physics 2project class xii

8/13/2019 Physics 2project Class Xii

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1. AIM

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. CERTIFICATE

4. COMPONENTS

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6. WORKING PRINCIPLE

7. PRECAUTIONS


3/14

It is my duty

to record my sincere thanks and

deep sense of gratitude to my

respected teacher Mr. for his

valuable guidance, interest and

constant encouragement that has

helped me to complete the

project successfully .

I am

also grateful to our laboratory

in charge Mr. who provided me

the required apparatus and

materials.


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This is to certify that……………………,

student of CLASS-XII/C ; ENROLMENT NO

: ..…….……of, has done the project

work on ‘FULL WAVE RECTIFIER ’ under

my supervision and guidance with

my full satisfaction in the

stipulated time period. All

through the period I found her

very sincere.

Mr. …………….

(H.O.D

DEPARTMENT OF PH!SICS .


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AIM

AC TO DC CONVERTER

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER


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THEOR!

AC TO DC CONVERTER SYNOPSIS

A.C converter is a evice, !"ic" is #se to convert an A.C. s#$$%& into D'C. s#$$%&

t"ro#(" se)icon#ctor ioes. It *ins its a$$%ication in )an& *ie%s o* e%ectricit&. It

is #se in +atter& e%i)inators, te%evision, raio, e%ectro$%atin( etc. I "ave st#ie

a+o#t it an "ave recore )& o+servations in t"is $roect re$ort.

CONVERTER

It converts an A.C. into D.C. or D.C into A.C. -#t in t"is $roect it converts an A.C.

into D.C. T"e converter !"ic" an A.C. into D.C. is ca%%e recti*ier an t"e $rocess is

ca%%e recti*ication.

NECESSITY AND APPLICATION OF D.C.


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D.C. o#t$#t vo%ta(e, !"ic" is $ractica%%& constant, is a+so%#te%& essentia% *or

E%ectro%&tic an e%ectroc"e)ica% $rocesses s#c" e%ectro$%atin(, e%ectrot&$in(, e%ectro

re*inin(, $ro#ction o* a%#)ini#), co$$er an ot"er )eta%s +& e%ectro%&sis. D.C. is

a%so necessar& *or r#nnin( o* arc %a)$s an !e%in(.

TRANSFORMER

A trans*or)er is an e%ectrica% evice t"at can ste$ #$ or ste$ o!n A.C. vo%ta(e. It

consists o* t!o coi%s ca%%e $ri)ar& an seconar& coi% !o#n on a co))on

)a(netic core.

T"e core is )ae #$ o* a %ar(e n#)+er o* E an I s"a$e core. T"e trans*or)er is a

$assive evice. It oes not cons#)e an& $o!er *or its o$eration, ece$t *or so)e

%osses. It $asses on a%% t"e $o!er a$$%ie to t"e $ri)ar& to its seconar& !inin(s.

T"e vo%ta(e an c#rrent re%ations are (iven +& t"e *o%%o!in( e/#ation.

V0 1 V2 3 N0 1 N2 3 I2 1 I0,

W"ere V0 4 V2 are $ri)ar& 4 seconar& vo%ta(e. N0 4 N2 are $ri)ar&

4 seconar& no. o* t#rns an I0 4 I2 are $ri)ar& 4 seconar& c#rrent.


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T"e a+ove e/#ation s"o!s t"at a ste$5o!n trans*or)er e%ivers %o!er vo%ta(e at

seconar& coi% t"an t"e "i(" vo%ta(e a$$%ie to t"e $ri)ar& coi%, +#t its c#rrent

e%iverin( ca$acit& is )ore, t"ere*ore t"e seconar& "as %ess n#)+er o* t#rns an is

)ae #$ o* a t"ic6er (a#(e !ire as co)$are to t"e $ri)ar& coi%.

ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. COPPER LOSS

T"is is t"e ener(& %oss in t"e *or) o* "eat in t"e co$$er coi% o* trans*or)er #e to

7o#%e8s "eatin( o* con#ctin( !ires

2. IRON LOSS

T"is is t"e ener(& !aste as "eat #e to eve%o$)ent o* e& c#rrent in t"e iron

core 4 can +e )ini)i9e +& ta6in( %a)inate core..

