pidall-1 p

Edited by: Yudi Priyadi Email: whyphi @ yahoo.com http://www.facebook.com/whyphi Hp:

PID


OVERVIEW SESI-1 S.D. SESI-14

PRESERVASI INFORMASI DIGITAL


SUMBER REFERENSI:

Open Archives Information Systems-OAIS, 2012, Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS)

Henry M. Gladney,2007. Preserving Digital lnformation

Greogory S. Hunter, 2000. Preserving Digital lnformation: A How To-Do-lt Manual

U.M. Borghoff. P. Rodig, 2003. Long Term Perservation for Digital Document

Dr Andreas Mauthe, 2004. Professional Content Management Sysfems: Handling Digital Media Assets

loannis lglezakis, 2011. E-Publishing and Digital Libraries: Legal and Organizational Issues

Miriam B. Khan, 2004. Protecting Your Digital Library


Why is digital preservation important ?

Almost all new information is created first in digital form. Some of this is

never printed. Every citizen depends on some of it, partly portions unique

to him,

for practical as well as cultural reasons. And some of that has long-term

value.


OAIS high level concepts

OAIS environment

Producer provides the information

Management sets overall policy

(not the day-to-day operations)

Consumer finds and acquires

preserved information of interest

• Designated Community is the set of

Consumers who should be able to

understand the preserved information.


Terminology : 1

Data and Signals

Analog data

Takes on continuous values. Ex. Voice or video

Digital data

Takes on discrete values. Ex. Text and integers

Analog Signal

Continuously varying electromagnetic wave representing data carried over a variety of medium

Digital Signal

Sequence of voltage pulses representing data transmitted over a wire medium


Examples

Analog to analog

Voice (Analog Data) Telephone Analog Signal

Digital to analog

PC ( Digital Data) Modem Analog Signal

Analog to digital

Voice ( Analog Data) CODEC Digital Signal

Digital to Digital

PC ( Digital Data) Digital Transmitter Digital Signal


Important

Analog or Digital Data Can Be Represented By Either Analog or Digital Signals. These Signals Can Then Be Propogated (Moved

Along a Medium). Optical Fiber Only Propogates Analog Signals


Reasons for Conversions

Digital data Digital Signal

Easy and simple to implement

Analog data Digital Signal

Allows the use of digital transmission and switching equipment

Digital data Analog Signal

Allows us of the public telephone system

Allows use of optical fiber

Analog Data Analog Signal

Easy

Telephone system was primarily analog


Halaman ini sengaja dikosongkan

“demo”


Analog vs Digital?

Data

Analog Digital


Analog vs Digital Analog Digital

Teknologi: Teknologi analog merekam bentuk

gelombang sebagaimana aslinya

Mengkonversi bentuk gelombang analog

menjadi suatu set bilangan dan

merekamnya. Bilangan tersebut kemudian

dikonversi menjadi aliran kode tegangan

listrik untuk merepresentasikannya.

Sinyal: Sinyal analog adalah sinyal kontinyu

yang mengirimkan informasi

sebagai respon dari perubahan

fenomena fisika.

Sinyal digital adalah sinyal diskrit berdasar

waktu dan dihasilkan oleh modulasi digital

(proses mengubah sinyal untuk memuat

suatu informasi).

Represent

asi:

Menggunakan range nilai kontinyu

untuk menyajikan informasi.

Menggunakan nilai diskrit/diskontinyu untuk

menyajikan informasi.

Contoh

Aplikasi:

Termometer Komputer


Analog vs Digital Analog Digital

Transmisi

data:

Tidak berkualitas tinggi Berkualitas Tinggi

Hasil: Tidak terlalu akurat Akurat

Proses: Diproses dengan menggunakan

Op-Amp yang menggunakan

rangkaian elektronika

Menggunakan mikroprosesor yang

menggunakan rangkaian logika

Respon

terhadap

noise:

Terpengaruh dan mengurangi

akurasi

Kurang dipengaruhi noise karena respon

noise biasanya bersifat analog

Gelombang: Digambarkan oleh sinyal

sinusoidal

Digambarkan dengan sinyal kotak

Contoh: Suara manusia di udara Peralatan elektronik, Instrumentasi,

Penyimpanan data elektronik


Keuntungan Sistem Digital (1)

Beberapa keuntungan sistem digital dibandingkan dengan sistem analog adalah :

Kemampuan mereproduksi sinyal yang lebih baik dan akurat

Mempunyai reliabilitas yang lebih baik (noise lebih rendah akibat imunitas

yang lebih baik)

Mudah di disain, tidak memerlukan kemampuan matematika khusus untuk

memvisualisasikan sifat-sifat rangkaian digital yang sederhana

Fleksibilitas dan fungsionalitas yang lebih baik

Kemampuan pemrograman yang lebih mudah

Lebih cepat (debug IC complete complex digital dapat memproduksi sebuah

keluaran lebih cepat dari 2 nano detik)

Ekonomis jika dilihat dari segi biaya IC yang akan menjadi rendah akibat

pengulangan dan produksi massal dari integrasi jutaan elemen logika digital

pada sebuah chip miniatur tunggal.


Keuntungan Sistem Digital (2)

Mampu mengirimkan informasi dengan kecepatan cahaya yang

mengakibatkan informasi dapat dikirim dengan kecepatan tinggi.

Penggunaan yang berulang-ulang terhadap informasi tidak

mempengaruhi kualitas dan kuantitas informasi itu sendiri.

Informasi dapat dengan mudah diproses dan dimodifikasi ke dalam

berbagai bentuk.

Dapat memproses informasi dalam jumlah yang sangat besar dan

mengirimkannya secara interaktif.


Contoh Sistem Analog dan Digital


Contoh Penyimpanan Data Analog dan Digital


Terminology : 2

Analog Signal

A continuous, curving signal

Digital Signal

A signal represented by bits

Contohnya: Modems

Devices that translate data from digital to

analog and analog to digital


Sebuah Sistem Analog

Sebuah sistem untuk orang banyak,

penggunaan amplifier suara akan dapat

didengar oleh pendengar yang banyak serta

berjauhan.


