physics extended writing

Physics 1 Topic 1: Thermal Energy TransfersExtended Writing Task: Heating the Home

With energy prices increasing it is important that we insulate our homes to prevent heat from escaping. Some of the methods are simple to put into place whilst others require a large financial investment.Outline the ways in which we can prevent heat escaping from our homes. You should include: Where heat escapes from our homes What we can do to prevent this An explanation of what conduction, convection and radiation are An explanation of how your prevention methods stop conduction, convection or radiation A justified opinion on which insulation methods someone should buy first.

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Physics 1 Topic 1: Thermal Energy TransfersExtended Writing Task: Heating the Home

This work was done by ________________________________________ and was marked by __________________________________________

PPraise. What were the positive aspects of the work? What did they do well? What skills did they demonstrate?

IImprovements. What were the literacy issues in the piece of work?Write in ink. Draw in Pencil.Use a ruler.

Always use capital letters at the beginning of a sentence.Learn the spellings identified in your work.

Always use capital letters for proper nouns.Ensure sentences make sense.

Make sure you write on the line and not above or below it.Use correct punctuation.

Use scientific vocabulary appropriate to the task.Vary your sentences to demonstrate your understanding.

D answerB answerA* answer

Some of the places where heat escapes from a house are listed or labelled on a diagram.Most of the places where heat escapes from a house are listed or labelled on a diagram.The places are listed as: through the walls, windows and roof, under doors, out of keyholes and letter boxes and any reference to human action e.g. leaving windows and doors open.

Some methods of preventing heat loss from a house are listed or labelled on a diagram.

Most methods of preventing heat loss from a house are listed or labelled on a diagram.All methods of preventing heat loss from a house are listed or labelled on a diagram.

Conduction is described as heat transfer in solids.Conduction is the passing on of vibrations to neighbouring atoms......metals have free electrons which makes them better conductors.

Convection is described as heat transfer in liquids and gases.Convection is when atoms gain energy, vibrate more, become less dense and rise......when they lose energy they cool, become more dense and fall. This is a convection current.

Radiation is described as heat transfer as a wave.Radiation is an electromagnetic wave that doesnt need atoms to happen.Radiation is infrared radiation that doesnt need atoms the happen.

Some of the named insulation methods are linked to conduction, convection or radiation.All of the named insulation methods are linked to conduction, convection or radiation......with an explanation of how they stop or slow it from happening.

An opinion on which insulation method to install first is stated......which has some justification in terms of cost or saving compared to the other methods......the term payback time is used or explained.

NNext Steps. How can they move their work onto the next grade? What didnt they include?GradeEffort

Physics 1 Topic 2: Energy, Efficiency and PowerExtended Writing Task: Reducing the Bills

With energy prices increasing it is important that we dont waste electricity in our homes. Some appliances are very inefficient and many are left on standby when they are not being used. Explain why using an inefficient television and keeping it on standby is a waste of money. You should include: The energy transformations the television makes happen (including a Sankey diagram) What efficiency means and how it is calculated What happens when the television is left on standby An explanation of where energy is transferred to and why it is difficult to use again An explanation of how our electricity bills are calculated An explanation of how we can reduce our electricity bills.

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Physics 1 Topic 2: Energy, Efficiency and PowerExtended Writing Task: Reducing the Bills









The energy transformations are described as electric in and light and sound out.The energy transformations are described as electric in and light, sound and thermal out.Electric energy is put in, light and sound come out as useful and thermal comes out as waste.

The Sankey diagram has one arrow going in and some arrows coming out but labels may be missing.The Sankey diagram has one arrow going in and three arrows coming out which are labelled......and are of appropriate size; the out arrows add up to the in arrow.

Efficiency is described in basic or incorrect terms such as how much energy it wastes or how good something is at giving out energy.Efficiency is explained from an efficient or inefficient example rather than a general definition. Efficiency is described as a measure of how much useful energy comes out of a device compared to the total energy put in to the device.

Either of the efficiency equations are present.Both efficiency equations are present.

The term standby is described as not quite off or ready to start quickly.There is an explanation that a device on standby is still using/transferring energy.There is an explanation that devices on standby still use energy but less than when they are on.

There is an explanation that energy is transferred to the things around the device e.g. air or table. The terms surroundings is used in the explanation of where energy is transferred to......it is more difficult to use because it is spread out and difficult to get back into one place.

