AND PROCESS ............................................................................................... 4.6CENSUS DATA ...................................................................................................... 4.6SOME IMPORTANT TABLES ......................................................................................... 4.6RACIAL GROUPS IN INDIA ...................................................................................... 4.15MIGRATION ........................................................................................................ 4.17SETTLEMENTS AND URBANISATION ............................................................................ 4.17





URBANISATION .................................................................................................... 4.193. PHYSICAL FEATURES OF INDIA .............................................................. 4.22

THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS .................................................................................. 4.23PASSES OF INDIA .................................................................................................. 4.25THE GREAT PLAINS .............................................................................................. 4.28THE PENINSULAR UPLANDS .................................................................................... 4.30THE INDIAN COASTS AND ISLANDS ........................................................................... 4.32

4. RIVER SYSTEMS OF INDIA ...................................................................... 4.36HIMALAYAN RIVERS .............................................................................................. 4.37THE BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER SYSTEM ........................................................................... 4.41

5. CLIMATE OF INDIA ................................................................................. 4.45ANNUAL RAINFALL ............................................................................................... 4.48MONSOON ......................................................................................................... 4.49THE SOUTHWEST MONSOON ................................................................................... 4.51CLIMATICAL HAZARDS ................................................................................. 4.53

6. SOILS ....................................................................................................... 4.54MAJOR SOIL GROUPS OF INDIA ............................................................................... 4.57VEGEGATION TYPE ............................................................................................... 4.60

7. NATURAL VEGETATION ......................................................................... 4.60DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AREA ............................................................................... 4.63FOREST POLICY AND CONSERVATION ......................................................................... 4.65WILDLIFE ........................................................................................................... 4.68

8. AGRICULTURE IN INDIA ........................................................................ 4.72LAND RESOURCES AND PATTERN OF THEIR USE ............................................................ 4.74MAJOR CROPS .................................................................................................... 4.75

9. IRRIGATION IN INDIA ............................................................................ 4.80MULTIPURPOSE PROJECTS ....................................................................................... 4.85

10. MINERALS IN INDIA................................................................................ 4.90METALLIC MINERALS ............................................................................................. 4.91ATOMIC MINERALS ............................................................................................... 4.95MINERAL FUELS ................................................................................................... 4.95

11. INDUSTRIES IN INDIA............................................................................. 4.98AGRO-BASED INDUSTRY ....................................................................................... 4.100FOREST-BASED INDUSTRY ...................................................................................... 4.105METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES ................................................................................. 4.106OTHER INDUSTRIES ............................................................................................. 4.109INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES AND INDUSTRIAL REGIONALISATION .......................................... 4.110RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION ................................................................................... 4.114

12. SOURCES OF ENERGY IN INDIA ........................................................... 4.116NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES ................................................................... 4.120

13. TRANSPORT SYSTEM ............................................................................ 4.122





ROADWAYS ...................................................................................................... 4.125AIRWAYS ......................................................................................................... 4.128WATERWAYS ..................................................................................................... 4.131

MULTIPLIE CHOICE QUESTIONS ........................................ 4.135PART II [WORLD GEOGRAPHY]

1. SPACE ........................................................................................................ 4.1THE SOLAR SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 4.2

2. LITHOSPHERE ......................................................................................... 4.21EARTH’S INTERIOR ................................................................................................ 4.23PLATE TECTONICS ................................................................................................. 4.23VULCANISM AND EARTHQUAKES ............................................................................... 4.24ROCKS AND MINERALS .......................................................................................... 4.26CLASSIFICATION OF LANDFORMS ............................................................................... 4.29DRAINAGE PATTERNS ............................................................................................ 4.33