Sebuah Metode Sistem Digital

dan Analog

Compact Disk (CD) player merupakan sebuah contoh sistem yang

menggunakan kedua sistem (digital dan analog).


Sebuah Sistem yang Menggunakan

Metode Digital dan Analog


Analog „Discussion‟ (1)

Almost everything in the world can be described or represented in

one of two forms: analog or digital. The principal feature of analog

representations is that they are continuous. In contrast, digital

representations consist of values measured at discrete intervals.

Digital watches are called digital because they go from one value to

the next without displaying all intermediate values. Consequently,

they can display only a finite number of times of the day. In

contrast, watches with hands are analog, because the hands move

continuously around the clock face. As the minute hand goes


Analog „Discussion‟ (1)

around, it not only touches the numbers 1 through 12, but also the

infinite number of points in between.

Early attempts at building computers used analog techniques, but

accuracy and reliability were not good enough. Today, almost all

computers are digital.


Digital „Discussion‟ (2)

Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events.

Computers are digital machines because at their most basic level

they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and

on. There is no simple way to represent all the values in between,

such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be encoded

digitally, as a series of zeroes and ones.

The opposite of digital is analog. A typical analog device is a clock in

which the hands move continuously around the face. Such a clock is

capable of indicating every possible time of day. In contrast, a



digital clock is capable of representing only a finite number of times

(every tenth of a second, for example).

In general, humans experience the world analogically. Vision, for

example, is an analog experience because we perceive infinitely

smooth gradations of shapes and colors. Most analog events,

however, can be simulated digitally. Photographs in newspapers, for

instance, consist of an array of dots that are either black or white.

From afar, the viewer does not see the dots (the digital form), but

only lines and shading, which appear to be continuous. Although



digital representations are approximations of analog events, they are

useful because they are relatively easy to store and manipulate

electronically. The trick is in converting from analog to digital, and

back again.

This is the principle behind compact discs (CDs). The music itself

exists in an analog form, as waves in the air, but these sounds are

then translated into a digital form that is encoded onto the disk.

When you play a compact disc, the CD player reads the digital data,

translates it back into its original analog form, and sends it to the



amplifier and eventually the speakers.

Internally, computers are digital because they consist of discrete

units called bits that are either on or off. But by combining many

bits in complex ways, computers simulate analog events. In one

sense, this is what computer science is all about.


Sinyal Analog Sinyal Digital

• Bersifat Continue • Bersifat Discrete (0 dan 1)

• Bagus digunakan untuk komunikasi

yang lalu lintasnya rendah

• Bagus digunakan untuk komunikasi

yang lalu lintasnya tinggi

• Kemungkinan error besar • Kemungkinan error kecil

• Perbaikan error sulit • Perbaikan error lebih mudah

• Mudah terkena noise • Lebih tahan terhadap noise

• Kapasitas informasi sedikit • Kapasitas Informasi lebih besar

• Sukar dilakukan modifikasi informasi • Lebih mudah dilakukan modifikasi

informasi

• Menggunakan konsep frekuensi • Menggunakan konsep Biner/bit

• Boros bandwith • Lebih hemat bandwith


DATA DAN SINYAL

Data merupakan komponen yang mengandung suatu informasi. Data akan dikirim dalam bentuk sinyal-sinyal elektromagnetik.

Sinyal merupakan tampilan data dalam bentuk elektrik atau elektromagnetik.

Sedangkan pensinyalan, berarti penyebaran sinyal secara fisik melalui suatu media yang sesuai. Berdasarkan karakteristiknya, data dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu data analog dan data digital.


DATA DAN SINYAL ANALOG

DATA ANALOG : merupakan data yang ditampilkan melalui ukuran fisik serta memiliki nilai berulang secara terus menerus dan kontinnyu. Contohnya adalah data suara, audio dan video.

SINYAL ANALOG : merupakan sinyal untuk menampilkan data analog. Data ditransmisikan dalam bentuk gelombang yang kontinu. Sinyal ini berubah secara konsisten dan kontinu secara teratur dalam suatu cycle.


DATA DAN SINYAL DIGITAL

DATA DIGITAL : merupakan data yang

memiliki deretan nilai-nilai yang berlainan

dan memiliki ciri-ciri tersendiri. Data

digital ditransmiskan dalam bentuk biner.

Contohnya adalah teks, bilangan bulat dan

karakter-karakter lain.

SINYAL DIGITAL : merupakan sinyal

untuk menampilkan data digital.


SINYAL KONTINYU DAN DISKRIT

SINYAL KONTINYU : adalah sinyal yang

mengalami perubahan intensitas sedikit demi

sedikit sehingga tidak mengalami putus atau

berhenti.

SINYAL DISKRIT : adalah sinyal yang

memiliki intensitas yang konstan pada harga

tertentu dan pada saat yang lain berada pada

harga konstan yang lain. Sinyal diskrit ini dapat

dipakai untuk mewakili biner 1 dan 0.


ENCODING DAN DECODING

ENCODING : merupakan proses

pengkonversian suatu sumber data analog

maupun digital menjadi sinyal digital.

DECODING : merupakan proses

pengubahan kembali ke sinyal asli baik

analog maupun digital.


TEKNIK ENCODING DAN DECODING

Encoder Decoder Digital

or

Analog Digital

Digital

or

Analog


Contoh:

How a Modem Works

Modem

Modulates a digital signal into an analog signal

for transmission via analog medium, then

demodulates the signal into digital for

receiving

Pretty picture


Modems

MOdulation - converting digital signals into

analog form (=berfungsi mengubah sinyal digital

menjadi sinyal analog)

DEModulation - converting analog signals back

into digital form (= berfungsi mengubah sinyal

analog menjadi sinyal digital kembali)



“demo”


Sebuah Metode Sistem Digital

dan Analog

Compact Disk (CD) player merupakan sebuah contoh sistem yang

menggunakan kedua sistem (digital dan analog).