The cost of electricity is described as how much electricity is used how much electricity costs.The cost of electricity is described as the number of units used how much each unit costs.The cost of electricity is described as how many kWh used how much each kWh costs.

There is an explanation of how to reduce our bills with some reference to using less or turning off......the explanation outlines using more efficient appliances......the explanation outlines using another energy provider that charges less per kWh.


Physics 1 Topic 3: Generating ElectricityExtended Writing Task: Future Energy

The UK depends heavily on the burning of fossil fuels to provide the electricity we need.Many renewable resources are used to generate the electricity but these only account for 5.6% of all the electricity produced in the UK. Explain how you think we should generate electricity in the future. Your opinion should include: Which methods you think we should use An explanation of how they work including the energy transformations that are occurring The advantages and disadvantages of using these methods Why you have chosen these methods over the other methods that we have covered.

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One method of generating electricity is covered.Two methods of generating electricity are covered.Three (or more) methods of generating electricity are covered.

The explanation of how each method generates electricity is poorly organised, with almost no specialist terms and little or no detail.The explanations for each method have some structure and organisation, some detail is given and some specialist terms are used.The explanations are clear and written in an organised way, it contains a range of a relevant specialist terms.

For any of the named methods of generating electricity the input and output energy types are stated but some may be incorrect.All the named methods of generating electricity have the correct input and output energy types stated......including the wasted energy out and where this transformation occurs.

Advantages are given in terms of running out, fuel costs or protecting the environment......the environmental damage that it prevents is described in detail e.g. it does not add to global warming because it doesnt give out CO2......sustainability, reliability, running costs and suitability for the location/availability of locations.

Disadvantages are given in terms of running out, fuel costs or harm to the environment......the environmental damage that it causes is described in detail e.g. it releases sulphur dioxide which causes acid rain......sustainability, reliability, running costs and suitability for the location/availability of locations.

There is an overall opinion on how to generate electricity with some reasons given.The overall opinion shows consideration of the advantages and disadvantages......of several methods of generating electricity (including the methods not chosen).


Physics 1 Topic 4: WavesExtended Writing Task: What do Waves do?

There are many different types of wave in the world around us; some that we can see and others that we cant. Although two waves may look differently, all waves have similar properties and behave in the same way. Outline the similarities and differences in the different types of waves and what they do. You should include: An explanation of how waves are created and what they do An explanation of the key characteristics of a wave (like wavelength) The wave speed equation with rearrangements and units An explanation of the two types of waves and give examples of each An explanation of what reflection, refraction, and diffraction are Diagrams to support your explanations.

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It is explained that waves are made by vibrations......they reflect, refract and diffract......they all transfer energy from place to place.

Wavelength, amplitude, frequency, peak, trough and wave speed are listed as characteristics......some of these characteristics are explained or defined......all of these characteristics are explained or defined.

The wave speed equation is present in words or in symbol form (c = f x )......the units are stated as metres per second (m/s), Hertz (Hz) and metres (m) and linked to the correct quantity......the equation is shown rearranged to make f and the subject.

The two types of waves are named as longitudinal and transverse......examples of each type of wave are given. Examples include light, any EM waves, water wave or Mexican wave for transverse waves and sound waves for longitudinal waves......longitudinal is described as having vibrations in the same direction as wave travel and transverse with vibrations at right angles to the direction of wave travel.

There is a diagram showing both types of wave......with some of the characteristics labelled......with all of the characteristics labelled.

Reflection and refraction are explained as bouncing off and bending through......the law of reflection is described. Diffraction is described as waves spreading out through a gap......refraction is explained as the bending of light as it travels from one material to another.

There are some diagrams to support the above explanations but they may be unclear...There is a diagram for reflection, reflection and diffraction......which are labelled.


Physics 1 Topic 5: EM Spectrum and SpaceExtended Writing Task: Thinking Backwards

Many scientists believe that the universe started from one concentrated point with a Big Bang however,theres more to the theory than this. Explain what the Big Bang theory is and explain how scientists came up with it. You should include: What is red shift and how it happens How this led to the idea that the universe is expanding How this led to the Big Bang theory What cosmic background radiation is How this supports the Big Bang theory Why people may not believe the theory.

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Red shift is described as light appearing redder because it is stretched.Red shift is described as light from start being shifted to the red end of the spectrums because it is moving away.Red shift is described as light from stars/galaxies having a longer wavelength than it should because the star is moving away from the observer.

