pik pasca lingkungan
TRANSCRIPT
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SUTEDJOLab. Ekologi Hutan dan Konservasi
PIK-
S2_Lingkungan
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Development Energy
Space
Waste
Climate change
Disaster
(natural..?)
Local
impact
Sustain
Global Warming
Global impact
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
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Manusia dan Ruang
(dalam perspektif ekosistem)
Manusia Bertambah,Meningkat tuntutan:
Energi dalam
Ekosistem
1. Energi
2. Ruang
Energi habis pakai
Energi terbarukan
R U M
Dampak Pembangunan
Makhluk
hidup lain?
?
Manusia
Survive?
the population
of the world is6,789,976,917.
(12 Oct.2009)
Pik-dhe
tedjo-2011
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Energy Conversion
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Electrical gain by fossil combustion and nuclear power
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Energy Use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
Nr. Negara EU*
EMS**
(metric
ton CO2)
Income
(US Dollar)
Electric.
Use
Electric.
available1 Australia 6,019 18,6 46,200 10,864,152 222,000,000,000
2 Bangladesh 192 0,3 700 148,048 23,940,000,000
3 Malaysia 2,655 7,6 7,760 3,724,048 99,250,000,000
4 Indonesia 816 1,7 2,500 508,321 119,300,000,000
5 Japan 3,880 9,5 41,850 7,701,962 858,500,000,000
6 Thailand 1,557 4,2 4,150 2,052,118 134,400,000,000
7 Vietnam 685 1,5 1,160 602,259 85,600,000,000
8 Singapore 3,452 6,7 40,070 8,053,094 37,110,000,000
9 China 1,559 ?? 4,270 2,584,876
3,438,000,000,0
00
10 India 520 1,5 1,270 502,714 568,000,000,00011 Brazil 1,298 2,1 9,350 2,116,723 402,200,000,000
12 Rusia 4,850 12.00 9,900 6,968,565 857,600,000,000
13 South Korea 4,669 10,5 19,890 7,515,579 402,000,000,000
14 North Korea 860 3,2 ?? 800,713 18,800,000,000
15 Arab Saudi 5,888 16,6 16,190 5,981,659 165,100,000,000
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The Top 10 Countries that Use Nuclear Energy Power
Plants in Terms of Percentage of Electricity Generated
from Nuclear Energy
1) France - 76.2%
2) Slovakia - 56.4%
3) Belgium - 53.8%
4) Ukraine - 47.4%5) Armenia - 43.5%
6) Sweden - 42%
7) Slovenia and Croatia share the same place - 41.7%
8) Switzerland - 39.2%
9) Hungary - 37.2%
10) South Korea - 35.6%
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Electrical Energy Produced By Fossil Fuel Combustion
(Billion
Kilowatthours)
G8 NationFossil Fuel
CombustionTotal %
Canada 154.55 569.41 27.1%France 52.23 535.45 9.8%
Germany 354.78 561.57 63.2%
Italy 223.16 268.18 83.2%
Japan 640.17 982.76 65.1%
Russia 569.72 869.07 65.6%
United Kingdom 278.21 373.26 74.5%
United States 2,758.65 3,891.72 70.9%
Source:International Energy Database (2008), Energy Information Administration
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Pemanasan global (global warming)
Dampak akumulasi polusi di udara (atmosfer) akibat pembakaranbahan bakar mengandung senyawa hidrokarbon (kayu, energiberasal dari fosil hidrokarbon)
Polutant terakumulasi membangun sungkup (bejana di atmosferbumi/efek rumah kaca) yang menghalangi pantulan panas dari bumikembali ke atmosfer sehingga terjadi gejala global warming(pemanasan global).
Global warming diyakini oleh mayoritas sebagai ancaman bagipembangunan berkelanjutan.
Berbagai upaya dilakukan agar global warming dapatdikendalikan/dikurangi antara lain melalui proyek tanam pohonberhadiah (CDM-project) maupun proyek kurangi tebang pohon
berhadiah (REDD-project dan REDD-plus-project) Sayangnya belum ada proyek kurangi bakar energi fosil
berhadiah.siapa yang mau ngasih hadiah?