3. ATMOSPHERE ......................................................................................... 4.40STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE .............................................................................. 4.40HEATING AND COOLING OF THE ATMOSPHERE ............................................................ 4.41ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ......................................................................................... 4.42WIND SYSTEM ..................................................................................................... 4.43MOISTURE IN THE ATMOSPHERE ............................................................................... 4.46WORLD CLIMATIC TYPES ....................................................................................... 4.51THE TROPICAL MONSOON &TROPICAL MARINE CLIMATES (AM) ....................................... 4.52THE SAVANNA OR SUDAN CLIMATE ........................................................................... 4.53THE HOT DESERT AND MID LATITUDE DESERT CLIMATES ............................................... 4.53MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE ...................................................................................... 4.55THE TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL (STEPPE) CLIMATE ......................................................... 4.56THE CHINA TYPE CLIMATE ..................................................................................... 4.57THE COOL TEMPERATE WESTERN MARGIN CLIMATE DISTRIBUTION ................................... 4.58THE COOL TEMPERATE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE ............................................................ 4.59THE COOL TEMPERATE EASTERN MARGIN ................................................................... 4.60THE ARCTIC OR POLAR CLIMATE .............................................................................. 4.61

4. HYDROSPHERE ....................................................................................... 4.62OCEAN PROFILE ................................................................................................... 4.63SALINITY & TEMPERATURE ...................................................................................... 4.63OCEAN DEPOSITS ................................................................................................ 4.64OCEAN CURRENTS ............................................................................................... 4.65TIDES AND WAVES ............................................................................................... 4.66OCEAN RIDGE .................................................................................................... 4.67THE LIVING OCEANS AND CORAL REEF ...................................................................... 4.69

5. BIOSPHERE .............................................................................................. 4.72





ECOSYSTEM AND ECOLOGY ..................................................................................... 4.72BIODIVERSITY ...................................................................................................... 4.74

6. FOREST .................................................................................................... 4.767. TYPES OF SOIL ........................................................................................ 4.808. WORLD AGRICULTURE .......................................................................... 4.82

MAIZE .............................................................................................................. 4.84TEA .................................................................................................................. 4.85COFFEE ............................................................................................................. 4.86RUBBER ............................................................................................................. 4.87JUTE ................................................................................................................. 4.88COTTON ............................................................................................................ 4.88SUGARCANE ....................................................................................................... 4.89SUGAR-BEET ........................................................................................................ 4.90TOBACCO .......................................................................................................... 4.91OTHER AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ........................................................................ 4.91

9. FISHERIES ................................................................................................ 4.9310. ENERGY................................................................................................... 4.94

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER ........................................................................................ 4.96MINERAL OIL ...................................................................................................... 4.97NATURAL GAS .................................................................................................... 4.99URANIUM ........................................................................................................ 4.100THORIUM ......................................................................................................... 4.100

11. MINERALS ............................................................................................. 4.102COPPER ........................................................................................................... 4.103BAUXITE .......................................................................................................... 4.105TIN ................................................................................................................ 4.106ZINC .............................................................................................................. 4.106OTHER MINERALS .............................................................................................. 4.107

12. WORLD TRIBAL GROUPS ..................................................................... 4.10813. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS .................................................................... 4.112

LIST OF DESERTS ................................................................................................ 4.115OCEANS, LAKES & RIVERS .................................................................................... 4.116

MULTIPLIE CHOICE QUESTIONS ........................................ 4.1215. GENERAL SCIENCE

PHYSICS

1. UNITS & MEASUREMENTS ........................................................................ 5.12. ATOMIC PHYSICS ..................................................................................... 5.33. HEAT ......................................................................................................... 5.5





4. LIGHT ........................................................................................................ 5.85. MAGNETISM & ELECTRICITY .................................................................. 5.116. MECHANICS............................................................................................ 5.147. MATTERS ................................................................................................. 5.178. SOUND ................................................................................................... 5.209. WAVES .................................................................................................... 5.23

10. WORK, POWER & ENERGY ..................................................................... 5.24

CHEMISTRY

1. ACID ....................................................................................................... 5.26BASES AND ALKALIS ................................................................................................. 5.27PH ..................................................................................................................... 5.27SALTS .................................................................................................................. 5.28

2. ATOMIC STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 5.293. CHEMICAL BONDING ............................................................................ 5.344. CHEMICAL REACTIONS & EQUATIONS ................................................. 5.365. MATTER................................................................................................... 5.38

MATTER AND ITS NATURE ......................................................................................... 5.38CLASSIFICATIONS ..................................................................................................... 5.40SOLUTION ............................................................................................................. 5.41ALLOYS ................................................................................................................ 5.41METALS AND NON-METALS ....................................................................................... 5.41

6. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ........................................................................... 5.437. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS ............................................................. 5.468. PROPERTIES OF GASES ........................................................................... 5.48