There is a statement that red shift was observed from all the stars that we see......suggesting that they are all moving away from each other......and the universe is expanding.

The furthest stars show the biggest red shift.

There is a statement that scientists arrived at the Big Bang theory by thinking backwards or thinking in reverse.Scientists arrived at the Big Bang theory by thinking that if every star is moving away from every other......they all could have started in the same point before the expansion/explosion.

Cosmic Background Radiation is described as radiation coming from space.Cosmic Background Radiation is described as microwave radiation that has been detected coming from space.....in/from all directions.

CBR is linked to the Big Bang theory in terms of it being the echo from the bang (or the heat that remains).CBR is linked to the Big Bang theory in terms of (gamma) radiation being present just after the Big Bang......which has stretched over time (red shifted) to become microwaves.

It is explained that some people may not believe it for religious reasons......it is based on theory and not observation......people may not understand the evidence or the evidence may be interpreted in a different way.


Physics 2 Topic 1: Forces and MotionExtended Writing Task: Speed Limits

There have been discussions recently on raising the national speed limit on motorways from 70 to 80 miles per hour and lowering the limit in built up areas from 30 to 20 miles per hour. What is your opinion on these changes? You should consider: What an increase in speed means in terms of journey time An appropriate calculation to support this An explanation of what stopping distance is and what affects it What a decrease in speed means in terms of pedestrian safety Summarise your opinion.

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There is a statement that increasing the speed decreases the journey time......because speed is a measure of how much distance is covered per time/second/hour. The equation s = d/t is present.....and rearranged into t = d/s to support the explanation.

There is a calculation where speed, distance or time is calculated. The units are inconsistent or missing.There is at least one calculation relating to journey time with consistent units.There are at least two calculations that compare the journey times for two different speeds. The units are consistent.

Stopping distance is explained in terms of driver and vehicle.Stopping distance is explained in terms of thinking distance and braking distance.Stopping distance is explained in terms of thinking distance plus braking distance.

The factors that affect stopping distance are listed as the use of drugs or alcohol, weather conditions, the condition of the brakes and tyres...

...concentration of the driver (e.g. using a mobile phone), condition of the road surface, mass and speed of the vehicle......and how these factors affect the stopping distance is described.

There is a basic statement that cars travelling at a lower speed are safer for pedestrians...

...as drivers will not travel as far whilst they are reacting......pedestrians are more likely to live if they are hit by slower moving vehicles.

The summary contains an opinion on raising or lowering the speed limit.The summary contains an opinion on raising the motorway and lowering the built up limits......with a justification for each opinion.


Physics 2 Topic 2: Energy and MomentumExtended Writing Task: Vehicle Design

In 1983 it became a legal requirement to wear a seatbelt whilst travelling in a car in the UK. Since then new car designs have developed to increase the safety of the driver and passengers. Outline these safety designs. You should include: A description of the safety features of a vehicle An explanation of how they protect the people in the car The Physics principles in action when the vehicle stops suddenly or crashes (see topic title for help) Any ideas you have on future vehicle safety features Diagrams to support your description.

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Safety features are listed as: seat belts, airbags......crumple zones, roll cages, side impact bars......anti-lock braking systems and traction control.

There is a basic statement about the safety features. This could include ideas that they stop us hitting our heads or being thrown from the vehicle.There is a statement which outlines that the safety features make a collision take longer and so reduce the force experienced......there is a reference to a change in velocity or momentum taking longer.

ABS and traction control are explained in terms of keeping control of the vehicle.

There is some mention of momentum being conserved...

...the total momentum before a collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision......the importance of this is explained. For example, a collision would transfer momentum to the other vehicle or if the vehicle stops the passengers still have momentum.

There is some mention of energy being conserved...

...the kinetic energy of the vehicle before the collision is transferred to other places in other forms......such as sound into the air, kinetic energy to anything the vehicle crashes into and heat to the road surface.

A future idea is described but detail is lacking on how this relates to the passengers.A future idea on vehicle safety is described in detail which relates to the passengers......and explains how this will keep passengers safe.

The supporting diagrams are unclear, unlabelled or missing.The supporting diagrams show a vehicle with some of the safety features labelled.The supporting diagrams show a vehicle with all of the safety features labelled.