Sebuah Sistem yang Menggunakan

Metode Digital dan Analog


Representasi Digital

Digital Representations of:

Numbers

Text

Images

Sounds

Instructions


Digit Biner

Sistem bilangan konvensional menggunakan 10 digit:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, dan 9.

Sistem bilangan biner menggunakan hanya 2 digit: 0

dan 1.

Kedua digit biner dibentuk 0 dan 1

Kedua digit biner juga disebut LOW dan HIGH,

dimana LOW = 0 dan HIGH = 1


Introduction to Numbering Systems

We are all familiar with the decimal number system (Base 10). Some other number systems that we will work with are:

Binary Base 2

Octal Base 8

Hexadecimal Base 16


Characteristics of Numbering Systems

1) The digits are consecutive.

2) The number of digits is equal to the size of the base.

3) Zero is always the first digit.

4) The base number is never a digit.

5) When 1 is added to the largest digit, a sum of zero and a carry of one results.

6) Numeric values determined by the have implicit positional values of the digits.


Significant Digits

Binary: 11101101

Most significant digit Least significant digit

Hexadecimal: 1D63A7A

Most significant digit Least significant digit


Binary Number System

Also called the “Base 2 system”

The binary number system is used to model the

series of electrical signals computers use to

represent information

0 represents the no voltage or an off state

1 represents the presence of voltage or an

on state


Binary Numbering Scale

Base 2

Number

Base 10

Equivalent Power

Positional

Value

000 0 20 1

001 1 21 2

010 2 22 4

011 3 23 8

100 4 24 16

101 5 25 32

110 6 26 64

111 7 27 128


Binary Addition

4 Possible Binary Addition Combinations:

(1) 0 (2) 0

+0 +1

00 01

(3) 1 (4) 1

+0 +1

01 10

Sum Carry

Note that leading

zeroes are frequently

dropped.


Decimal to Binary Conversion

The easiest way to convert a decimal number to

its binary equivalent is to use the Division

Algorithm

This method repeatedly divides a decimal number

by 2 and records the quotient and remainder

The remainder digits (a sequence of zeros and ones)

form the binary equivalent in least significant to most

significant digit sequence


Division Algorithm

Convert 67 to its binary equivalent:

6710 = x2

Step 1: 67 / 2 = 33 R 1 Divide 67 by 2. Record quotient in next row

Step 2: 33 / 2 = 16 R 1 Again divide by 2; record quotient in next row

Step 3: 16 / 2 = 8 R 0 Repeat again




Step 7: 1 / 2 = 0 R 1 STOP when quotient equals 0

1 0 0 0 0 1 12


Binary to Decimal Conversion

The easiest method for converting a binary

number to its decimal equivalent is to use

the Multiplication Algorithm

Multiply the binary digits by increasing

powers of two, starting from the right

Then, to find the decimal number

equivalent, sum those products


Multiplication Algorithm

Convert (10101101)2 to its decimal equivalent:

Binary 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1

Positional Values

x x x x x x x x 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27

128 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 Products

17310


Octal Number System

Also known as the Base 8 System

Uses digits 0 - 7

Readily converts to binary

Groups of three (binary) digits can be used to represent each octal digit

Also uses multiplication and division algorithms for conversion to and from base 10


Decimal to Octal Conversion

Convert 42710 to its octal equivalent:

427 / 8 = 53 R3 Divide by 8; R is LSD

53 / 8 = 6 R5 Divide Q by 8; R is next digit

6 / 8 = 0 R6 Repeat until Q = 0

6538


Octal to Decimal Conversion

Convert 6538 to its decimal equivalent:

6 5 3 x x x

82 81 80

384 + 40 + 3

42710

Positional Values

Products

Octal Digits


Octal to Binary Conversion

Each octal number converts to 3 binary digits

To convert 6538 to binary, just substitute

code:

6 5 3

110 101 011


Hexadecimal Number System

Base 16 system

Uses digits 0-9 &

letters A,B,C,D,E,F

Groups of four bits

represent each

base 16 digit


Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

Convert 83010 to its hexadecimal equivalent:

830 / 16 = 51 R14

51 / 16 = 3 R3

3 / 16 = 0 R3

33E16

= E in Hex


Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

Convert 3B4F16 to its decimal equivalent:

Hex Digits 3 B 4 F x x x

163 162 161 160

12288 +2816 + 64 +15

15,18310

Positional Values

Products

x


Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

The easiest method for converting binary to

hexadecimal is to use a substitution code

Each hex number converts to 4 binary digits


Convert 0101011010101110011010102 to hex using

the 4-bit substitution code :

0101 0110 1010 1110 0110 1010

Substitution Code

5 6 A E 6 A

56AE6A16


Substitution code can also be used to convert binary to

octal by using 3-bit groupings:

010 101 101 010 111 001 101 010

Substitution Code

2 5 5 2 7 1 5 2

255271528


Uses of Hexadecimal (contoh kasus)

Computer operations are done by binary systems.

One and Zero or on and off or yes and no.

Because of the large nature of binary numbers, when talking computer code, they are normally represented in hexadecimal format.

These can be addresses of RAM.

The hexadecimal notation is often used in error messages.

Sometimes it is used in obscure web addresses.

Also used in HTML code to convey the background colour required.


HTML Color

(contoh kasus)

The background colour of a webpage is made up of a combination of three colours, red, green and blue. Note the background can also be a picture.

Each colour is allowed to be represented by two hexadecimal digits in the order red, green and blue.

This is known as the RGB color code.

For each hexadecimal digit there is a choice of 16, so for 6 digits there is a choice of 16 x 16 x 16 x 16 x1 6 x 16. Over 1.6 million colours.

Note mixing colours in HTML is not the same as mixing paint.


To see HTML Color in action

(contoh kasus)

Go to START, All Programs, Accessories and Notepad.