GAS LAWS ............................................................................................................ 5.499. COMMON ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS............................................. 5.52

BIOLOGY

1. CELL ........................................................................................................ 5.57CELL THEORY ......................................................................................................... 5.57CELL DIVISIONCELL DIVISION .................................................................................... 5.59

2. TISSUE ..................................................................................................... 5.62EPITHETICAL TISSUE .................................................................................................. 5.62CONNECTIVE TISSUE ................................................................................................ 5.63MUSCULAR TISSU ................................................................................................... 5.63NERVOUS TISSUE NERVOUS TISSUE .............................................................................. 5.63PLANT TISSUE PLANT TISSUE ...................................................................................... 5.64





3. MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEM ...................................................... 5.67SKELETAL SYSTEMS OF VARIOUS ANIMALS ....................................................................... 5.67THE SKELETON AND MUSCLES .................................................................................... 5.68TYPES OF SKELETONS ................................................................................................ 5.68BONE .................................................................................................................. 5.68GROWTH OF BONE ................................................................................................. 5.69TYPES OF JOINTS ..................................................................................................... 5.69SKELETAL DISORDERS ................................................................................................ 5.69SKELETAL MUSCLE SYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 5.70SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE .................................................................................... 5.70CONTROL OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION .......................................................................... 5.70CONTRACTION OF NONMUSCULAR CELLS ...................................................................... 5.71INTERACTION OF THE TWO SYSTEMS ............................................................................. 5.71MUSCLES AND JOINTS ..................................................................................... 5.71HEARING AND NOISE ..................................................................................... 5.71

4. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM........................................................................... 5.72SENSORY INPUT ...................................................................................................... 5.72INTEGRATION AND OUTPUT ...................................................................................... 5.72ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS ................................................................................................ 5.72DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ............................................................................ 5.72NERVOUS SYSTEM IN VARIOUS ORGANISMS ..................................................................... 5.73VERTEBRATE NERVOUS SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 5.73A. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ................................................................................... 5.73B. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM .............................................................................. 5.73VERTEBRATE EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS INCLUDE ................................................................ 5.74THE BRAIN STEM AND MIDBRAIN ................................................................................ 5.74THE CEREBELLUM .................................................................................................... 5.74THE FOREBRAIN ...................................................................................................... 5.75NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES .......................................................................................... 5.75THE NEURON THE NEURON ...................................................................................... 5.75THE NERVE MESSAGE ............................................................................................... 5.76STEPS IN AN ACTION POTENTIAL ................................................................................. 5.76SYNAPSES .............................................................................................................. 5.76SENSORY RECEPTORS ................................................................................................ 5.77ORIENTATION AND GRAVITY ..................................................................................... 5.77PHOTORECEPTORS DETECT VISION AND LIGHT SENSITIVITY ................................................ 5.77ANIMAL’S EYES ....................................................................................................... 5.77SEEING AND BELIEVINGSEEING AND BELIEVING ................................................................ 5.79

5. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ....................................................................... 5.80HORMONES ........................................................................................................... 5.80EVOLUTION OF ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS ............................................................................ 5.81THE NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS ...................................................................... 5.81





OTHER ENDOCRINE ORGANS .................................................................................... 5.82OTHER CHEMICAL MESSENGERS .................................................................................. 5.83FOOD: THE FUEL AND THE FRAME ............................................................................... 5.83PROCESSING OF FOOD .............................................................................................. 5.84KIDNEYS; THE FASCINATING FILTERS ............................................................................. 5.85

6. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY ................................................... 5.86THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ........................................................................................... 5.86IMMUNITY ............................................................................................................. 5.86THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND MEMORY OF INFECTIONS .......................................................... 5.89BLOOD TYPES, RH, AND ANTIBODIES ........................................................................... 5.89ORGAN TRANSPLANTS AND ANTIBODIES ....................................................................... 5.89DISORDERS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ............................................................................. 5.90BODY DEFENCES ..................................................................................................... 5.91BLOOD: THE VITAL FLUID ......................................................................................... 5.91BLOOD ON THE MOVE: HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS ....................................................... 5.92LUNGS: THE LIFE LINKE ............................................................................................. 5.92

7. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM .................................................................... 5.94RESPIRATION IN SINGLE CELL ANIMALS ......................................................................... 5.94RESPIRATION IN MULTICELLULAR ANIMALS ..................................................................... 5.94 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PRINCIPLES ................................................................................ 5.95THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM .............................................................................. 5.95

8. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM................................................................... 5.98INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 5.98CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS ...................................................... 5.98CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS .................................................... 5.98TYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMSTYPES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS .......................................... 5.98VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ......................................................................... 5.99VERTEBRATE VASCULAR SYSTEMS ............................................................................... 5.100THE HEART ......................................................................................................... 5.100THE HUMAN HEART ............................................................................................. 5.100DISEASES OF THE HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ................................................. 5.101BLOOD .............................................................................................................. 5.102THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 5.103CIRCULATING SYSTEM ............................................................................................ 5.103

9. THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ............................................................ 5.104INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5.104GLANDS ............................................................................................................. 5.104HAIR AND NAILS .................................................................................................. 5.104SKIN AND HOMEOSTASIS ......................................................................................... 5.105WATER LOSS OCCURS IN THE SKIN BY TWO ROUTES ...................................................... 5.105SKIN AND SENSORY RECEPTION ................................................................................. 5.105SKIN AND SYNTHESIS .............................................................................................. 5.105





10.(A)THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ............................................................. 5.106INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 5.106ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 5.106SEXUAL REPRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 5.106HUMAN REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT ............................................................... 5.107THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ............................................................................ 5.107THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ........................................................................... 5.107HORMONES AND FEMALE CYCLES .............................................................................. 5.108SEXUAL RESPONSES ................................................................................................ 5.108SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ............................................................................. 5.109REPRODUCTION : VARIOUS CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS .................................................... 5.109FERTILIZATION AND CLEAVAGE ................................................................................. 5.110VARIOUS STAGES OF FERTILIZATION ............................................................................ 5.111

10.(B)PLANT REPRODUCTION ..................................................................... 5.113FLOWERING PLANTS ............................................................................................... 5.113FLOWERS ............................................................................................................ 5.113STAMENS ............................................................................................................. 5.113POLLEN .............................................................................................................. 5.113POLLINATION ....................................................................................................... 5.114THE OVARY ........................................................................................................ 5.114THE GAMETOPHYTES .............................................................................................. 5.114DOUBLE FERTILIZATION .......................................................................................... 5.114FRUIT ................................................................................................................ 5.115VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION ...................................................................................... 5.115

11. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM........................................................................ 5.116DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN VARIOUS ORGANISM .................................................................. 5.116LOCATIONS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN VARIOUS ANIMALS ................................................. 5.116STAGES IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS ............................................................................ 5.117THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ............................................................................... 5.117REGULATION OF DIGESTION .................................................................................... 5.121NUTRITION ......................................................................................................... 5.121

12. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM ..................................................................... 5.125EXCRETORY SYSTEMS IN VARIOUS ANIMALS .................................................................. 5.125EXCRETORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS ................................................................................ 5.126INVERTEBRATE EXCRETORY ORGANS ............................................................................ 5.126VERTEBRATES EXCRETORY ORGANS ............................................................................. 5.126THE HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM .............................................................................. 5.126HORMONE CONTROL OF WATER AND SALT ................................................................. 5.127DISRUPTION OF KIDNEY FUNCTION ........................................................................... 5.127

13. PHOTOSYNTHESIS ................................................................................ 5.128STRUCTURE OF LEAF STRUCTURE OF LEAF ..................................................................... 5.128CHLOROPHYLL AND ACCESSORY PIGMENTS .................................................................. 5.128





STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS .................................................................................... 5.129THE CARBON CYCLE .............................................................................................. 5.129DIGESTION IN PLANTS ............................................................................................ 5.129

14. DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS ...................................................... 5.131DIFFERENTIATION IN PLANTS .................................................................................... 5.131DIFFERENTATION OF ANIMALS .................................................................................. 5.132MICRO ORGANISMS: FRIEND AND FOE ....................................................................... 5.133

15. THE ANIMAL KINGDOM ....................................................................... 5.136INVERTEBRATES ..................................................................................................... 5.136(I) FISH .............................................................................................................. 5.141(II) AMPHIBIANS .................................................................................................... 5.141(III) REPTILES: AFRICAN CLAWED FROG ....................................................................... 5.142(IV) BIRDS ........................................................................................................... 5.145(V) MAMMALS ...................................................................................................... 5.147FROM JAWLESS FISH TO MAMMALS ............................................................................ 5.150

