piezo electric crystal
TRANSCRIPT
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INSTALLATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC
GENERATORS ON HIGHWAY
PAVEMENTS
A MINI-PROJECT REPORT
Submi tted by
A.RAJAMOHAMED (AC09UCE067)
A.SANTHANA KARTHICK (AC09UCE077)
M.VIGNESHKUMAR (AC09UCE110)
P.YUVARAJ (AC09UCE116)
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ADHIYAMAAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
OCTOBER 2012
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certify that this project report INSTALLATION OF PIEZOELECTRIC
GENERATORS ON HIGHWAY PAVEMENTS is the bonafide work of
A.RAJAMOHAMED, A.SANTHANAKARTHICK, M.VIGNESH
KUMAR and P.YUVARAJ who carried out the project work under my
supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Ms T.KARTHIKA Dr.S.SURESH BABU
INTERNAL SUPERVISOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering,
Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur-635109.
Hosur-635109.
Submitted for the project work held on ________ at, Adhiyamaan College
of Engineering, Hosur, 635109.
Internal Examiner External Examiner
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, we praise the Almighty God for showering his
blessings on us and who helped us all the way in our career.
We highly express our earnest and sincere thanks to our beloved
Principal Dr.G.RANGANATH, M.E., Ph.D., Adhiyamaan College of
Engineering, Hosur.
We express our gratitude to Dr.S.SURESH BABU, M.E., Ph.D.,
Head of the department, Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiyamaan
College of Engineering, Hosur, for his valuable suggestions throughout this
project.
Our sincere thanks to our Internal Supervisor, Ms.T.KARTHIKA,
M.E., Assistant Professor and other faculties of Department of Civil
Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, for her guidance
and their support throughout this project.
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ABSTRACT
Due to shortage of electricity, environmental hazards caused due to
electricity generation and limited resources available for power generation
inspired us to produce electricity by utilizing moving loads in highways by
installing piezoelectric generators.
This study aims to install piezoelectric generator on highway
pavements to generate electricity by utilizing the moving loads on the
highways.
Piezoelectric generators are placed beneath the pavements, when thevehicles moves over it, the generators will convert the mechanical stress in
to electrical energy.
This method of producing electricity is cheaper, environmental
friendly, renewable and long lasting.
i
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List of tables
ii
Table no. Description of table Page no.
5.1 Thickness of various layers in model
pavement
20
6.1 Output voltage table 22
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List of figures
Fig. no. Name of the figure Page no.
1.1 Piezoelectric effect 3
1.2 Chennai-Bengaluru highway 5
4.1 C/S of pavement with PEG 10
4.2 Location of PEGs on pavement 11
5.1 Placing PEG on concrete cubes 16
5.2 Laying of sub grade 17
5.3 Laying of base course 18
5.4 Placing of PEGs in model 19
5.5 Laying of surface course 20
5.6 c/s of model pavement 21
5.7 Dynamic signal analyzer 21
6.1 Load vs voltage graph 22
7.1 Availability chart 257.2 Cost spent for generation of 1MW chart 26
7.3 Duration of construction chart 27
7.4 Lifetime chart 28
7.5 Operational and maintenance cost chart 29
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE
NO.