Type in the following code:

<BODY BGCOLOR=#A45F2D></BODY>

Save as color.html in My Documents. Notice it has to have .html at the end.

Go to My Documents and open.

Now change the hex colour codes in your Notepad program, save and refresh to see new colours.

This could be done in a computer room or with a classroom computer and data projector.


Special Color codes

(contoh kasus)

Black 000000

White FFFFFF

Red FF0000

Green 00FF00

Blue 0000FF

Gray 505050 or the same amount of each colour.

Yellow F0F0000

Orange FF7000

Brown 905030


Convert Binary to Hexadecimal

Any combination of 4 binary digits together will always represent the decimal numbers 0 to 15.

Divide the binary number into groups of 4, from right to left.

To convert 10001101 binary to hexadecimal, 1101 equals 13, which is D and 1000 equals 8. So 10001101 in binary equals 8D in hexadecimal.

If there are less than 4 digits on the left add zeros to the left. For example 100111, is divided into 0111 and 0010 and hence equals 27 in hexadecimal.


Convert Hexadecimal to Binary

For example 2D4F

2=0010

D=1101

4=0100

F=1111

Then 2D4F=10110101001111


Convert Hexadecimal to decimal

For example D67F

D67F=13 X 163 + 6 X162 +7 X 161 + 15


Convert Decimal to Hexadecimal

Best way is to go decimal to binary and

then binary to hexadecimal.


Conversion table

http://www.dewassoc.com/support/msdos/

decimal_hexadecimal.htm


Simpulan Representasi Digital


Numbers

Text

Images

Sounds

Instructions

pembahasan pertemuan

Selanjutnya...........


PID



AGENDA: • LANJUTAN SESI-2

• SESI-3 & SESI-4


Representasi Digital


Numbers, contoh: konversi biner, hexa decimal, oktal, & decimal

Text, contoh: kode ascii

Images, contoh: zoom u/ image

Sounds: contoh: konversi suara analog-digital

Instructions: contoh: comp.programming/coding/scripting


Representasi

77

Sumber: Henry M. Gladney


78


79



“demo”


OAIS Archive External Data

81

Sumber: OAIS


Administration Context Diagram

82 Sumber: OAIS


OAIS Data Flow Diagram

83 Sumber: OAIS


Konsep Data Flow Diagram

Data flow diagram is a graphical technique that

depicts information flow and the transforms that

are applied as data moves from input to output.

Characteristics of DFD Graphic

Partitioned

Hierarchic

Multidimensional

Emphasize flow of data

Viewpoint of data and process


The Symbols

DFDs use four basic symbols that

represent processes, data flows, data

stores, and entities •Gane and Sarson symbol set

•Yourdon symbol set


Symbols for DFD

Data store

Process

name

External

Interactor

External Entity:

Source or destination of data

Process:

Action on data

Data Store:

Storage of data

Data Flow:

Data Transfer

Yourdon notation (sumber: www.yourdon.com)


Context Diagrams

A context diagram is a top level (also known as Level 0) data flow diagram.

It only contains one process node (process 0) that generalizes the function of the entire system in relationship to external entities.


Creating a Set of DFDs

Create a graphical model of the

information system based on your

fact-finding results

Performing three main tasks

Step 1: Draw a context diagram

Step 2: Draw a DFD level 1

Step 3: Draw the lower-level diagrams


Draw a Context Diagram

Drawing Guidelines 1. Draw the context diagram so it fits on one

page

2. Use the name of the information system as

the process name in the context diagram

3. Use unique names within each set of symbols

4. Do not cross lines

5. Provide a unique name and reference

number for each process

6. Obtain user input and feedback


External Entity

External entity represents the sources and

destination of data created by the system.

External entity represents the immediate interface

of the system with the external world.

When an external source of data is also a

destination for data, a loop or occurrence number

may be used.

In case the destination or use of data created by

the process are not known, the flow simply points

outside the system. Similarly, data flows may

originate from “nowhere”.


Process Boxes

Each processes box in a DFD describes an action

on data.

The Identifier. A number indicating the sequence

of the process.

The Action. A verb specifying the action on

which it is performed on the data.

The Actor or Place. A noun indicating who

performs the action or where it is performed.


Data Flow Arrows

Data flow arrows link all the process boxes and

data stores in DFDs.

Data flows should be labeled, except in case the

data flows into and out of simple files.

DFDs show only the flow of data, not materials.

A DFD depicts information flow without explicit

representation of procedural logic (e.g.,

conditions or loops).


Data Store Rectangles

Data stores can be manual files or computer files.

The type of file is not indicated.

Only in case the data store is altered the flow is

not indicated. A simple access is not indicated.

A data store is never the direct recipient of

unprocessed data from external sources or from

other data stores nor is data from a data store

ever directly delivered to an external sources.

There must be a process step in between.


Examples of Data Stores

Read

Write

Read/

Write

A data item is created

or deleted or updated in the

data store by

a process


Rules for Constructing DFD


DFD Not Allowed Flows


DFD Not Allowed Flows

If part of our system

If not part of our flow ignore


Data Flows

Only one direction of flow between

processes


Data Flows

Joins & forks allowed only if exactly the

same data


Data Flows

Cannot go directly back to the process it

leaves


Data Flows

Data which moves together should be

shown in a single data flow

itemised calls

invoice

invoice payment

itemised calls And invoice

Pay

Invoice

Telephone

Company

Pay

Invoice

Telephone

Company

invoice payment


DFD Rules

Incorrect Correct


DFD Rules

Incorrect

Correct


DFD Rules

Incorrect Correct


Level 0: CD

Origin #1

Destination 2

System

a

b

c

z

r

Destination 1

Origin #2


Level 1: DFD

1.1

a

b

c

z

r

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

d

e

f

g h

i

Origin #1

Origin #2

Destination 1

Destination 2

n

p

dtstore1

dtstore2


Level 2 DFD

c

f

1.2.1 1.2.2

1.2.3

Origin #2

m

k

j

dtstore3

1.4


Example


Balancing

The conservation of input and output flows

through different levels

A

B

C

A

B

C

D

E


Example of Context Diagram


Example of DFD Level 1


Example

Level 2 DFD from the monitor sensors process


Example

A balanced DFD Fragment

source: www.yourdon.com

http://yourdon.com/strucanalysis/wiki/index.php?title=Image:Figure922a.jpg


114

© 2010 Bennett, McRobb and Farmer

Context Diagram

Agate

Campaign

Management

System

Campaign

Manager

Client

Budget

Campaign

Staff

Campaign

Advert

Staff Assignment

Accountant

Concept Note

Staff Concept Note

Staff

Staff Grade

Staff

Contact

Payment

Advert Completion

Client Contact


115 © 2010 Bennett, McRobb and Farmer

Top Level Diagram (Level 0)

1.