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ................................... 5.1526. ENVIRONMENT

1. STUDYING ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................... 6.1ENVIRONMENTALISM ................................................................................................... 6.3CONSTITUTIONAL OBLIGATION OF A CITIZEN .................................................................. 6.6

2. NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................................. 6.7ENERGY RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 6.10NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ......................................................................... 6.10RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY ................................................................................ 6.11WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS ........................................................................................... 6.12BIO-ENERGY ..................................................................................................... 6.14MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY RESOURCES................................................................. 6.16EQUITABLE USE OF RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLES .............................................. 6.18WORLD FORESTED AREA (MILLIONS OF HECTARES) BY REGION .............................................. 6.19FOREST RESOURCES .................................................................................................. 6.19GENETIC (BIOLOGICAL) RESOURCES .............................................................................. 6.20VALUABLE INDIAN GENES ......................................................................................... 6.22 WATER: A VITAL RESOURCE ..................................................................................... 6.23MINERAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 6.25MANAGEMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES ........................................................................ 6.26FOOD RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 6.27ENVIRONMENTAL REASONS FOR FOOD PROBLEMS ............................................................. 6.28WORLD CONSERVATION STRATEGY .............................................................................. 6.29NATURAL HAZARDS ................................................................................................ 6.30PREVENTION OF NATURAL HAZARDS ............................................................................ 6.31





SUN AS SOURCE OF ENERGY .......................................................................... 6.31ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY USE ........................................ 6.33

3. ECO-SYSTEMS.......................................................................................... 6.41WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM ? ............................................................................................. 6.41STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF AN ECOSYSTEM .............................................................. 6.42STRUCTURE ........................................................................................................... 6.43STRUCTURAL ASPECTS .............................................................................................. 6.43PRODUCERS CONSUMERS AND DECOMPOSERS ................................................................. 6.43ENERGY FLOW IN THE ECOSYSTEM ................................................................................ 6.46ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION .......................................................................................... 6.47FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEBS AND ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS FOOD CHAIN ................................ 6.47GRASS LAND ECOSYSTEM .......................................................................................... 6.53FUNCTION OF AN ECOSYSTEM .................................................................................... 6.58FIXATION OF ENERGY BY AUTOTROPHS ......................................................................... 6.58ROLE OF ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEM .................................................................................. 6.59BIOMES AND AQUATIC LIFE ZONES .............................................................................. 6.59

4. BIODIVERSITY AND ITS CONSERVATION.............................................. 6.60DEFINITION OF BIODIVERSITY ..................................................................................... 6.60VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY ........................................................................................... 6.61THTREATS TO BIODIVERSITY ....................................................................................... 6.62CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY ................................................................................ 6.63NATIONAL BIOSPHERE RESERVES .................................................................................. 6.66BIODIVERSITY OF INDIA ............................................................................................. 6.66ENDANGERED AND ENDEMIC SPECIES OF INDIA ................................................................ 6.69PLANT ENDEMISM ................................................................................................... 6.69ANIMAL ENDEMISM IN INDIA ...................................................................................... 6.69HOSTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY ..................................................................................... 6.69BIODIVERSITY (DESERTIFICATION, IPRS) ........................................................................... 6.70BIODIVERSITY AND AGENDA 21 .................................................................................. 6.71MAJOR INITIATIVES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION ...................................................... 6.71

5. POLLUTION ............................................................................................ 6.73ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS ....................................................................................... 6.76CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS ................................................................................. 6.78AIR POLLUTANTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES ....................................................................... 6.78GASEOUS POLLUTANTS ............................................................................................. 6.79WATER POLLUTANTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES .................................................................. 6.80THERMAL POLLUTION ............................................................................................... 6.81POLLUTION BY RADIOACTIVITY ................................................................................... 6.81NOISE POLLUTION .................................................................................................. 6.83SOIL POLLUTION ..................................................................................................... 6.84MARINE POLLUTION ................................................................................................ 6.84SOLID WASTE POLLUTION ......................................................................................... 6.85





