Pimples to Dimples

A regulatory perspective on our efforts to control runoff from new construction in CA.

Greg Gearheart, PE

Storm Water Program / SWRCB

I wish to acknowledge the hard work of my colleagues at the State Water Board in helping gather information used in this presentation:

• Eric Berntsen, PH, CFM, CPESC, CPSWQ• Bill Hereth• Laurel Warddrip

Dimples

Regulating Symptoms vs. Causes

The Tail (of the Dragon)

• The mission of the Water Boards is to preserve and enhance the quality of CA’s water resources, and ensure their proper allocation and efficient use for the benefit of present and future generations.

Millions of Californians

1980 – 23.7 million

2005 – 37 million

2020 – 50 million (projected)

Where do we put everyone?

“The Californians”-SNL & Tumblr.com

Hydrologic Cycle

From Lake (2004)

Exurbanization in the Sierra Foothillsfrom “New Geographies of the American West” by William Travis

Relict FanAbandoned

Active

Relict Fan

Native Soil

From King County

Disturbed Soil

From King County

Oki 2009

From NOAA

Lawn is the largest irrigated “crop” in the US

Sources of Impairment (USEPA 2006)

New Construction Numbers

• In FY 2008-2009:~ 17,000 enrollees in our construction permit

~ 3,000 new enrollees• FY 2009-2010:–~10,000 enrollees/facilities–~150 new enrollees per month–~50 acres per facility = ~500,000 acres

• Today: ~5000 (new permit + economy)

1950's – Sacramento Area2000's – Sacramento Area

Driven by maintenance interests...

Water Boards nuts and bolts

Our regulatory actions (e.g., CWA401 Certs, WDRs, NPDES Permits, enforcement, etc.) require discharges to be protective of our water quality standards (WQS):– Water quality standard = beneficial uses + objectives

– Water Boards may “choose to prevent any degradation”

CWA - Water Quality Standards

• Water Quality Standards are made up of:– Beneficial Uses (designated to specific

waterbodies), plus– water quality criteria; and– an antidegradation policy.

• Beneficial Uses (BUs) are:• often not directly related to key water resource

uses valued by communities (it might take a suite of them to protect wetlands and streams, for example)

Beneficial Uses Used to Protect California Wetlands &

Streams• AGR – Agricultural Supply• FLD – Flood Peak

Attenuation/Flood Water Storage

• FRSH – Freshwater Replenishment

• GWR – Groundwater Recharge

• MAR – Marine Habitat• MUN – Municipal and

Domestic Supply• RARE – Preservation of Rare

and Endangered Species

• REC-1 – Water Contact Recreation

• REC-2 – Non-Water Contact Recreation

• SHELL – Shellfish Harvesting

• SPAWN – Fish Spawning

• WARM – Warm Freshwater Habitat

• WILD – Wildlife Habitat

• WQE – Water Quality Enhancement

Functional Framework:Regulatory Tools

Landscape (laparoscopic?) and watershed tools:– Storm Water NPDES Permits– CEQA ?

Waterbody tools:– CWA 401 Certifications / Wetland program

Project tools:– Construction permit, CEQA, local

ordinances, building code?

Clean Water Act Permits

• CWA Section 402 – Point Sources– The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination

System (NPDES) – applies to all point sources of pollutants

– Storm water outfalls are considered “point sources” and these regulations apply to:• Industrial Sources (including Construction Activities)– BAT/BCT standard applies

• Municipal Sources (large and small communities)– MEP standard applies

MS4s and MEP

Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System (MS4)– Local governments, Caltrans, and some

“non-traditionals” in Phase II Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP)– MS4s must reduce pollutants in their effluent

to the MEP– A hybrid standard – part performance-based

and level of effort ($)

MS4Water Quality Standards (WQS) apply to receiving waters.

MS4 Permits are supposed to ensure WQS are met via MEP standard applied at “ends of pipes.”

LID

MS4 requires project to use LID to reduce

pollutants to MEP to protect

WQS

WQS MEP

Receiving Water Limitations

Effluent Limitations

MS4 LID

Permittee Desired Practice (applied to project)

Enforcing Post-construction Standards

via MS4 Permits City Y has an MS4 Permit that requires

all projects adding over 10,000 square feet of impervious area, etc., to do LID to meet the 5% EIA standard

Project X in City Y fails to comply (or worse, fakes compliance)

Project X is built w/o compliance → City Y is in violation

State/EPA must enforce against City Y

NPDES Permit Drivers towards LID

1990's – MS4s had to have post-construction elements in their plans

~2000 – MS4s had to have Standard Urban Stormwater Management Plans (SUSMPs)– capture/treat 85 %ile, 24-hr runoff event– often resulted in regional basins – difficult to enforce

Modern MS4 Tools

SUSMPs (the plan, not necessarily the standard)

Hydromodification Management Plans (HMPs)

Low Impact Development Additional post-construction

elements (e.g., water quality BMPs)