Record

Clients

Campaign

Manager

Client

Staff Assignment

Campaign

Staff

Campaign

Advert

Accountant

Concept Note

Staff

Concept

Note

Staff

Staff Grade

Staff

Contact

Payment

Advert Completion

Client Contact

3.

Prepare

Adverts

Notes

6.

Browse

Concept

Notes

Concept

Note

Concept Note

4.

Maintain

Staff

5.

Manage

Adverts

Adverts

Advert

Contact

+ Completion Date

Clients

Client

2.

Plan and

Manage

Campaigns

Staff Members

Staff

Budget

Cost

Concept

Note

Campaigns

Campaign

Staff

Staff


116 © 2010 Bennett, McRobb and Farmer

Level 1 Diagram

5.1

Set Client

Contact

Adverts

Contact

Staff Members

Staff

Completion Date 5.2

Set Advert

Completed

Staff

Contact


Review: OAIS Data Flow Diagram

117 Sumber: OAIS



“diskusi kasus”



Tugas Individu: Merujuk pada “Environment Model of an

OAIS”, buatlah OAIS Context Diagram dan

OAIS Data Flow Diagram yg disesuaikan

dgn topik-tema

Environment Model of an OAIS Sumber: OAIS


PID



AGENDA: • LANJUTAN SESI-3

• WORKSHOP OAIS CONTEXT DIAGRAM

• WORKSHOP OAIS DATA FLOW


WORKSHOP

Scope untuk tugas individu:

Diskusi pembuatan OAIS Context Diagram

Diskusi pembuatan OAIS Data Flow



123

Sumber: OAIS


Administration Context Diagram

124 Sumber: OAIS


OAIS Data Flow Diagram

125 Sumber: OAIS



Tugas Individu: Merujuk pada “Environment Model of an

OAIS”, buatlah OAIS Context Diagram dan

OAIS Data Flow Diagram yg disesuaikan

dgn topik-tema

Environment Model of an OAIS Sumber: OAIS


OAIS ARCHIVE EXTERNAL DATA

“TEMA-TOPIK”

Tugas Individu

Dosen: Yudi Priyadi

Mata kuliah: Preservasi Informasi Digital

Oleh

Nama NPM

MANAJEMEN BISNIS TELEKOMUNIKASI

DAN INFORMATIKA

20.....

LAYOUT

COVER

TUGAS

INDIVIDU


PID


PRESERVASI

INFORMASI

DIGITAL

AGENDA:

• PENGUMPULAN TUGAS (PRINTOUT & SOFTFILE)

• KONSEP METADATA

• PERBANDINGAN METADATA: MARC & DUBLIN CORE


What is metadata & Why do I need it? “Data about data”

Information about the content, context and structure of information resources.

Metadata is structured information that describes, explains, locates, or otherwise makes it easier to retrieve, use or manage an information resource.

Metadata is a piece of information describing a resource.

(Examples of resources are books, web sites, and videos).

Metadata can describe a wide variety of information such as:

the subject matter of the resource,

the creators of the resource,

the technical information to store and access the resource,

and/or the legal rights to the resource.

Metadata can be used to find, gather, and maintain resources over long

periods of time.


Object Server

Documents Audio

Video Database

Author: …

Title: ….

Subject: …

Source type: …

Format: …

….

Author: …

Title: ….

Subject: …

Source type: …

Format: …

….

Author: …

Title: ….

Subject: …

Source type: …

Format: …

…. Print sources

M

E

T

A

D

A

T

A

Catalog Server


Why is Metadata Important?

Increased accessibility

Ability for different systems to talk to one

another

Expanding use

Multi-versioning

Preservation

Cost considerations


What Does Metadata Describe?

papers, articles

information pages

images

sound

collections

user profiles

Spatial data

...Digital and physical

manifestations


In other words… Metadata can tell you what the information is about, how

to use it, and if you need permission to use it

Metadata makes web searching more meaningful

Metadata helps you get your information to the right

audience

Metadata is key for: Content management, Content

Organization, Bibliographic Control, Resource discovery,

Rights Management, Access Management, Preservation,

Linking and data exchange


Everyday Metadata


Types of Metadata

Descriptive metadata tells what the subject matter of an

object is, describes its form, tells who created it

Administrative metadata tells who or what owns and

or/maintains the item

Technical metadata tells how it is stored, preserved, and

what system specifications you need to use it

Rights metadata describes copyright and terms of use


Examples of metadata schemas

MARC (Libraries – Barton uses MARC)

DDI- (Social Science data)

EAD (Archives)

Dublin Core (Cross-disciplinary)

FGDC (Geographic)

IMS (Education)

METS (Structural metadata)

TEI (Text encoding-Humanities)

VRA (Visual resources)

ONIX (Publishers and booksellers)

LOM (Learning Object Metadata)


Examples Logo Schema ^-^ METS

MODS

PREMIS


Machine Readable Cataloging (MARC)

Standard in the 1960s

Development of MARC set the stage for creation

of centralized library databases

MARC21

MARC is the acronym for MAchine-Readable Cataloging. It defines a data format that emerged from a Library of Congress-led initiative that began more than thirty years ago. It provides the mechanism by which computers exchange, use, and interpret bibliographic information, and its data elements make up the foundation of most library catalogs used today. MARC became USMARC in the 1980s and MARC 21 in the late 1990s



“akan dilakukan tools exploration”


What Is Dublin Core?