Physics 2 Topic 3: Electrical CircuitsExtended Writing Task: Using Static Electricity

We can build up static electricity by rubbing a balloon against our head or when certain clothing materials are rubbed together. Static electricity is used in many industrial processes, outline one of these.You should include the following: How static electricity occurs The rules of electrostatic attraction and repulsion An example of a situation where static electricity is used with an explanation of what happens Advantages and disadvantages of using static electricity for this job Diagrams to support your explanations.

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A statement is made about static electricity in terms of the movement of electrons/charges...... by friction. Removing electrons leaves the material positively charged and adding electrons leaves the material negatively charged...... which will build up if the electrons land on an insulator because they cannot move through it.

A simple statement is made about either attraction or repulsion.The statement outlines that opposites attract and likes repels.The statement outlines that opposite charges attract and like charges repel.

The use of static electricity is named but the explanation of what happens is incorrect or missing.The use is named and there is a basic explanation of what happens......with an indication of where the positive charge and negative charges are.

The advantages of using static electricity are weak or missing.The advantages of using static electricity are stated and explained......the alternative to using static electricity is described and it is explained why using static electricity is the better choice.

The disadvantages of using static electricity are weak or missing.

The disadvantages of using static electricity are stated and explained......and are relevant to the use of static electricity that is described.

The supporting diagrams are missing or incorrect.

The diagrams show how static electricity is being used...... and the charged areas/places/objects are labelled.


Physics 2 Topic 4: Mains ElectricityExtended Writing Task: 3 Instead of 2?

Plugs and plug sockets in the UK have 3 pins but some only have 2. Do we need three pins if much of the rest of the world only uses 2 pins? Your answer should include the following: What the 3 pins are and which of the pins are present in the 2 pin plugs An explanation of what the two common pins do An explanation of what our third pin does An explanation of the term double insulated Common mistakes in the wiring of a 3 pin plug A justified opinion onthe need for the third pin Diagrams to support your explanation.


Physics 2 Topic 4: Mains ElectricityExtended Writing Task: 3 Instead of 2?









The three pins are named as live, neutral and earth with live and neutral present in two pin plugs......the live and neutral wires are described as the wires that electrons move through......the neutral wire is described as staying at zero volts and the live wire alternates between a positive and negative voltage.

The earth wire is described as a safety aspect......if there is a short circuit a current will flow through the earth wire......(instead of a person touching the case) and so blow the fuse, breaking the circuit.

The term insulated is explained as something that doesnt conduct electricity.Double insulated is described in terms of the appliance having a plastic or rubber casing......and the cable being coated in plastic.

The common wiring mistakes are described as the wrong wire being attached to the pin......the casing being cracked, the cable grip missing, the fuse being blown or missing......the wires having too much metal exposed and the cable having the inner wires exposed out of the plug casing.

There is an opinion on if the third pin is needed.The opinion shows some understanding of the earth wires role.The opinion is justified with an argument that shows some consideration of the opposite opinion.

The diagram has the casing and the three wires......in the correct location and correctly coloured......with a fuse drawn and everything correctly labelled.


Physics 2 Topic 5: Atoms and RadioactivityExtended Writing Task: Rutherford

Rutherfords scattering experiment changed the way that we think about atoms. Outline the significance of the results of his experiment. Your answer should include the following: What the Plum Pudding model of the atom is The experimental set up that Rutherford used What results he obtained The nuclear model of the atom How his results supported the nuclear model of the atom How the results disproved the Plum Pudding model of the atom.

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The Plum Pudding model is described with a reference to the positive and negative charges.There is a reference to the positive dough and negative plums.There is a reference to the negative plums scattered at random across positive dough.

The experimental setup is described as alpha particles being fired at a piece of gold.The setup described as alpha particles being fired at a thin piece of gold and their paths observed... ...the alpha source is moved and the process is repeated. The experiment took place in a vacuum.

The results are described as most of the alpha particles passed through but some came back.The results are described as most passed through without deflection but some were reflected back.Approximately 1 in every 8000 was deflected by more than 90.

The nuclear model of the atom is described as a nucleus in the middle and electrons around it.A positive nucleus with negative electrons in shells around it.A tiny nucleus made of positive protons and neutral neutrons with negative electrons orbiting in shells.

A statement links the fact that most of the alpha particles passed through without deflection to the atom being mostly empty space......since alpha particles are positive the nucleus must also be positive to repel them......and negative charges around the outside since atoms are neutral.