Common Triggers for Projects Required to do

LID, etc. >10,000 square feet of

impervious “Priority projects” - varies

statewide Older permits may trigger at

20,000 square feet other thresholds

Common Project Outcomes

Older permits– Large vaults, structural devices– Detention basins– Capture/treat approach

Newer permits– LID– Flow duration control– Hydromod/instream intervention in

some cases

Common Performance Criteria

Criteria (varies)– “Post equals pre-development” runoff

volume– Ranges of flows to control– (Effective) Impervious area threshold(s)

Method of analysis/calculation (varies)– Continuous simulation– Rational (modified) method– Not specified

Specific LID Requirements

Construction General Permit requires “post equals pre” and uses LID-esque runoff credits (trees, cisterns, etc.)

LID Manuals (some developed, some in progress)

Vague “LID preferential” language in some cases

Some MS4 permits contain no LID language

Subdivision Example

Pre-Development (Pre-Project)

Post-Developmen

t

(5% EIA)

Post-Development

(1% EIA)

Percent EIA 0 5 1

Precipitation (inch)

0.75 0.75 0.75

Runoff (inch) 0.002 0.04 0.007

Project Area (acres)

10 10 10

Runoff (acre-ft) 0.002 0.03 0.006

% Increase over Pre-Development

N/A 1,500 300

Subdivision Example

Effective Impervious Area (EIA)

Concerns over using EIA as a surrogate for hydrologic performance

Treats the symptom (surface), not the cause (hydrology) of WQS impacts

Could be gamed (the “grassy moat” scenario)

Should use Runoff Volume, Time of Concentration, and other appropriate hydrologic metrics instead

The importance of soil

Healthy soils are critical to watershed health and function

Engineers tend to focus on the plumbing more than the soils and biotic features

Infiltration and recharge do not always work – LID is flexible, why aren't we?

Native Soil

From King County

Disturbed Soil

From King County

From Soil Food Web, Inc

State Water Board’s Watershed Management Initiative (1996)

“water quality and ecosystem problems are best prioritized, addressed, and solved at the local watershed level rather than at the individual discharger, waterbody, or state agency level……”

Watershed Management Zones

•Allow us to identify the most appropriate criteria to protect dominant watershed processes.

• Examples: No channel protection criteria in subwatersheds without streams

• Prescribe higher infiltration volume for areas that can handle it

• Limit development on areas that supply coarse sediment

Social well-beingSustainabilityPersonal Health

Leadership & demonstrationEfficiency ethicEnvironmental awareness Minimal impact

Public acceptance & demandProduct & service availabilityProfessional competency

StewardshipStewardship

Reduce Runoff

Soil Conservation & HealthWater Quality

Habitat Urban environment

Water Energy

Air (carbon / GHG)Biomass (green waste

reduction)

Resource Efficiency & Protection

Watershed Efficiency & Protection

Market Transformatio

n

Market Transformatio

n

Quality of Life

Quality of Life

Watershed Approach – The New Norm (CA Urban Water Conservation Council)

BUILD “LIVING SOIL”

• Healthy soil biology, full of micro-organisms forms the foundation for the entire site ecology

• Similar to the role of plankton in the ocean

· Creates soil structure

· Stores and cycles nutrients · protect plants from pests

· Improves water infiltration and storage

· Filters out urban pollutants

UTILIZE MULCH

• Apply minimum 2” layer mulch over all planting beds

• Utilize local, recycled, organic mulch from tree trimmings

• Avoid forest product mulches

• Reapply as needed

• Keep away from root crowns and trunks

From Eric’s Front Yard

From Ann Riley

Risks of over-engineered LID

Engineered boxes often require engineered soils

Devices buried in corners of commercial lots

Site runoff performance may meet goals, but overall watershed goals and sustainability of project is questionable

Challenges Ahead for LID

Regulating LID– Retrofits, hydrologic criteria, performance

measurement, over-engineering, enforcement, linking to WQS and outcomes

Legislating LID– Diverse interests, oversimplification of CA

hydrology, promises of global savior Mother Nature

Sustainability Tests

• Resource – protection to enhancement and reuse (“runoff is a resource”)

• Technical – complex, technological standard-based to simple, natural, performance-based solutions

• Institutional – centralized, subsidized approaches to decentralized, self-supporting approaches

• Community – healthy individual, societal cost driven equations to healthy community, community opportunity equations

My Recommendations

Water Board/USEPA should develop numeric criteria and objectives that address hydromod impacts using LID, instream, and other techniques – in support of beneficial uses and WQS

Wherever feasible, directly regulate those responsible for constructing projects (and maintaining BMPs), discharging storm water

Open source model → performance-based standards with flexibility to adapt/learn

Promote sustainable approaches to water management wherever feasible (soils, irrigation, gray water, everything)

Greg Gearheart | 916-341-5892 | ggearheart@waterboards.ca.gov