Developed by Online Computer Library Center and National

Center for Supercomputer Applications (OCLC/NCSA).

NCSA developed the first web browser Mosaic and was looking for ways to

improve searching for Mosaic users. in 1995 as a response to rapid growth of

resources on the Internet.

Involved librarians, computer scientists, publishers, online

content developers.


Dublin Core cont.

National/International Standards ANSI/NISO Z39.85 (2001) The standard defines fifteen metadata elements for

resource description in a cross-disciplinary information environment.

ISO 15836:2003 (2003) is applicable to the Dublin Core metadata element set which deals with cross-domain information resource description. For Dublin Core applications, a resource will typically be an electronic document.

ISO 15836:2003 is for the element set only, which is generally used in the context of a specific project or application. Local or community based requirements and policies may impose additional restrictions, rules, and interpretations. It is not the purpose of ISO 15836:2003 to define the detailed criteria by which the element set will be used with specific projects and applications.


Dublin Core Elements

1. Title

2. Creator

3. Subject

4. Description

5. Publisher

6. Contributor

7. Date

8. Type

9. Format

10. Identifier

11. Source

12. Language

13. Relation

14. Coverage

15. Rights


Penjelasan Elemen Dublin Core

144


DC Element: Title

Definition: The name given to the resource.

Typically, a Title will be a name by which the resource is

formally known.

Definitions are from the Dublin Core Web Site

http://dublincore.org/documents/dcmi-terms/


DC Element: Creator

An entity primarily responsible for making the content

of the resource.

Examples of a Creator include a person, an

organization, or a service.


DC Element: Subject

A topic of the content of the resource. Typically, a Subject will be expressed as keywords, key

phrases or classification codes that describe a topic of the

resource.

Recommended best practice is to select a value from a

controlled vocabulary or formal classification scheme

Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH); Getty

Thesaurus of Geographic Names (TGN); Art and Architecture

Thesaurus (AAT); or Thesaurus for Graphic Materials I


Controlled Vocabularies

AAT

Art and Architecture Thesaurus

LCSH

Library of Congress Subject Headings

MESH

Medical Subject Headings

TGM

Thesaurus of Graphic Materials

GTGN

Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names

ULAN

Getty Union List of Artists Names


DC Element: Description

An account of the content of the resource.

Description may include but is not limited to:

• an abstract,

• table of contents,

• reference to a graphical representation of content,

• or a free-text account of the content.


Description Example


DC Element: Publisher

An entity responsible for making the resource

available.

Examples of a Publisher include

• a person,

• an organization,

• or a service.


DC Element: Contributor

An entity responsible for making contributions to

the content of the resource.

Examples of a Contributor include

• a person (photographer, translator, etc.)

• an organization

• or a service.


DC Element: Date

A date of an event in the lifecycle of the resource.

Typically, Date will be associated with the creation or availability of the resource.

Recommended best practice for encoding the date value is defined in a profile of ISO 8601 [W3C-DTF] and follows the YYYY-MM-DD format.


DC Element: Type

The nature or genre of the content of the resource.

Type includes terms describing

• general categories

• functions

• genres,

• aggregation levels for content

Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary

For example, the Dublin Core Type Vocabulary.

To describe the physical or digital manifestation of the resource, use the FORMAT element.


DC Element: Format

Definition: The physical or digital manifestation of the resource.

Typically, Format may include the media-type or dimensions of the resource.

Format may be used to determine the software, hardware or other equipment needed to display or operate the resource.

Examples of dimensions include size and duration.

Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the list of Internet Media Types [MIME] defining computer media formats).


Format Examples

Element Value Definition

image/jpeg visual file in JPEG format

text/html text file in HTML format

text/sgml text file in SGML-encoded format

application/sgml interactive application based upon SGML encoding

video/mpeg video file in MPEG format

audio/mp3 sound file in MP3 format

3,000,000 bytes file size for a 3 megabyte file

1 minute playtime for a digital audio file


DC Element: Identifier

An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.

Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string or number conforming to a formal identification system.

Formal identification systems include the

• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (including the Uniform Resource Locator (URL))

• Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

• International Standard Book Number (ISBN)


DC Element: Source

A Reference to a resource from which the

present resource is derived.

The present resource may be derived from the

Source resource in whole or in part.

Recommended best practice is to reference the

resource by means of a string or number conforming

to a formal identification system.


DC Element: Language

A language of the

intellectual content of the

resource.

Recommended best

practice is to use values

from a controlled

vocabulary standard


Controlled Vocabularies for Language

ISO639-2: Three letter language code

• English = eng

• Yiddish = yid

• Algonquian languages = alg

• Hmong; Mong = hmn

• Croatian = hrv


DC Element: Relation

A reference to a related resource.

Recommended best practice is to reference the

resource by means of a string or number conforming

to a formal identification system.

Prescribed list of qualifiers are used in this element.


DC Element: Coverage

The extent or scope of the content of the resource.

Coverage includes spatial location (a place name or geographic coordinates), temporal period (a period label, date, or date range) or jurisdiction (such as a named administrative entity).

Recommended best practice is to select a value from a controlled vocabulary (for example, the Thesaurus of Geographic Names [TGN]) and that, where appropriate, use named places or time periods in preference to numeric identifiers such as sets of coordinates or date ranges.

Using the Thesaurus of Geographic names: World, North and Central America, United States, Massachusetts, Middlesex county, Lincoln

World, North and Central America, United States, Massachusetts, Middlesex county


DC Element: Rights Management

Information about rights held in and over the resource.

Typically, a Rights element will contain a rights management statement

for the resource, or reference a service providing such information.

