piggery waste
TRANSCRIPT
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Technologies for Rice basedEco-industrial Clustering in Thailand
C. Visvanathan
Environmental Engineering and Management,Asian Ins ti tute of Technology,
Bangkok, Thailand
Web: http://www.faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/
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Country Profile - Thailand
Population of 64 mill ion in 510,000 km2 , 76 provinces
GDP per capita (PPP): $8,300
GDP composition: agricu lture 9.9%, industry 44.1%,services 46%
Labor force : agriculture 49%, industry 14%, services 37%
World's 2nd largest tungsten producer and 3rd largest tinproducer
26 % of the worlds rice exports are from Thailand
Top imports f rom Japan (22%), China (9.4%)
Major Environmental Concerns
air pollution from vehicle emissions
water pollution from organic and factory wastes
deforestation
soil erosion
wildlife populations threatened by illegal hunting
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Industrial Development in Thailand
Major FDI in Thailand : Japan, the United States, Europe, Taiwan,Hong Kong, and Singapore
Japan has been the largest source of FDI since the late 1970s
US overtook in 1999 and Singapore in 2001 but in 2000 and 2001Japanese FDI bounded back by increasing equity shares inlocal subsidiaries
Investments on infrastructure development
Japan Bank for International Cooperation
Japan International Cooperation Agency
ODA for infrastructu re development projects
Bangkok International Airport
Eastern Seaboard Development Program
269UK
306EU
2USA
132Japan
Apr 2006
(million US$)
Country
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Study Area
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Bangkok
Chachoengsao
Bangkok
RuralUrbanFringeAreas
Province area - 5,300 km2
Administratively divided into 11 districts
Population of 650,000
Approximately 2,200 km2 of agricultural lands (70% ofthe population are farmers)
GPP = US$ 4.2 million (9th rank of country)
Average population income =US$ 6,600/yr (3rd ofregion and 8th of country, Avg.= US$ 2,300)
Paddy, Cassava, Sugarcane are the major crops
Mix of Rural and Urban areas
Profile of Chachoengsao
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Bangkok & 5 Study Districts - 1990
Bangkok & 5 Study Districts - 2003
Bangkok & 5 Study Districts 1990 - 2003
Urban Land Use Change
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Rural Landuse Change 5 Study Districts
Agricu ltural Lands - 1990
Agricu ltural Lands - 2003
Industries - 2003
Agricu ltural Lands 1990 - 2003
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Social Issue
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2001 2002 2003 2004
MueangChachoengsao Bangkhla BangNam PriaoBangPakong BanPho PhanomSarakhamRatchasan SanamChaiKhet PlaengYaoThaTakiap KhlongKhuean
Reason :Migration to urban areas and other parts of theprovince in search of employment and livelihood oppor tunities
Negative population growth in 4 ofthe 5 study dist ricts !
Population Growth Rate in Chachoengsao Province
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Environmental Status
28282115200
0011000
1015000
1001000
41132100
6651100
4222000
12993000
ChonburiRayongChachoengsaoPhrachinburiChantaburiTratSakaeo
TotalOtherHazardouswaste
Solidwaste
Wastewater
Dust/Smoke
NoiseOdorProvince
Solid Waste
About 120 tons/day of MSW (predominantly organic) in 5 study di st ricts
Collection efficiency:85-100%;
Pig farms and Poultri es: Solid Waste and Excreta
Agricultural Residue: Rice husk, Straw
Wastewater
250,000 pigs in 800 farms
A farm w ith 200-2,000 pigs generate wastewater at the rate o f about 12.5L/pig/day
Aver age BOD of about 1,412 mg/L and maximum BOD of 4,638 mg/L
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Rice BasedIndustries
Piggery
Poultry
Bio
mas
s&
Biog
as
Power
Gen
eration
Case Study Clusters
200 million tons ofpaddy
100 rice husk mil ls22 rice noodle
industries
250,000 pigs in 800pig farms
300 tons of piggerywaste
10 MW Rice huskBiomass power
Potential forbiogas power
5 million chicken in332 farms
700,000 ducks in 100farms
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Rural Product Chain
Rice MillsPaddyRice
Rice Industry
Wastewater
Piggery Wastewater
Solid Waste - Excreta
Poultry
High OrganicPotential for Biogas
Organic Fertilizer
High Calorific Value
Potential as biomass
Organic Fertilizer
Paddy HuskAgr i. Residues
Rice Products
Rural Fringe Urban
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Value Chain Framework
ValueIncrea
se
Energyconsum
ption
Noise/odor/du
st
Wastewater
Environmental
degradation
GHGEmission
CO,CO2,NOx
Solidwaste
Lostofnutrie
nt
Soilcontamin
ation
PollutionInc
rease
Rice
PolishingPaddy
Processing
Harvesting
Intensive
Cultivation
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Industrial Network in Chachoengsao
Agriculture
LivestockSmall PowerProducers
RiceIndustries
Biogaspower