Pik-dhe
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Glasshouse Effect
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Humans Activities
The most obvious impact of humans onecosystems is the loss of biodiversity. Thenumber of extinctions caused by humandomination of ecosystems has been steadilyincreasing since the start of the IndustrialRevolution.
The frequency of species extinctions iscorrelated to the size of human population onthe Earth. This size of the human population isdirectly related to resource consumption, land-use change, and environmental degradation.
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Pembangunan
Merupakan keniscayaan
Motor penggerak peradaban manusia
Melahap energi dan memangsa banyak ruang
Menimbulkan akibat dan dampak Konsumsi energi perkapita negara kaya/maju
lebih besar daripada negaramiskin/berkembang.
Konsumsi energi perkapita tidak selalu linier(berbanding lurus) dengan kerusakanlingkungan.
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Pemanfaatan LingkunganPerubahan Lingkungan
Timbul Akibat (effect) maupun
dampak (impact)
PEMBANGUNAN
(Usaha atau Kegiatan)
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As of 12 October 2009, the
population of the world, according to
the regularly updated population
clock, is 6,789,976,917. This figurecontinues to rise with every minute.
(browsing google, 10 Juni 2010).
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7,051,420,189
Population growth today
183,146Births today
78,220Deaths today
104,926Net population growth today
Population growth this year
67,653,113Births this year
28,894,054Deaths this year
38,759,059Net population growth this year
Current World Population: 7,051,420,189
Diunggah dari: current world population by worldometer
(5 Juli 2012, pk. 12.10 wite)
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7,126,447,295
Population growth today
191,597Births today
81,829Deaths today
109,768Net population growth today
Population growth this year
65,847,856Births this year
28,123,044Deaths this year
37,724,812Net population growth this year
Current World Population: 7,126,447,425
Diunggah dari: current world population by worldometer
(1 Juli 2013, pk. 12.40 wi te)
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How is the population distributed around the world?
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Land Surface
29.2% of the Earth's surface is
covered by land surface (149million km2), and 70.8% of the
Earth's surface is water (361
million km2).
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Ekosistem
Ruang Kehidupan
Udara/tanah/air
Sun
heterotrof
Auto-
trof
Pik-dhetedjo-2011
Auto-
trofAuto-
trof
Auto-
trof
Auto-
trofAuto-
trofheterotrof
heterotrofheterotrofheterotrof
heterotrof
heterotrof
heterotrof
heterotrof
Auto-
trofAuto-
trof
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Sang
Konsumen
(Consumers)
BIOLO
GIt-dhetedjo-2011
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Plant species diversity
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How is the population distributed around the world?
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Plant species diversity How is the population distributedaround the world?
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Tidak secara spesifik disebut dalam UU 41/1999 tentang
kehutanan.
Hanya dikenal hutan dengan fungsi konservasi (selain
dua fungsi yang lain)
Justru ada dalam UUPR 26/2007 (dalam lingkup
kawasan lindung)
Konservasi Hayati
bukan hanya urusan
hutan/kehutanan
Kawasan konservasi
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STATUS JENIS DALAM PERLINDUNGAN
(berdasar iucn-red list)
1. Terabaikan (least concern)
2. Hampir terancam (near threatened)3. Tergantung perlindungan (conservationdependent)
4. Rawan punah (vulnerable)
5. Terancam (endangered)
6. Genting (critically endangered)
7. Punah di alam (extinct in the wild)
8. Punah (extinct)
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Unit atau kesatuan pengelolaan konservasi
dibagi dalam tiga tingkatan :
1. Unit Ekosistem
2. Unit Jenis (Species)
3. Unit genetik/plasma nutfah (germ plasm)
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1. Unit Ekosistem dikelola berdasar potensikeragaman ekosistem
2. Unit Jenis (Species) dikelola berdasar
potensi keragaman jenis (spesies) pada
suatu ekosistem3. Unit genetik/plasma nutfah (germ plasm)
dikelola berdasar potensi keragaman
genetik dalam suatu spesies
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Memahami Ekosistem
Ada gamelan, keroncong, Pop, dangdut, jazz, orkestra dll. (sulit
mengatakan musik yang satu lebih baik drpd yang lainnya)
Ada seperangkat alat musik (elemen penyusun ekosistem).