Rights information often encompasses Intellectual Property Rights (IPR),

Copyright, and various Property Rights.

If the Rights element is absent, no assumptions can be made about the

status of these and other rights with respect to the resource.


Perbandingan METADATA

antara

MARC dgn Dublin Core

164


Example of Metadata: MARC

050 T171.M49.P48 2003

100 Peterson, T. F.

245 Nightwork : a history of hacks and pranks at MIT / T.F. Peterson.

260 Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2003.

300 178 p. : |b ill. ; |c 23 cm.

610 Massachusetts Institute of Technology--History.

650 Student activities—Massachusetts—Cambridge-- History.

650 College students—Massachusetts—Cambridge-- Humor.

650 College wit and humor.


Example of Metadata: Dublin Core contributor.author:Tang, Y.:-

contributor.author:Loh, Han Tong:-

contributor.author:Fuh, J.-Y.-H.:-

contributor.author:Wong, Yeow Sheong:-

contributor.author:Lu, L.:-

contributor.author:Ning, Y.:-

contributor.author:Wang, X.:-

date.accessioned:2003-12-14T23:35:31Z:-

date.available:2003-12-14T23:35:31Z:-

date.issued:2004-01:-

identifier.uri:http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/3898:-

description.abstract:The accuracy issue of a rapid prototyping-direct laser sintering system is studied in this paper. The sources of errors are analyzed for their contribution to the final accuracy of built parts. The error sources are related to the hardware and software of the machine, the materials and the process. Special measures were exploited to improve the accuracy of the direct laser sintering system and process. For the errors caused by hardware like laser scanner, compensation by software was developed to correct the errors resulting from galvano-mirrors and F-θ lens. A compensation function mode was added to the slicing software to compensate the errors caused by material shrinkage and laser beam offset. Based on the analysis and improvement, a desired accuracy of 0.2mm has been achieved for the direct laser sintering system, which was verified by experiments.:en

description.sponsorship:Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA):en

format.extent:405545 bytes:-

format.mimetype:application/pdf:-

language.iso:en_US:-

relation.ispartofseries:Innovation in Manufacturing Systems and Technology (IMST);:-

subject:accuracy:en

subject:compensation:en

subject:correction:en

subject:direct laser sintering:en

subject:rapid prototyping:en

title:Accuracy Analysis and Improvement for Direct Laser Sintering:en

type:Article:en

Appears in Collections::Innovation in Manufacturing Systems and Technology (IMST):


BUATKAN RANCANGAN METADATA UNTUK INFORMASI BERIKUT

Informasi lain:

• xxii, 384 hal. : ilus.; 24 cm.

• diterbitkan: Upper Saddle River, NJ,

• oleh: Prentice Hall

• pada tahun 2007.

• Indeks subyek: Programming;

Website.



“Diskusikan WorkFlow di-slide berikutnya”


Workflow

Think of creating an

outline of workflow

Can you have more than

one schema in place at

your organization?

How can MARC and

Dublin Core work

together to simplify the

process?


Crosswalks

Processes and procedures that translate one

metadata format into another.

Success depends on the similarity of formats and

consistency of content standards used.

MARC

Record

Dublin

Core


Why use Crosswalks?

Allow for different systems to talk to one another

Break down data transfer barriers (different systems can share)

Combine metadata catalogs (e.g. Union catalogs)

Provide cross search between unlike databases (e.g. Federated search tools)

Make data/metadata maintenance more efficient

Enable conversion between record types (MARCXML, MODS, DC)

Reduce cost in technical services processing


Crosswalking challenges

Schema granularity: One to many matches; many to one matches

Crosswalking schemas need different granularity levels

Specificity lacking to describe library resources

Handling object relationships or hierarchies

(e.g. EAD=>MARC, etc.)

Crosswalking is rarely a one to one mapping

Process results in some “un-mappable” data


Crosswalks antara skema METADATA



“Diskusi WorkFlow untuk Sebuah Image”


Best Practices: Image Capture

600 dpi or greater (or, 6000 pixels in

longest dimension)

24 bit color or greater

Use a standard target for uniform capture


Best Practices: Image Formats

Archival version: uncompressed TIFF

Preview: Compuserve GIF

Screen: JFIF (JPEG), medium quality

Printing: JFIF (JPEG), medium - high

quality


Capture

Master Image Place on

Long-Term

Storage

Create

Version for

Printing

Create

Version for

Viewing

Create

Version for

Previewing

TIFF

JPEG

GIF

TIFF or

JPEG

Imaging Workflow

Available Online


Descriptive Metadata

Purposes:

to provide access points (discovery)

to describe the intellectual characteristics of an

item

Example elements:

Author

Title

Subject


Best Practices:

Descriptive Metadata

Capture as much as you can

Use controlled vocabularies and authority

control

Use standards or draft standards, e.g.,:

MARC

Dublin Core


Administrative Metadata

Purposes:

to enable the appropriate management of the

object

Examples:

Rights

File format

File size


Best Practices:

Administrative Metadata

Enough metadata to:

Understand what you have

Be able to manipulate/process it via software

Be able to manage it over time

Examples:

File date, file type, source type, compression

format, color space,


Structural Metadata

Purposes:

to provide a structure that enables an object to

be used appropriately

to associate a file with other, related files that

may comprise a single intellectual item

Examples:

Page one

Section heading


Capture enough structural information to:

Present the object as a navigable whole

Allow the user to identify and display key

elements (e.g., chapter headings)

Allow the user to limit their search to

particular parts

Follow standards or best practices as they

emerge

Best Practices:

Structural Metadata


What Elements to Capture

Key questions:

What is the least you can get by with?

What is the most that might be needed?

What is a reasonable point between the two?