A statement that the Plum Pudding model is wrong because no alpha particles should have been deflected......because the positive charge would be thinly spread......and so unable to repel a (fast moving) alpha particle.


Physics 2 Topic 5: Atoms and RadioactivityExtended Writing Task: Using Radiation

Some people are afraid of radiation even though they are exposed to a level of it every day. Outline how radiation is used in the home, hospital and work place. You should include: What the three types of radiation are Similarities and differences between the three types and the effect each has on the human bodyChoose one of the three types and outline how it is used. You should include: A description of how they are used An explanation of why this type of radiation is used instead of the other two A justification of the half-life that would be required.

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The three types of radiation are named as alpha, beta and gamma.Alpha is described as a helium nucleus, beta as an electron and gamma as a wave.Alpha is described as two protons and two neutrons, beta as an electron and gamma as an electromagnetic (EM) wave.

The three types are compared in terms of their charges (+2, -1 and 0), masses (4, 1/2000 and 0)......penetrating powers (weakest to strongest), ionising powers (strongest to weakest)......and their deflection by electric and magnetic fields (yes, yes, and no).

There is a general statement that radiation causes mutation, illness, cancer or death.There is a statement that compares the damage that they do from inside or outside of the body.There is a statement that compares the damage that they do from inside and outside of the body.

The use of radiation is named but the type of radiation is incorrect or missing.The use is described and the correct type of radiation has been given.The use is described in detail and the correct type of radiation has been given.

The explanation of why this type of radiation is used refers to the properties (ionising and penetrating power, range and danger to humans) of one type of radiation.The explanation of why this type of radiation is used refers to the properties (ionising and penetrating power, range and danger to humans) of two types of radiation.The explanation of why this type of radiation is used refers to the properties (ionising and penetrating power, range and danger to humans) of all three types of radiation.

The answer shows that the student knows what half-life is but the value may be incorrect or missing.A half-life value is given that is appropriate for the use given.There is a statement giving the half-life with an explanation of why it is not too long or short for the use given.


Physics 2 Topic 6: Nuclear and StarsExtended Writing Task: Nuclear Power

Nuclear reactions are often deemed by the public as dangerous and many people react with fear at the thought of a nuclear power station being built. Outline what nuclear actually means. You should include the following: An explanation of what nuclear fusion is An explanation of what nuclear fission is An description of where nuclear fusion happens and why it is important An explanation of how a fission reaction could lead to a chain reaction How a chain reaction can be stopped Diagrams to support your explanations.


Physics 2 Topic 6: Nuclear and StarsExtended Writing Task: Nuclear Power









A statement is made that explains that nuclear fusion is the joining of two atoms or nuclei.Nuclear fusion is the joining of two nuclei to form one nucleus.Nuclear fusion is the joining of two small nuclei to form one larger nucleus and releases energy.

A statement is made that explains that nuclear fission involves splitting of an atom or nucleus.

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two nuclei and releases energy.A heavy nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two smaller nuclei releasing energy and two or three neutrons.

The supporting diagrams of fusion and fission are incorrect or missing.

The supporting diagrams are labelled......the fission diagrams shows two or three neutrons released.

There is a statement that nuclear fusion happens in stars and keeps them shining.

Nuclear fusion happens in stars and the energy given out heats and lights the Earth.Nuclear fusion happens in stars where Hydrogen is fused into Helium and gives out heat and light.

A chain reaction is described as one atom or nucleus splitting and causing another one to split.A chain reaction is described as a nucleus splitting and releasing a neutron which is then absorbed by another nucleus which splits and so on......the explanation mentions that each fission event releases two or three neutrons.

There is a statement that a chain reaction can be stopped with some reference to the neutrons.The statement refers to the removal of neutrons (or when all the nuclei have undergone fission)......a steady state is reached when the fission of one nucleus goes on to cause one more to split.

There is a diagram of a chain reaction......showing one nucleus split and release a neutron which is absorbed by another nucleus......the nucleus releases two or three neutrons and is labelled.


Physics 3 Topic 1: Medical Uses of PhysicsExtended Writing Task: Body Scanning

X-rays, CT scans and ultrasounds are used in medicine to produce images of the structures inside the human body. For each of these methods outline: How they are used to produce images The scientific principles behind the medical use An example situation where the method would be used Advantages of using this method over the other two Disadvantages of using this method over the other two The risks involved.