Cara membunyikan alat yang dipetik, dipukul, ditiup, digesek (sifat2
spesifik elemen) Ada yang tunggal ada yang lebih dari satu (populasi tiap elemen)
Bahan pembuat berbeda-beda (habitus, sifat fisualistik)
Ada yang besar ada yang kecil (atribut dimensional)
Menghasilkan bunyi spesifik (relung ekologis, niche) Berfungsi/difungsikan dengan pola nada tertentu (posisi/peran
ekologis).
Ekosistem itu ibarat Musik
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Alat Musik
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Elemen Penyusun Ekosistem
(matarantai ekosistem)
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KONSERVASIFLORA FAUNA
Perlindungan/Penetapan al.
kawasan Hutan konservasi
(TWA, TN dan Tahura)
Perlindungan
status Hukum,
IUCN
Penetapan/perlindungan spesies
target misal berupa suaka
margasatwa dan
cagar alam
Perlindunganswakarsa,
kesadaran
publik
Perlindungan/Kesepakatan antar
pihak (al. CITES)
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Invasive Species (Alien)
Spesies tumbuhan atau satwa
Datang dari tempat lain masuk ke dalam suatuekosistem yang sedang mengalamigangguan/distabilitas.
Tumbuh pesat, menjadi dominan permanen ditempat baru.
Dapat menggilas maupun mengusir spesies
yang asli. Secara ekologis ekonomis cenderung
merugikan.
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Acacia nilotica, TN Meru Betiri
Ikan Pearchdanau Victoria
Ikan Tomangdanau Jempang
Eichornia crassipes (Eceng Gondok)
seluruh sungai dan danau besar
Merremia peltata, TN Sumatera
Selatan
BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANTS
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Taman nasionalBaluran, JaTim
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Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck
Keong masdewasa dan
telur di daun
padi
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Population Growth and Competition-1
Odum (1971) defines populat ionas acollective group of organisms of the samespecies (or other groups within which individualsmay exchange genetic information) occupying a
particular space, that has various characteristics,which, although best expressed as statisticalfunctions, are the unique possession of thegroup and are not characteristic of the
individuals in the group.
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Population Growth and Competition-2
Some of these properties are density, natality
(birth rate), mortality (death rate), age
distribution, biotic potential, dispersion and
growth form. Populations also possess geneticcharacteristics directly related to their ecology:
adaptiveness, reproductive (Darwinian) fitness
and persistence (i.e. probability of leaving
descendents over long periods of time).
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Population Growth and Competition-3
We know that populations cannot grow
indefinitely (including humans). Resources are
limited so a leveling off must occur.The
population growth theories such an S-shapedpopulation curve called Sigmoid grow th curve
as well as different theories and models for
competition among population/species.
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Tuntutan terhadap ENERGI meningkat
Energy consumBumi makin panas
CDM
REDD
REDD+
Pik-dhetedjo-2011
Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)
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Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is
equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to
ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
International Energy Agency (IEA Statistics OECD/IEA, http://www.iea.org/stats/index.asp).
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WHAT ARE THE MAIN SOURCES OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS?
Since the Industrial Revolution, human
activitiessuch as the burning of oil, coaland gas, as
well as deforestationhave greatly
increased CO2concentrations in the atmosphere. As
we can see from figure 1, almost all CO2emissions(about 96.5%) come from fossil fuelsuse. The 3
types of fossil fuelsthat are used the most
are coal, natural gasand petroleum. When fossil
fuelsare combusted, the carbon stored in them is
emitted almost entirely as CO2.1
http://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.php -
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Top 10 Countries that use Nuclear Energy Power
Plants in Terms of Power Generated in Megawatts
The energy produced by nuclear energy power plants is
measured in megawatts. The United States tops the list
with more than 101 megawatts of power produced. Thisis roughly one-fourth of the total nuclear energy
produced in the world. France follows at a far second
with energy output of 63 megawatts. Japan takes the
third place followed by Russia and Germany, which
completes the list of the top five countries that produceelectricity from nuclear energy power plants.