Considerations:

Cost

Usefulness

Access goal

Bottom line: get everything you can afford


TUGAS EKSPLORASI

http://www.webarchiv.cz/generator/dc_generator.php?lang=en

MARC Tool

Dublin core Tool


PID



AGENDA:

• REVIEW TUGAS MINGGU LALU (MARC & DUBLIN CORE)

• EVALUASI: OAIS ARCHIVE EXTERNAL DATA


PID


PRESERVASI

INFORMASI

DIGITAL

AGENDA:

• TOPIK KELOMPOK EKPLORASI

• LEARNING BY DOING

• Steps in a Digital Preservation Workflow


Steps in a Digital Preservation

Workflow

Source: Hosted by ALCTS, the Association for Library Collections and Technical

Services


Who needs to access content?

Access:

Content management for current

user access

Archive:

Content management for long-

term access and preservation

Digital archive


Organize and

store your digital

collections Expose your digital

collections while

providing Web access

Assess users‟ needs and

collections‟

conditions Convert your

materials to digital

collections and

create metadata

Digital collections lifecycle

Digital archive


Workflows in a Digital Preservation Context

Sequence of steps involved to place digital content

under preservation control (however defined)

Highly variable according to institutional policy,

capacity, content type—one size does not fit all

Variability includes scale, maturity, complexity,

process, tools, automation…

Continual development from community experience

Distinct from digitization! (But can be linked)


Example-1: Workflows in an Institutional

Context

Workflows are developed as part of an overall institutional approach, which is informed by current community concepts (i.e., OAIS)

Workflows are one element of an interlinked institutional approach

http://www.dpworkshop.org/dpm-eng/program/index.html


Example-2: Planning and Starting a

Workflow Ideally, an institution will have policies that drive workflows

Goportis Project:

http://www.digitalpreservationsummit.de/presentations/altenhoener.pdf


Example-3: Digital Life Cycle

In developing a workflow, consider a digital life cycle

model—the basic stages content moves through from creation

to providing ongoing management/access over time

JISC http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july04/beagrie/07beagrie.html


Digital Life Cycle Models and

Digital Workflows

Concepts are closely related

Life cycle models are high-level abstractions of stages

that digital content move through during stewardship

Models often represented as diagrams to give the big

picture of what digital stewardship involves

Diagrams can be useful in identifying generic workflow

sequences

Diagrams vary in detail and complexity


DigitalNZ: http://makeit.digitalnz.org/

Example-4: DIGITAL CLC


CASPAR: http://www.casparpreserves.eu/other-caspar-

products/caspar_workflow.jpg


At the most basic level….

Workflow and Preservation Tasks

Workflows focus on concrete actions needed to process individual

batches or streams of content (images, video, etc.)


Penn State Libraries: http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/download/191/256

Narrative use cases can be used to model workflow

processes


Workflows can tie steps to specific tools


Archivematica: http://archivematica.org/wiki/images/d/dc/Archivematica-architecture-7May2010-2.png


Carolina Digital Repository: https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/external?page=about.technology

Workflows can refer to distributed services


Public Record Office Victoria:

http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november07/waugh/11waugh.html

Workflows can drill down into details for one process, such as

ingest


Portico: http://www.portico.org/digital-preservation/services/preservation-approach/preservation-step-by-step#step3

Workflows can be described without recourse to flow chart

diagrams


Incremental Development is the Key

Everybody is looking to optimize and do better!

Important thing is to establish and document basic policies, processes

Useful to start with a pilot workflow and modify, extend as needed

Workflows usually change over time based on experience, improved tools, other factors

Learn by doing


For More Information “A Framework for Distributed Preservation Workflows,”

http://ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/view/157/220

Archivematica, http://archivematica.org/

Carolina Digital Repository, https://cdr.lib.unc.edu

CASPAR, http://www.casparpreserves.eu/

Digital Curation Centre, http://www.dcc.ac.uk/resources/curation-lifecycle-model

Goportis Project, http://www.goportis.de/en/our-services/digital-preservation.html

Portico, http://www.portico.org/digital-preservation/services/preservation-approach/preservation-step-by-step

“Responding to the Call to Curate: Digital Curation in Practice at Penn State University,” http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/download/191/256

“Review of Data Management Lifecycle Models,” http://opus.bath.ac.uk/28587/

“Select for Success Key Principles in Assessing Repository Models,” http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july07/rieger/07rieger.html

“Taverna and myExperiment: Tools for creating and sharing workflows,” http://wiki.opf-labs.org/download/attachments/8356515/SCAPE-IntroductionToTaverna-myExperiment-HackathonYork2011.pptx (PPTX)

“The Design and Implementation of an Ingest Function to a Digital Archive,” http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november07/waugh/11waugh.html

Wellcome Library Digital Curation Workflow (PPT), http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx055599.ppt

Yale Digital Preservation Service Level 1 Matrix (PDF), http://odai.yale.edu/node/262/attachment


REVIEW


FUNCTIONAL OAIS


Sistem Entitas X Entitas Y

1 Sub

Sistem A

2 Sub

Sistem B

Data Store Z

P

S

R

T

Entitas X

Entitas Y

Entitas Z k_p

a_p

n_p um

discuss

Data Store ZZ

Sumber: Yudi Priyadi


NOTASI RELASI ENTITAS


PRESERVASI DATA STORE

Sumber: Yudi Priyadi


TUGAS EKSPLORASI

BUAT KELOMPOK - TOPIK:

Start-nya Dari Ch 3

CD-DFD-ERD (dibimbing di kelas)

Preservasi (Functional OAIS)

Preservasi Life Cycle

Proteksi Hasil Preservasi (How To - For Who)

Presentasi dan Laporan


STEPS IN A DIGITAL PRESERVATION

WORKFLOW

(Studi Kasus: ...............)

Tugas Kelompok

Dosen: Yudi Priyadi

Mata kuliah: Preservasi Informasi Digital

Oleh

Nama NPM

MANAJEMEN BISNIS

TELEKOMUNIKASI DAN INFORMATIKA

20......

LAYOUT

COVER

TUGAS

pidall-1 p

Documents

analog data digital

digital signals

video digital data

digital libraries

digital library

digital form

signals analog data

important analog