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There is a statement about ultrasound being a sound and it bouncing off or bouncing back. There is a statement that ultrasound is a high frequency sound which bounces off boundaries between two materials. There is a reference to the time taken to return to the detector......the statement includes the value 20000Hz and the terms reflect or echo. It includes that some of the wave reflects back and some continues forward. There is a reference to s = d/t.

The example of prenatal scanning is given as a situation when ultrasound would be used.

The risks of using ultrasound are described as being minimal or nil.The advantages and disadvantage of using ultrasound are relevant to the use......and compared to the use of X-rays or CT scans for the same situation/use.

There is a statement about X-rays being an EM wave and it passes through the body.The statement outlines that X-rays are sent through the body and affect photographic film the same way that light does. This would form the shadow of the bone......because X-rays are absorbed by bone and metal but transmitted by soft tissue. X-rays have a very short wavelength.

The example situation of checking for broken bones is given.

The risks of X-rays are described as cells being ionised, damaged, killed or made cancerous.The advantages and disadvantage of using X-rays are relevant to the use......and compared to the use of ultrasound or CT scans for the same situation/use.

There is a statement about CT scans using X rays.The statement describes how it uses X-rays in a circular source and detector that can rotate......to create a 3D image of the body. CCDs are used instead of photographic film.

The example of searching for cancer is given.

The risks of CT scans are described as cells being ionised, damaged, killed or made cancerous.The advantages and disadvantage of using CT scans are relevant to the use......and compared to the use of ultrasound or X-rays for the same situation/use.


Physics 3 Topic 2: Lenses and VisionExtended Writing Task: Glasses for the Third World

A retired Physics professor has developed adjustable glasses which can be distributed to the people of the third world. The glasses consist of two pieces of plastic with a fluid inside them to form a lens. The amount of fluid between the plastic can be adjusted to change the shape of the lens.Explain how these will be a benefit to the people of the third world. Your answer should include: The structure of the eye How images are formed in a normal eye Why people are long/short sighted and what happens in their eyes How they are corrected How the adjustable glasses would help the people they are given to Diagrams to support your explanation.

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A diagram may be present and some of the terms are labelled.Some of the terms are defined and labelled on a clear diagram.The following terms are defined and correctly labelled on a diagram: retina, cornea, lens, iris, pupil, ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments.

There is an explanation of how images are formed in terms of rays of light and the retina.There is a reference to refraction taking place at the lens and rays of light being focussed onto the retina.There is reference to the ciliary muscles changing the shape of the lens so that near and far objects are focussed on the retina by refraction.

There is a basic description of the limitations of long/short sight to focus on near/far objects.There is a reference to the length of the eye linked to the inability to focus......the malfunction of the ciliary muscles is linked to the inability to change the shape of the lens.

The supporting diagrams are missing or incorrect.Diagrams show parallel rays of light being focussed on, in front and behind the retina......the lines are drawn with a ruler and include directional arrows.

A basic statement is made in terms of using lenses to correct vision. The statement connects short sight with concave lenses and long sight with convex lenses. .....the statement includes a reference to the power of the lens being dependent on the specific person. Diagrams support the explanation.

An advantage to using the glasses is outlined.The use of the adjustable glasses is compared to the use of fixed glasses in terms of cost or convenience.The use of the adjustable glasses is compared to the use of fixed glasses in terms of cost and convenience, related to the user.


Physics 3 Topic 3: Moments and StabilityExtended Writing Task: Double Decker Design

Double decker buses are very tall vehicles but they very rarely topple over. Outline the reasons that they dont fall over when they drive on a slope or in a circle.Your answer should include: An explanation of what moments are An explanation of what the centre of mass of an object is What factors affect the stability of an object and how stability is increased or decreased An explanation of when an object will topple over An explanation of why they allow people to stand downstairs on a bus but not upstairs Diagrams to support your explanations.

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There is a basic statement that a moment is a turning effect of a force......with the equation moment = force x distance from the pivot......with the equation moment = force x perpendicular distance from the pivot to line of action of the force.

Centre of mass is described as where all the mass is.Centre of mass is described as the point where all the mass may be thought to be concentrated......the weight of an object acts straight down from this point.

The factors that affect stability are named as the height of the centre of mass and width of the base......there is a statement on changing the stability but it is unclear if this increases or decreases it.Lowering the centre of mass and widening the base make an object more stable (accept the reverse for decreasing the stability).