The Top 10 Countries that use Nuclear Energy Power
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The Top 10 Countries that use Nuclear Energy Power
Plants in Terms of Megawatts of Energy
1) United States of America2) France
3) Japan
4) Russia
5) Germany
6) South Korea
7) Ukraine
8) Canada
9) United Kingdom
10) Sweden
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Electricity Generated from Nuclear Energy
Although the United States ranks first in the amount ofenergy produced (in megawatts) from nuclear power
plants, it is France that leads the pack when the
percentage of electricity generated from nuclear energy
is concerned. France generates more than 76% of its
total electricity from nuclear energy. The U.S. comes far
behind at 16th as only 19.7% of the total electricity
produced is produced from nuclear energy. 14% of
electricity produced in the world is generated from
nuclear energy. Surprisingly smaller countries likeSlovakia, Belgium, Ukraine and Armenia complete the
top five list. All these countries generate an average of
more than 50% of the total electricity generated from
nuclear energy.
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The three main sectors that
use fossil fuelsare:
1. Transportation2. Utilities (power, gas, oil etc...)
3. Industrial production
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(Ruang Kehidupan)
Dapat disebut Ekosistem (bagian atau elemendari biome)
Elemen dasar ekosistem adalah udara,tanah,air(abiotic element) dan Tumbuhan (autotrof) serta
manusia+satwa (heterotrof)-biotic elements Manusia menjadikan dirinya heterotrof paling
berkuasa dalam ekosistem
Tuntutan perkembangan peradaban yang
dinamis menjadikan manusia mengatur sertamemanfaatkan elemen abiotik dan elementbiotik lain, termasuk ruang.
Pik-dhetedjo-2011
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Glasshouse Gas Emissions
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2.Livestock:
Farm animals create methane emissions in 2 ways. Animals like cows, sheep
and goats are examples of ruminant animalsand during their normal digestion
process they create large amounts of methane. What is called enteric
fermentationoccurs in the stomach of these animals and produces methaneas
a by-product.
The second way that livestockcreate methane emissions is from theirmanure.
When cows, pigs and chickens are raised in an industrial way, there are
obviously large quantities of manurethat get produced by these animalseveryday so farms have to have a way to manage and treat all of this manure.
Livestock manure management is done by using large waste treatment
systems and holding tanks. In these tanks the manuredecomposes but
because the tanks are closed there is no oxygen. When organic
materialdecomposes anaerobically(without oxygen) great quantities of
methane are produced.It's not the animals themselves that are at fault, it's the way and the amount
of livestockthat is raised that should be evaluated. The meat that we eat
everyday contributes significantly to total methane emissions because of these
2 reasons.
http://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.php -
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3. Landfills:
As with manure, landfillsand open garbage dumps
are full of organic matterfrom our garbage (things like
food scraps, newspapers, cut grass and leaves).Everytime new garbage comes in it is pilled over the
old garbage that was already there. The organic
matterin our garbage gets trapped in conditions
where there is no oxygen (anaerobic) and because of
this large amounts of methaneis created.
http://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.phphttp://www.whatsyourimpact.eu.org/glossary.php -
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Krisis Air
Memahami Ekosistem
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Memahami Ekosistem
Ada gamelan, keroncong, Pop, dangdut, jazz, orkestra dll. (sulit
mengatakan musik yang satu lebih baik drpd yang lainnya)
Ada seperangkat alat musik (elemen penyusun ekosistem).