OrganicFertilizer
Biomasspower
Compost
Cattlefeed
AgroProducts
ExistingExisting butweakPossible, butdoes not exist
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Strengths Present Cluster Situation
Raw material and w aste sharing between agriculture and livestock
Access to Bangkok areas leads to a broad spectrum of markets fo ragricultural and livestock products
Rapidly improving in frastructure facilities such as roads, watersupply and electricit y in the Province attracts new investments
Cleaner Production potential at individual firm level, SMI level (e.g.Rice Noodle Industry)
Ideal Eco-cluster
Creation of new business that util ize disposed resources as rawmaterials rice husk/biomass pow er generation; piggery wastebiogas
Increase competitiveness of business by reducing productioncosts; cost reduction in waste disposal + income generationthrough resource recovery from waste
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Weakness
Present Cluster Situation
Use of intermediate technology in farming, harvesting and riceprocessing
Unscientific methods in livestock farming
Pollution of local water sources from high organic livestockwastes
Lack of awareness on technologies and possibi lities in resourcerecovery from agricultural and livestock wastes
Excessive Migration of population towards urban Bangkok
Indiscriminate disposal of paddy residues and excreta frompiggeries and poultry farms
Ideal Eco-cluster
Increase in inward population migration from additionalemployment pressure on local resources
Creation of more businesses may exert pressure on naturalresources for raw materials
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Opportunities Present Cluster Situation
Increase employment rate by way of creating new business (e.g.small & medium scale power generation using biomass/biogas)
Increase the local income of the Province leading to improvedliving standards
Ideal Eco-cluster
Create additional jobs in rice indus try, piggery and poultry throughnew businesses, services and products in Chachoengsao Province
Prevent outward population migration, a prevailing social issue inChachoengsao Province, and sustain rural grow th
Chachoengsao Province is classified under Zone 2 and henceattract new investments thus inc reasing the share of the region inthe national economy
Cluster formations in Chachoengsao Province, will make theeconomy of scale more attractive
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Potentials
Present Cluster Situation
Biomass power generation from agricult ural residues
Biogas generation fr om piggery waste
Community level or decentralized pow er generation
Organic farming practices - poultry Litt er as organic fertilizer
Ideal Eco-cluster
Enhance pollution control through biogas systems in piggery
Community participation in local indust rial and rural development
Develop resource conscious agriculture, pig and poultry farming
Environmentally friendly business practices in agriculture andlivestock waste management
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SWOP FindingsAvailabi li ty of paddy residues inquantities suitable for biomasspower generation
Large number of small and mediumscale piggeries and poultri es
Proximity to urban Bangkok opensavenues for new markets
Create additional jobs in paddyprocessing, piggery and poultry
Prevent outward populationmigration from the Province
Enhance polluti on reductionthrough biomass power and biogassystems
Indiscriminate disposal of paddyresidues and excreta frompiggeries and poultry farms
Lack of awareness on technologiesfor resource recovery fromagricultural and livestock wastes
Excessive migration of populationtowards urban Bangkok
Decentralized and small & mediumscale power generation systems
Community participation in localnatural resource management andsmall industry development
Organic farming from biomass ash
OpportunitiesStrengths
Weaknesses Potentials
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Policy Impacts - 9th NESDB Plan
Create astrongsocial
foundation
Strengthennetworks (social
and business)linking rural and
urban areas
ManagementRestructuring forsustainable rural
and urbandevelopment
Establish linkagesbetween rural and
urbandevelopment
Strengthen grassrootseconomies to provide
sustainable incomes for ruralpeople
Develop cluster basedeconomy consistent with
regional economic potentials,preferences, and functi ons
Establish economicclusters linking rural
and urban areas
NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board19
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9th NESDB Plan Strategies
Restructureeconomy for
balanced andsustainable
development
Develop localeconomies, small and
medium scaleenterprises, and
cooperative systems
Distribute economicgrowth and
development benefits
Decentralize growth,in/to regional areas
Emphasize development ofproduction networks,
supply chains andservices