There is a basic statement that an object will topple over when it is tilted too far.There is a statement that something will topple over when the centre of mass is not above the base......so there is an overall moment which causes it to topple over. The term line of action is used.

There is a statement that having more people upstairs is more unstable......because this raises the centre of mass making the bus more unstable......meaning it can only be tilted to a smaller angle before it will topple over. There is a reference to the slope of circle (mentioned in the question).

The supporting diagrams are unclear, unlabelled or missing.There are some of the supporting diagrams for moments, centre of mass and toppling.There are diagrams for each of the explanations that are clear and labelled.


Physics 3 Topic 4: Swings and RoundaboutsExtended Writing Task: Orbiting the Earth

A student asks If the Moon is attracted to the Earth how come it doesnt crash into us? Write an explanation to this question based on what you know about centripetal force. You should include: An explanation of how the Moon can move at a constant speed but still accelerate An explanation of what centripetal force is and what provides it An explanation of how the centripetal force can be changed A description of what would happen if the Moon changed to a higher or lower speed The forces involved and their relative sizes Diagrams to support your explanation.

Continue this task on lined paper and attach it behind this sheet.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Physics 3 Topic 4: Swings and RoundaboutsExtended Writing Task: Orbiting the Earth









There is an explanation that the Moon is accelerating because it is changing direction......so the velocity is changing because velocity is speed in a given direction......and acceleration is the change of velocity per second.

Centripetal force is described as the force to make something move in a circle......that acts towards the centre of the circle and is provided by gravity......and is providing by the gravitational force between the Earth and the Moon.

Some of the factors affecting the size of the centripetal force are given.The mass of the object, the speed of the object and the radius of the circle are named as the factors affecting the size of the force......increasing the speed and mass or decreasing the radius will increase the size of the centripetal force (accept the reverse for decreasing the size of the force).

There is a statement that if the Moon moved at a higher speed it wouldnt orbit the Earth anymore......the Moon would leave the Earths orbit and travel off into space......because the centripetal force would be smaller than the force of gravity for the Moon travelling at this speed.

There is a statement that if the Moon moved at a lower speed it wouldnt orbit the Earth anymore......the Moon would crash into the Earth......because the force of gravity would be smaller than the centripetal force for the Moon travelling at this speed.

The supporting diagrams are unclear, unlabelled or missing.The supporting diagrams are clear......and labelled.


Physics 3 Topic 5: ElectromagnetismExtended Writing Task: Generating Electricity

Electricity (a current and potential difference) can be generated using a wire and a magnet. Outline the different ways in which this can be done and how the electricity produced can be varied. You should include: A description of the set up required and what must be done An explanation of what current and potential differences are? An explanation of how a current and potential difference are induced An explanation of how these are increased, decreased and reversed Diagrams to support your explanation.

Continue this task on lined paper and attach it behind this sheet.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Physics 3 Topic 5: ElectromagnetismExtended Writing Task: Generating Electricity









There is a statement that a magnet and wire are needed.The statement that a wire needs to be in a magnetic field......or a coil of wire and a bar magnet can be used.

Current is described as flow and potential difference (p.d.) as push.Current is described as the flow of electrons and p.d. as the energy given to the electrons.Current is described as the rate of flow of charge and p.d. as the energy per unit charge. This may be done by using the equations Q = It and E = VQ.

There is an explanation which outlines that movement is needed and there is some reference to the magnet and wire.The explanation states that the wire needs to cut through the field lines (or vice versa) to induce a p.d. across the wire......which will induce a current through the wire. The wire needs to be at right angles to the field.

There is a statement that refers to changing the magnet or the speed of movement to change the p.d. or current.The statement suggests that increasing the strength of the magnet or the speed of movement will increase the p.d. (or ref. to decreasing)......increasing the number of coils of wire increases the p.d. (or ref. to decreasing). There is a mention of cutting field lines.

There is a statement that refers to turning the magnet around or reversing the direction of movement to reverse the p.d. (or current).There is a statement that refers to turning the magnet around and reversing the direction of movement to reverse the p.d. (or current)......the statement refers to cutting the field lines in the opposite direction.

The supporting diagrams are unclear, unlabelled or missing.

The supporting diagrams show the magnet, the wire and some labels are present.The supporting diagrams show the wire, field lines, direction of movement and are fully labelled.