ABSTRACT
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
i
ii
iii
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.GENERAL
1.2.PIEZOELECTRICITY
1.3.HIGHWAY1.4.POWER SCARCITY
1
1
3
56
2. OBJECTIVE 7
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1.ISRAEL NATIONAL ROADS COMPANY
3.2. INNOWATTECH IN ISRAEL
3.3. PIEZOELECTRIC ROADS IN CALIFORNIA
8
8
8
9
4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 GENERAL
4.2. DESIGN OF PAVEMENT
4.2.1. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
4.2.2. CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO METHOD
4.2.3. DESIGN OF WHEEL LOAD
4.2.4. TYRE PRESSURE
4.2.5. MODEL DESIGN
10
10
12
12
13
14
14
15
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5. EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND MODEL
ANALYSIS
16
6. LOADING AND RESULT 22
7. COMPARISON BETWEEN PEG AND OTHER
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
25
8. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
8.1. SCOPE
30
31
9. REFERENCE 32
10. APPENDIX 33
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1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. GENERALElectricity generation is the process of generating electric energy from
other forms of renewable and non renewable sources of energy. There are
seven fundamental methods of directly transforming other forms of energy
into electrical energy:
Static electricity, from the physical separation and transport of charge(examples: triboelectric effect and lightning)
Electromagnetic induction, where an electrical generator, dynamoor alternator transforms kinetic energy (energy of motion) into
electricity. This is the most used form for generating electricity and is
based on Faraday's law. It can be experimented by simply rotating a
magnet within closed loop of a conducting material (e.g. copper wire)
Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy intoelectricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse
Photoelectric effect, the transformation of light into electrical energy, asin solar cells
Thermoelectric effect, the direct conversion of temperature differences toelectricity, as in thermocouples, thermopiles, and thermionic converters.
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2
Piezoelectric effect, from the mechanical strain of electricallyanisotropic molecules or crystals. Researchers at the US Department of
Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) have
developed a piezoelectric generator sufficient to operate a liquid crystal
display using thin films of M13 bacteriophage.
Nuclear transformation, the creation and acceleration of charged particles(examples: betavoltaics or alpha particle emission)
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3
1.2. PIEZOELECTRICITYPiezoelectricity is the charge that accumulates in certain solid
materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and biological matter such as
bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.
The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure. It is
derived from the Greek piezo or piezein which means to squeeze or press,
and electric or electron, which stands for amber, an ancient source of electric
charge. Piezoelectricity was discovered in 1880 by French
physicists Jacques and Pierre Curie.
Fig 1.1 Piezoelectric effect
The piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical
interaction between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline
materials with no inversion symmetry. The piezoelectric effect is
a reversible process in that materials exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect
(the internal generation of electrical charge resulting from an applied
mechanical force) also exhibit the reverse piezoelectric effect (the internal
generation of a mechanical strain resulting from an applied electrical field).
For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will generate measurable
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4
piezoelectricity when their static structure is deformed by about 0.1% of the
original dimension. Conversely, those same crystals will change about 0.1%
of their static dimension when an external electric field is applied to the
material. The inverse piezoelectric effect is used in production of ultrasonic
sound waves.
Piezoelectricity is found in useful applications such as the production
and detection of sound, generation of high voltages, electronic frequency
generation, microbalances, and ultrafine focusing of optical assemblies. It is
also the basis of a number of scientific instrumental techniques with atomic
resolution, the scanning probe microscopies and everyday uses such as
acting as the ignition source for cigarette lighters and push-start propane
barbecues.
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5
1.3. HIGHWAYA highway is any public road or other public way on land; in which
many number of vehicles are travelling from one place to another carrying
people and goods. Due to the vehicle movement vast amount of kinetic
energy was generated. This energy was not utilized and it goes in vain.
Fig. 1.2 Chennai-Bengaluru highway
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1.4. POWER SCARCITYPower scarcity is a significant issue today and sources for power
generation is inadequate. Also the existing sources of power generation have
greater impact on environment and uneconomical.
India currently facing a power deficit of 17000MW affects the
industrial growth and overall national growth of our country.
In order to bring relief to citizens of India we are focusing on
producing electricity using piezoelectric effect which can be implemented on
highways.
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7
Chapter 2
OBJECTIVE
This project is to utilize enormous energy wasted on highways due tovehicle movements.
To harvest electricity by placing piezoelectric generators underneaththe pavement.
To produce a cheaper, eco friendly and renewable source of energy.
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Chapter 3
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1. ISRAEL NATIONAL ROADS COMPANY (October 2010)
In Israel, engineers are about to begin testing a road contains
piezoelectric crystals that produce electricity. The system is expected to
produce up to 400 kilowatts from a 1 kilometre stretch of dual carriageway
and the technology is also applicable to airport runways and rail roads.