Develop networks(cluster creation) linkingpublic, private, and civil
sectors
Market and distributeproducts from local toregional, national andinternational markets
NESDB National Economic and Social Development Board20
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Investment Benefits
Chachoengsao is classified underInvestment Zone 2
100% waiver of import duty onmachinery for industries in estates
50% waiver for industr ies outsidethe estate
Corporate income tax exemption 7 years wi thin i ndustrial estate and3 years outside
Exemption on import duty for rawmaterial for 1 year in both cases
Relocating industries f rom Zone 1(Bangkok and surroundingprovinces) to Zone 2 also attractbenefits
Zone 1
Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4
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Incentives for Rural Industries
Board of Investment, Thailand identified and classifi ed 30 agroindustri es for special incentives
Livestock, Slaughtering, meat and food p rocessing, animal feed,agriculture products and waste re-processing identified aspriority activities
Special reference to Agro processing zones
Machinery import duty exemption Corporate income tax exemption for a period of 8 years regardless
of zone with no limits
Other rights and benefits according to BoI announcement
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Power Purchase Policy
Small Power Producers
Co-generators or facilities us ing renewable energy fuels,
Sell power to EGAT of no t more than 90 MW for each project.
Minimum purchase guarantee not less than 80%
Al lows di rect sale to industr ial estates near the power plants
Very Small Power Producers (less than 1 MW)
Agricu ltural residues and wastes f rom agro industries (e.g. ricehusk)
Products converted from agricult ural residues, and wastes fromagricultural or industrial production processes. (e.g. tapiocawastewater)
Municipal w aste: RDF, Biomethanation
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Technology Impacts Paddy Processing
Agricu ltural Res idues;High calorific value
Pig farms
Piggery waste;High organic matter
Poultry
Poultry Litter;High organic matter
Small-scale biomass power
Decentralized power generationsystems
Efficient use of resources
Small-scale biogas generationsystems
Biogas as fuel for cooking or
industr ial heat and powergeneration
Prevents environmentaldegradation
One Small-scale biomass power generation of 10 MW from rice husk
Major portion of agricultu ral residues is unscientifically disposedwithout realizing its potentials
Poultry and Piggery waste disposed in local water-bodies and barrenland - potential to generate biogas is not utilized
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Agriculture andLivestock
Biogas
RiceProducts
Piggery
Poultry
Biomasspower
Consumption& Markets
Trade andBusiness
Export of agri &Livestock Products
Economic Development& Self-sustaining
Livelihoods
Value-addedAgri cu ltural
Products
Rural AreaRural Area
Urban AreaUrban Area
Biomass PowerGeneration
DecentralizedRenewable Energy
Generation
Value Addition t odiscarded resources
Processed Agri &Livestock Products
Cluster
Eco-cluster
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Conclusions
Micro level material flows clearly reveal the presence of inter-firmnetworks as well as potentials for further strengthening
Lack of appropriate technologies prevents full resource recovery andcomplete reuse between the existing network
Current national policies are conduci ve Environmental, Agricultural,Investment promotion, Power Generation
Special emphasis on rural-urban linkages in the NESDB plan
Agro indust ries in rural-urban f ringe areas have gained prominence inthe NESDB plan with an emphasis on Eco- clusters
Strategies clearly foresee development of eco-friendly industri es inurban-fringe areas and rural communit ies as a means of sustainablelocal development
Agro eco-industrial c lusters indirectly contr ibute to His Majesty TheKings Projects on Rice Bank, Cattle Bank and Land Management andDevelopment
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Recommendations
Technology Transfer
Material flows indicate more opportunities for eco-industrialnetworking.
Cost-effective technologies for Small & Medium -scale,decentralized biomass power and biogas generation isrequired
Inter-firm networks
Networks in simple nature exist; but are often weak andunderutilized.
Several other possible linkages yet to be strengthened andfully exploited.
Technology Transfer wil l further acceleratethe transformation of the region into a model
cluster with a bril liant inter-firm network27
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Thailand is experiencing arevolution in self-sufficient
local economy through variouslandmark projects initiated by
His Majesty The King.
An eco-industrial cluster inurban-rural fringe areas withfood crops and livestock as keycomponents contributes to His
Majestys vision at large.
Thank you..28