Alat yang dipetik, dipukul, ditiup, digesek (sifat2 spesifik elemen)
Ada yang tunggal ada yang lebih dari satu (populasi tiap elemen)
Bahan pembuat berbeda-beda (habitus, sifat fisualistik)
Ada yang besar ada yang kecil (atribut dimensional)
Menghasilkan bunyi spesifik (relung ekologis, niche)
Berfungsi/difungsikan dengan pola tertentu (posisi/peranekologis).
Ekosistem itu ibarat Musik
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Musik mana lebih baik daripada yang
lain?????
Alat mana yang lebih penting dibanding
yang lain????
Siapa yang harus (BERHAK) menilai?
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Ragam ekosistem
Ekosistem daratan (terestrial) dan perairan (aquatik).
Ada ekostsem danau
Ada ekosistem pantai
Ada eksosistem hutan
Ada ekosistem rawa dan rawa gambut Ada ekosistem kapur dan Karst
Ada ekosistem muara/ delta sungai besar
Ada ekosistem persawahan dan perkampungan
Ada ekositem perkebunan.
Ada ekosistem perkotaan.
Ekositem hutan pegunungan.
Ekosistem terumbu karang.
Bagaimana Menghargai Ekosistem?
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Bagaimana Menghargai Ekosistem?
Tahukah saya batasan atau pengertian ekosistem secara universal?
Ekosistem apa yang sedang saya hadapi/akan dinilai?
Seberapa mampu saya mengetahui elemen penyusun ekosistem?
Bagaimana saya mengetahui atribut masing-masing penyusunekosistem?
Sejauh mana saya mengetahui fungsi/peranan ekologis masing-
masing elemen?
Seberapa mampu saya menakar nilai ekonomi-sosial elemen2
tersebut? Seberapa signifikant/nyata kepentingan saya terhadap fungsi
ekologis dan nilai sosial-konomi elemen ekosistem tsb?
Untuk menghargai (memberi nilai) pada ekosistem, perlu pertanyaan
berikut dijawab oleh setiap calon penilai:
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Isu-isu terkini ekosistem
Jawa terancam kelangkaan air. Tekanan jumlah
penduduk jadi penyebab. (4 Juli 2012)
El Nino tebar ancaman kekeringan (4 Juli)
Kenaikan permukaan air laut sult dikendalikan. Gambut terdegradasi hingga 50% (30 Juni)
Kebakaran lahan dan lahan di Colorado (30
Juni)
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Landasan Hukum Konservasi
Landasan hukum UU konservasi no.5/1990, UU Penataan Ruang nr. 26/2007,UU Kehutanan nr. 41/1999.
Konservasi kawasan al. hutan denganfungsi konservasi, fungsi lindung (UU nr.41/1999)
Konservasi Kawasan Lindung al. daerahrawan bencana, sempadan sungai,mataair, cagar budaya dll (UU nr.26/2007)
Pik-d
hetedjo-2011
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Konservasi Kawasan Hutan
Cagar alam, misal CA Kersik Luway
Suaka margasatwa, misal Ujung Kulon
Taman nasional (TN), misal TN Kutai
Taman Wisata alam (TWA)
Taman hutan raya (TAHURA), misal Bukit
Soeharto
Taman Buru, belum ada di Kaltim
Pik-d
hetedjo-2011
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Hutan Lindung
Topografi/bentang alam terjal Kawasan hutan dengan fungsi melindungi
kehidupan (manusia) di bagian hilirnya
Mencegah banjir, tanah longsor
Menjaga tataair dan kesuburan tanah bagikehidupan di bagian hilir/di bawahnya (sawah,ladang, pemukiman)
Contoh di Kaltim Hutan Lindung Sungai Weindan Manggar (sudah ditunjuk oleh pemerintah)untuk melindungi masyrakat kota Balikpapan
Pik-d
hetedjo-2011
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SuteDjo
HP-0812 5302 0541
Pik-d
hetedjo-2011
SEKI N DULU
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SUTEDJO
pns dosen ptn
PENGANTAR ILMU KONSERVASI
PROGRAM PASCA ILMU LINGKUNGAN
pakte
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Energy Consumption
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Which Country?