3.2. INNOWATTECH IN ISRAEL (2010)
The technology developed by Innowattech Ltd. was recently tested in a
complete-system pilot project along a ten-meter stretch of Road 4 north of
Hadera, Israel. This is the first practical test of the innovative green energy
technology developed by Innowattech, in association with Technion I.I.T
(Israel Institute of Technology). The pilot is being conducted in cooperation
with the Israel National Roads Company. The technology is based on
piezoelectric materials that enable the conversion of mechanical energy
exerted by the weight of passing vehicles into electrical energy. The first of
its kind project demonstrated how Israeli technology can generate electricity
from generators installed beneath a road's asphalt layer, presenting a
pioneering invention for "parasitic energy harvesting." The technology does
not increase the vehicles' fuel intake or affect the road infrastructure,
harvesting the energy, which would have otherwise been wasted on road
deformation, rendering this energy as "parasitic."The system developed by
Innowattech includes IPEGs (Innowattech Piezoelectric Generators), a
harvesting module and a battery charging mechanism. During the pilot, the
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IPEG were placed at a depth of five centimeters beneath the road's upper
asphalt layer on a stretch of ten meters, capable of producing some 2,000
watt-hours (Wh) of power per hour on average on that stretch. The team of
scientists involved in the development of the IPEG system included the
co-founders of Innowattech, Prof. Haim Abramovich, CEO and faculty
member at the Technion I.I.T., Dr. Eugeny Harash, Chief Scientist and Prof.
Charles Milgrom of the Hadassah University Hospital. The development
team also includes Dr. Eugeny Tsikhotsky, Chief Technology Officer, Dr.
Michael Gavshin, Senior Research Scientist, Dr. Lucy Edery-Azulay, Senior
Technologist and Project Manager, and Sergey Yusimov, Senior Researcher
and Production Controller.
3.3. PIEZOELECTRIC ROADS IN CALIFORNIA (2011)
The piezoelectric energy generating road has been proposed in the car
capital of the world California. This design is based on the concept of
piezoelectricity that is produced in response to the mechanical stress applied.
"A major source of renewable energy is right beneath our feet or, more
accurately, our tyres. California is the car capital of the world. It only makes
sense to convert to electricity the energy lost as cars travel over our
roads" said Assemblyman Gatto.
This pilot project aims how PEGs can be installed on Indian road andtraffic conditions.
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10
Chapter4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 GENERAL
The piezoelectric generators have to be placed beneath the pavements at
certain depths so that the loads from moving vehicle can trigger the
generator and the electricity is produced.
Multilayer Piezoelectric generators (0.25mx0.25m) (refer Appendix1.1) are placed on concrete cubes. Concrete cubes are used in order toprovide stability to generator and also to resist displacement of PEGs.
Sub grade and sub-base course are laid and casted concrete cubesmounted with piezoelectric generators are placed in between base
course and surface course.
Fig 4.1 C/S of pavement with PEG
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Finally the pavement is asphalted. When vehicles moves over it produces mechanical stress on generator
which in turn produces electric energy.
The produced electricity is taken out through wires and stabilized inpower houses for every one kilometer and can be fetched into power
grid.
PEGs are positioned based on the axle track (refer Appendix 1.2) ofthe vehicles. By average the axle track for all vehicles is taken as 2m.
The PEGs are placed 2m centre to centre spacing laterally on
roadways for single lane.
Fig 4.2 Location of PEGs on pavement
Power output from this series of generators is calculated by measuringthe traffic density (refer Appendix 1.3) of roadway.
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4.2. Design of pavement
4.2.1. Flexible pavement
The flexible pavements are built with number of layers. In the design
process, it is to be ensured that under the application of load none of the
layers is overstressed. This means that at any instance no section of the
pavement structure is subjected to excessive deformation to form a localized
depression or settlement.
In the design of flexible pavements, it has yet not been possible to
have a rational design method where in design process and service behavior
of the pavement can be expressed or predicated theoretically by
mathematical laws.