3. HYSTERISIS LOSS


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T"is is #e to t"e iron core #ner(oin( re$eate c&c%e o* )a(neti9ation an

e)a(neti9ation !"en a%ternatin( e.).*. is a$$%ie.

. LEA!AGE OF MAGNETIC FLUX

T"is is #e to i)$er*ect ins#%ation an !inin( o* coi%s. T"ere*ore, rate o* c"an(e

o* )a(netic *%# %in6e !it" eac" t#rn o* $ri)ar& an seconar& coi% is in

variance.

". MAGNETOSTRICTION

T"is is in *or) o* "#))in( noise #e to %oose !inin( o* coi%s.

LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A ioe is an e%ectronic co)$onent t"ro#(" !"ic" c#rrent $asses in on%& one

irection. Li("t5e)ittin( ioes LEDs are $5n #nction )ae o* (a%%i#)5arsenie

or ini#) $"os$"ie, as se)icon#ctor se)icon#ctors t"at $ro#ce %i("t !"en

c#rrent $asses t"ro#(" t"e). T"e& are #se in *or!ar +ias arran(e)ent in )an&

co))on evices, s#c" as t"e +#r(%ar a%ar), ca%c#%ators, te%e$"one, i(ita% !atc",

s!itc" +oar 4 t#nin( inicator on a raio. An arran(e)ent o* seven LEDs in t"e

s"a$e o* an ‘.


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APPARATUS

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER (TR) 6-0-6 Volt.

DIODE (D1 & D2) In 00!.

ELE"TROL#TI" "APA"ITOR (") !0 $F% 10Volt.

RESISTOR (R) !0 .

LED (L)


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DIAGRAM

D0 an D2 are t!o se)icon#ctor ioes. T"e so#rce o* A.C. to +e recti*ie is

connecte to t"e ter)ina%s ?0 an ?2 o* t"e $ri)ar& coi% o* trans*or)er. T!o ens o*

t"e seconar& coi% @0 4 @2 are connecte to t"e $5t&$e o* t"e t!o ioes. T"e o#t$#t

is ta6en across t"e resistance R an $ositive e%ectroe o* e%ectro%&tic ca$acitor C.


12/14

C

R

D0

D2

L

A.C

?2 @

2

?0 @

0

WOR'ING


13/14

D#rin( *irst "a%* c&c%e o* in$#t si(na% vo%ta(e, %et ?0 is 5 Ve an ?2 is Ve. On

acco#nt o* )#t#a% in#ction @0 +eco)e Ve an @2 +eco)e 5 Ve. In t"is case

ioe D0 is *or!ar +iase an ioe D2 is reverse +iase an c#rrent in %i("t

e)ittin( ioe LED L $asses t"ro#(" ioe D0.

D#rin( net "a%* c&c%e o* in$#t si(na% vo%ta(e, no! ?0 is Ve an ?2 is 5 Ve.

A(ain on acco#nt o* )#t#a% in#ction @0 +eco)e 5 Ve an @2 +eco)e Ve. No!

ioe D2 is *or!ar +iase an ioe D0 is in reverse +iase an c#rrent in %i("t

e)ittin( ioe LED L $asses t"ro#(" ioe D2.

T"#s, !e (et o#t$#t as D.C. *or co)$%ete c&c%e o* in$#t A.C., +#t t"is D.C. is not $#re t"ere*ore !e #se *i%ter circ#it. W"en !e insert t"e )ain !ire in 22=Vo%t A.C.

t"en LED is on !"ic" is inication o* contin#o#s D.C. vo%ta(e.

"I"LIOGRAPH!


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?"&sics tet +oo6 *or c%ass BII o*

N.C.E.R.T.

La+orator& )an#a% o* ?"&sics *or c%ass

BII.

Co)$re"ensive ?"&sics.

physics 2project class xii

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