6. ENVIRONMENT & HUMAN HEALTH ...................................................... 6.86HEALTH PROBLEMS IN RURAL AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT ................................................. 6.87HEALTH PROBLEM DUE TO POLLUTION ......................................................................... 6.87OCCUPATION AND HEALTH ...................................................................................... 6.87STRESS AND HEALTH ................................................................................................ 6.88GLOBAL WARMING AND HEALTH ............................................................................... 6.88EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH ....................................................................... 6.89ENDOSULFAN PESTICIDE ............................................................................................ 6.92EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION ON HEALTH .................................................................. 6.93EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE POLLUTION ON HEALTH .......................................................... 6.95

7. DISASTERS & THEIR MANAGEMENT....................................................... 6.97EARTHQUAKES ........................................................................................................ 6.97FLOODS ................................................................................................................ 6.98DROUGHT ............................................................................................................ 6.99CYCLONES AND ANTICYCLONES ................................................................................ 6.100

8. POPULATION & ENVIRONMENT .......................................................... 6.104POPULATION & GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTPROBLEM .......................................................... 6.104ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION ................................................................................... 6.108OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 6.108MALARIA ............................................................................................................ 6.110HIV/AIDS ........................................................................................................ 6.111CHOLERA ............................................................................................................ 6.112TUBERCULOSIS ...................................................................................................... 6.112LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS ............................................................................................ 6.113POLIOMYELITIS ...................................................................................................... 6.114WOMAN AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................... 6.114CHILD AND ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................... 6.117ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH ..................... 6.118ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH ........................ 6.119

9. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM ................................................. 6.121GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ..................................................................................... 6.121GLOBAL WARMING ............................................................................................... 6.122OZONE DEPLETION ............................................................................................... 6.123EL-NINO ............................................................................................................ 6.126IMPACTS OF EL NINO ............................................................................................. 6.127LA-NINA ............................................................................................................ 6.127ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION ................................................................... 6.129INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIONS .................................................................... 6.129GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS ...................................................................... 6.133EARTH SUMMIT .................................................................................................... 6.134UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE .................................................. 6.134





10. DEVELOPMENT & ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS ............................... 6.135IMPACT OF URBANISATION ...................................................................................... 6.135URBANISATION IN INDIA ......................................................................................... 6.136POSITIVE IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION ......................................................................... 6.137PROBLEMS OF URBANIZATION ................................................................................... 6.137THE MAJOR IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALISATION ................................................................ 6.137

11. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS TO DIGEST ................................................. 6.143THE WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT ............................................................................... 6.143THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT ........................................ 6.143THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT ............................................. 6.144THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT ...................................................................... 6.144FOREST CONSERVATION ACT .................................................................................... 6.145BOTANICAL SURVEY OF INDIA .................................................................................. 6.146RAMSAR CONVENTION ........................................................................................... 6.148LIST OF TIGER RESERVES .......................................................................................... 6.149BIOSPHERE RESERVE ............................................................................................... 6.151WORLD ENVIRONMENT EVENTS ................................................................................ 6.152MAJOR ELEMENTS OF CANCUN AGREEMENT ................................................................. 6.157CANCUN DECISIONS AT A GLANCE ........................................................................... 6.157INDIA’S STAND AT CANCUN .................................................................................... 6.157

12. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS FOR P.T. ................................................... 6.159

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ................................... 6.1801. COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ...................................................................... 12. AWARDS AND HONOURS......................................................................... 11

NATIONAL ............................................................................................................... 11BHARAT RATNA ......................................................................................................... 11PADMA AWARDS ........................................................................................................ 13GALLANTRY AWARDS .................................................................................................. 13JAMNALAL BAJAJ AWARDS ............................................................................................. 14DADA SAHEB PHALKE AWARD ........................................................................................ 15GOLDEN PEACOCK AWARDS .......................................................................................... 16TENZING NORGAY NATIONAL ADVENTURE AWARD ............................................................... 17SAHITYA AKADEMI AWARD ............................................................................................ 17SHANTI SWAROOP BHATNAGAR PRIZES .............................................................................. 17SHAHEED NIYOGI MEMORIAL AWARD FOR JOURNALISM .......................................................... 17RAJIV GANDHI KHEL RATNA AWARD ................................................................................. 17ARJUNA AWARD ........................................................................................................ 17DRONACHARYA AWARD ............................................................................................... 17DHYAN CHAND AWARD .............................................................................................. 17MAULANA KALAM AZAD TROPHY .................................................................................... 17JNANPITH AWARD ...................................................................................................... 18