Various flexible pavement design methods
i. Group index method
ii. California bearing ratio method
iii. Triaxial text method
iv. Bur mister method
We will take the California bearing ratio method (CBR) for the design of our
model pavement.
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4.2.2. California bearing ratio method (refer Appendix 2):
In order to design a pavement by CBR Method, first the soaked CBR
value of the soil sub grade is evaluated. Then the appropriate design curve is
chosen by taking the design wheel load. Thus the total thickness of flexible
pavement needed to cover the sub grade of the known CBR value is
obtained. In case there is a material superior than the soil sub grade, such
that it may be used as sub-base course then the thickness of construction
over this material could be obtained from the design chart knowing the CBR
value of the sub-base.
Some of the important points recommended by the IRC for the CBR
method of design (IRC: 37-1970)
[ ]
1/2
t=pavement thickness, cm
P=wheel load, kg
CBR=California bearing ratio, percent
p =tyre pressure, kg/cm
A=area of contact, cm
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4.2.3. Design of Wheel load
The wheel load configurations are important are important to know
the way in which the loads of a given vehicle are applied on the pavement
surface.
For highways the maximum legal axle load as specified by Indian
road congress is 8750kg with a maximum equivalent single wheel load
4085kg.
4.2.4. Tyre pressure
Tyre pressure and inflation pressure mean exactly the same. The
contact pressure is found to be more than tyre pressure when the tyre
pressure is less than 7kg/cm and it vice versa when the tyre pressure
exceeds this value. Contact pressure can be measured by the relationship
Contact pressure = load on wheel/contact area
The ratio of contact pressure to tyre pressure is defined as rigidity
factor. Thus value of rigidity factor is 1.0 for an average tyre pressure of
7kg/cm
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4.2.5. Model design
1. Wheel load=8170kg
2. CBR value=5%
3. Tyre pressure=7kg/cm
Total thickness of a pavement:
[ ]
1/2
[ ]
1/2
Thickness of pavement (
Model ratio we adopted is 2:1
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16
Chapter 5
EXPERIMENTAL WORK AND MODEL
Based on model ratio 2:1, a wooden box of size 1mx0.3mx0.3m ismade for model pavement in our pilot studies.
Piezoelectric generators are mounted on concrete cubes of 5cmx5cm.
Fig. 5.1 Placing PEGs on concrete cubes
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The sub grade and base course are laid using well graded soil and20mm aggregates respectively.
Fig. 5.2 Laying of subgrade
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Fig. 5.3 Laying of base course
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Piezoelectric generators mounted in concrete cubes are placed beneaththe surface course of various depths (2mm-3.5mm).
Fig. 5.4 Placing of PEGs
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Fig. 5.5 Laying of surface course
Thickness of the various layers adopted for our model is given below:
Table 5.1
Layers Thickness
Sub grade 12.5cm
Base course 8.4cm
Surface course 4.0cm
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Fig. 5.6 C/S of model pavement
Using different weights (0.5kg, 1kg3.5kg), loads are applied on thePEGs and the corresponding output voltage has been measured by
using dynamic signal analyzer (refer Appendix 3.1).
Fig. 5.7 Dynamic signal analyzer 359 70A
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22
Chapter 6
LOADING AND RESULT
The results are tabulated and a load vs voltage graph has been plotted.
Table 6.1: For model pavement
Load applied
(N)
Depth of
PEGs
(mm)
Output
voltage (v)
Depth of
PEGs
(mm)
Output
voltage(v)
5 2 1.7 3.5 0.9
10 2 3.3 3.5 1.7
15 2 5.2 3.5 2.7
20 2 6.6 3.5 3.9
25 2 8.4 3.5 4.5
30 2 11 3.5 5.6
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Fig 6.1
LOAD VS VOLTAGE GRAPH FOR MODEL PAVEMENT
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 10 20 30 40
output
voltag
einv
load applied in N
Output voltage for 2 mm
depth
output voltage for 3.5mm
depth
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For original pavement
In existing roadways, both single layer PEGs (refer Appendix 3.2) andmulti layer PEGs of 25cm diameter can be placed alternatively.
