Physics In Europe

Ideas drawn from Astronomy, Optics, and Mechanics

Rational understanding of Nature Early Physicians: Ptolemy, Archimedes, Aristotle New Physicians: Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

More mathematical approach

Galileo Galilei Made contributions to the law of motion

Came up with the basic idea of Newton’s 1st law

Discovered the Law of Inertia

Heavily Supported Copernicus and the Heliocentric belief

Sir Isaac Newton

Invented Calculus Wrote principia in 1686

Explains gravitational law Includes ideas from

Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler

Only scientist to buried in Westminster Abbey

Three Laws Of Motion

1. Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force

2. The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it

3. Every action has an equal reaction

Optics

Study of sight and the behavior of light Psychological optics: pertains to the role of

light in vision Geometrical optics: deals with the properties

of reflection and refraction of light

Pioneers of Optics Willbrod Snell Galileo Galilei

Willbrod Snell

Mathematician Contributed to the development of Physics

Law of Refraction (Snell's Law)

Inventions

Microscope was first invented in 1590 became famous when Galileo invented the

compound microscope in 1625 Telescope

Galileo creates 1 and ½ inch lens telescope

Chemistry Before the 18th Century

Alchemy – converting materials to gold Essentially an art Poisons and antidotes Incendiary weaponry

The Chemical Revolution Quantification Lavoisier’s matter conservation Combustion Theories/Gunpowder

4 KNO3 + C7H4O + 2 S —> 2 K2S + 4 CO2 + 3 CO + 2 H2O + 2 N2

Antoine Lavoisier (Fra.)

Compiled data from others

Law of Conservation of Matter

Mreactants = Mproducts

Nomenclature (i.e. oxygen and hydrogen)

Reactants

Mass (Relative)

Products Mass (Relative)

Water 400 Carbon Dioxide

35

Sugar 100 Alcohol 58Yeast 10 Acetic

Acid3

Water 409Sugar 4Yeast 1

Joseph Black (Sco.) Discovered Carbon Dioxide

from acidic solutions Discovered Specific Heat Heat can transfer without

temperature change (e.g. water (l) and water (s) coexist at 32F)

Theories later lead to Watt’s steam engine

Discovered that boiling points and freezing points are different depending on substances

Other Important Discoveries

Air – more than one gas (Cavendish) Oxygen – source of rusting (Priestly) Ventilation and circulatory systems (Hales) Evaporation properties (Cullen) Dissolving and solutions (Bergman)

Scientific Revolution

• Increased curiosity of the natural world because of the enlightenment

• Areas of science began to question previous scientific discoveries

• Established the Scientific Method to establish the proper means to examine and understand