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World Energy Consumption, 1965-2008
E C i
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Energy Conversion
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Pemanfaatan Lingkungan
Perubahan Lingkungan
Timbul Akibat (effect) maupun
dampak (impact)
PEMBANGUNAN
(Usaha atau Kegiatan)
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Sumber Daya Alam Hayati Indonesia, Potensi &
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y y ,
Ancaman Kepunahan
Indonesia memiliki potensi keanekaragaman spesiessatwa yang sangat tinggi, yaitu sekitar 12% (515 species,39% endemik) dari total spesies binatang menyusui,urutan kedua di dunia; 7,3% (511 spesies, 150 endemik)dari total spesies reptilian, urutan keempat di dunia; 17%(1531 spesies, 397 endemik) dari total spesies burung didunia, urutan kelima; 270 spesies amfibi, 100 endemik,urutan keenam di dunia; dan 2827 spesies binatang tidakbertulang belakang, selain ikan air tawar. Selanjutnya,Indonesia memiliki 35 spesies primata (urutan keempat,18% endemik) dan 121 spesies kupu-kupu (44%endemik). Indonesia menjadi satu-satunya negarasetelah Brazil, dan mungkin Columbia, dalam hal urutan
keanekaragaman ikan air tawar, yaitu sekitar 1400spesies (Dephut 1994; Mittermeier dkk. 1997).
Tumbuhan
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Tumbuhan
Dalam hal keanekaragaman tumbuhan,
Indonesia menduduki peringkat lima besar di
dunia; yaitu memiliki lebih dari 38.000
spesies, 55% endemik. Keanekaragaman
palem di Indonesia menempati urutanpertama, mencapai 477, 225 endemik. Lebih
dari setengah dari seluruh spesies (350)
pohon penghasil kayu bernilai ekonomi
penting (dari famili Dipterocarpaceae)terdapat di negara ini, 155 di antaranya
endemik di Kalimantan (Dephut 1994;
Newman 1999).
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Status terancam (endangered) biasa
digunakan oleh IUCN, merupakan statuspada tingkat taksonomi JENIS.
Status dilindungi tidak bersifat permanen
(CITES)
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STATUS JENIS DALAM PERLINDUNGAN
(berdasar iucn-red list)
1. Terabaikan (least concern)
2. Hampir terancam (near threatened)
3. Tergantung perlindungan (conservationdependent)
4. Rawan punah (vulnerable)
5. Terancam (endangered)
6. Genting (critically endangered)
7. Punah di alam (extinct in the wild)
8. Punah (extinct)
D P d d
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Dasar Perundang-undangan
Terkait Konservasi
1. UU No. 24/1992 tentang Penataan ruang
2. UU No. 26/2007 tentang penataan ruang
3. UU No. 5/1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Hayati danEkosistemnya.
4. UU No. 41/1999, tentang Kehutanan5. UU No. 27/2001 tentang Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup.
6. PP No. 34/ 2002 Tentang Tata Hutan dan PenyusunanRencana Pengelolaan Hutan, Pemanfaatan Hutan danPenggunaan Kawasan Hutan.
7. PP No. 6/2007 Tentang Tata Hutan dan Penyusunan Rencana
Pengelolaan Hutan, Serta Pemanfaatan Hutan.8. PP No. 25/2000 Tentang pembagian kewenangan..
9. PP No. 38/2007 Tentang pembagian kewenangan
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TINGKAT KONSERVASI
1. Tingkat Ekosistem
2. Tingkat Spesies
3. Tingkat Genetik (plasma
nutfah)
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Konsumsi Enerji dan Perubahan Iklim
(Climate Change)
1. Pemanasan Global (globalwarming)
2. Gas Rumah Kaca (ERK)
3. Negara Industri Maju (G-8)
4. Dari CDM ke REDD
5. Dari G-7, G-8 hingga G-20
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BEBERAPA CONTOH KAWASAN
KONSERVASI
1. Kalimantan Timur
2. Kalimantan
3. Indonesia
4. Dunia
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