These PEGs can work for a minimum load of 0.5KN to a maximumload of 100KN
Most of the vehicle loads falls within these limits hence PEGs candeliver high voltage and high current which can be coupled in power
houses.
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Chapter 7
COMPARISON BETWEEN PEG AND OTHER
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Fig. 7.1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Availability per year
Days PE
wi
so
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Fig. 7.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Cost spent for generation of 1MW
Rupeesin
million
PEG
wind
solar
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Fig. 7.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Duration of construction for producing 50MW
months PEG
wind
solar
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Fig. 7.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Life time
years PEG
wind
solar
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Fig. 7.5
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
Operational and maintainance cost
Percentag
eofinitialinvestmentrequ
iredperannum
PEG
win
sola
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Chapter 8
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
Hosur-krishnagiri section of NH7 has an average traffic density of 36vehicles per km for an instant of time.
By placing multilayer PEGs (capable of producing high current pertrigger) in 52.1km long hosur-krishnagiri section of NH7 can produce
800kw of electrical energy per km which is enough to power 800-
1000 households.
On average entire stretch of 52.1km long highway can produce41.7MW of electricity which is environmental friendly, renewable and
low cost.
PEGs does not have any impacts on road characteristics and effects ofwater and temperature on PEGs are also negligible.
PEGs has high lifetime and requires very low operational andmaintenance cost.
It does not require new space to install; it can be done on existingroadway.
India has currently built 18000km length of 4/6 lane highway and ifPEGs are installed in highways which can produce 10000MW of
electricity.
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India currently facing a power deficit of 17000MW and if this methodof power generation is implemented, it can provide a quick relief to
citizens of India as it is
Quicker to construct, Low cost to invest, Friendly to environment.
8.1. SCOPE
PEG method of power generation can also be implemented on railway
tracks, airport runways, irrigation structures and also in framed structure.
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REFERENCE:
DR.S.K.Khanna & DR.C.E.G.Justo, Highway Engineering, NemChand & Bros, Roorkee(U.A.).
DR.Kadiyali, Design of Pavements, Mcgraw Hill Book Co. Inc. DR.Mitchell L. Thompson, Thesis on piezoelectric power
generation.
S.G.Rangwala Highway Engineering, Charotor Publisher house B.L.Gupta & Amit Gupta Highway Engineering Stantard
Publishers
Cady, W G; Piezoelectricity McGraw Hill, New York (1946)Reprint : Dover Press, New York (1964).
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology. www.wikipedia.org,www.sciencedirect.in,www.americanpiezo.com
http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.americanpiezo.com/http://www.sciencedirect.in/http://www.wikipedia.org/ -
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APPENDIX 1:
1.1 Multi layer PEGs
Multilayer piezo generators consist of a stack of very thin (sub-
millimeter-thick) piezoelectric ceramics alternated with electrodes.
The electrical energy produced by a multilayer piezo generator is of a
much lower voltage than is generated by a single-layer piezo
generator. On the other hand, the current produced by a multilayer
generator is significantly higher than the current generated by a
single-layer piezoelectric generator.
1.2 Axle track
The axle track in automobiles and other wheeled vehicles which
have two or more wheels on an axle, is the distance between the
centerline of two road wheels on the same axle, each on the other side
of the vehicle.
1.3 Traffic density
The average number of vehicles that occupy one mile or one
kilometer of road space, expressed in vehicles per mile or per
kilometer.
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APPENDIX 2
2.1 CBR method
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APPENDIX 3
3.1 Dynamic signal analyzer
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Vibration analyzer that uses digital signal processing and the
Fast Fourier Transform to display vibration frequency components,
voltage, resistance. DSAs also display the time domain and phase
spectrum, and can usually be interfaced to a computer.3.2 Single layer PEGs
Electrical energy in a single-layer piezo generator is released
very quickly, is very high voltage, and very low current.