LIST OF JNANPITH AWARDEES ......................................................................................... 18CSIR YOUNG SCIENTISTS AWARD ..................................................................................... 18SARASWATI SAMMAN ................................................................................................... 18CHAMELI DEVI AWARD ................................................................................................. 18BORLAUG AWARD ...................................................................................................... 18PRIME MINISTER’S SHRAM AWARD .................................................................................... 18INTERNATIONAL AWARDS .............................................................................................. 20OLYMPIC GAMES ........................................................................................................ 27

3. SPORTS AND GAMES ................................................................................. 27OLYMPIC MOTTO, EMBLEM AND FLAG .............................................................................. 27WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES ............................................................................................. 39ASIAN GAMES ........................................................................................................... 39COMMONWEALTH GAMES ............................................................................................. 40WORLD CUP FOOTBALL ............................................................................................... 41HOCKEY WORLD CUP .................................................................................................. 41SOUTH ASIAN FEDERATION (SAF) GAMES ............................................................................ 42HISTORY OF SAF GAMES ............................................................................................... 42MAJOR SPORTS DISCIPLINES ........................................................................................... 42AEROBICS ................................................................................................................ 43ARCHERY ................................................................................................................. 43AQUATICS ................................................................................................................ 43BADMINTON ............................................................................................................. 43BASKETBALL .............................................................................................................. 44BASEBALL ................................................................................................................. 44BILLIARDS ................................................................................................................ 44BOXING .................................................................................................................. 44CRICKET .................................................................................................................. 44KHO KHO ................................................................................................................ 45GOLF ..................................................................................................................... 45HANDBALL ............................................................................................................... 45SOCCER ................................................................................................................... 45HOCKEY .................................................................................................................. 45SQUASH .................................................................................................................. 45TABLE TENNIS ............................................................................................................ 46TENNIS .................................................................................................................... 46VOLLEYBALL .............................................................................................................. 46WATER POLO ............................................................................................................ 46WEIGHTLIFTING ......................................................................................................... 46WRESTLING .............................................................................................................. 47TROPHIES AND CUPS ................................................................................................... 47PLACES ASSOCIATED WITH SPORTS .................................................................................. 50NATIONAL SPORTS AND GAMES .................................................................................... 51NUMBER OF PLAYERS IN SOME POPULAR SPORTS/GAMES ...................................................... 51





GROUND OF SPORTS AND GAMES ................................................................................. 52FAMOUS BOOKS/PLAYS ................................................................................................. 53

4. BOOKS AND AUTHORS ............................................................................. 53INDIAN WORKS OF DIFFERENT LANGUAGES ......................................................................... 61BOOKS BY INDIAN AUTHORS ........................................................................................ 64BOOKS AND AUTHORS (IN NEWS) .................................................................................. 68

5. NATIONAL ORGANISATIONS ................................................................... 746. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS.......................................................... 81

UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UNO) ...................................................................... 81ORGANISATION AND THE UNO ................................................................................... 82GENERAL ASSEMBLY (GA) ............................................................................................ 82THE COMMONWEALTH ................................................................................................ 88THE NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM)......................................................................... 89SOUTH ASIAN ASSOCIATION FOR REGIONAL COOPERATION (SAARC) ..................................... 90NEW NAMES/OLD NAMES .................................................................................. 97

7. GENERAL KNOWLEDGE ............................................................................. 97POPULAR NAMES OF EMINENT PERSONS (SOBRIQUETS) ............................................................ 99FAMOUS TOURIST SPOTS OF INDIA ................................................................................. 101FAMOUS SITES OF WORLD ........................................................................................... 104WONDERS OF THE WORLD .......................................................................................... 105NATIONAL EMBLEMS OF COUNTRIES .............................................................................. 106OFFICIAL BOOKS AND PAPERS ..................................................................................... 106PARLIAMENT OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES .......................................................................... 107IMPORTANT DAYS AND INTERNATIONAL YEARS ................................................................ 108FIRST IN INDIA AND THE WORLD ................................................................................. 113



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