Physics data bookletFirst assessment 2016

4082

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Diploma ProgrammePhysics data booklet

Contents

Fundamental constants 1

Metric (SI) multipliers 2

Unit conversions 3

Electrical circuit symbols 4

EquationsCore 5

EquationsAHL 8

EquationsOptions 10

Physics data booklet

Fundamental constants

Quantity Symbol Approximate value Acceleration of free fall (Earths surface) g 9.81 m s2 Gravitational constant G 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2 Avogadros constant A 6.02 1023 mol1 Gas constant R 8.31 J K1 mol1 Boltzmanns constant B 1.38 1023 J K1 StefanBoltzmann constant 5.67 108 W m2 K4 Coulomb constant k 8.99 109 N m2 C2 Permittivity of free space 0 8.85 1012 C2 N1 m2 Permeability of free space 0 4 107 T m A1 Speed of light in vacuum c 3.00 108 m s1 Plancks constant h 6.63 1034 J s Elementary charge e 1.60 1019 C Electron rest mass e 9.110 1031 kg = 0.000549 u = 0.511 MeV c2 Proton rest mass p 1.673 1027 kg =1.007276 u = 938 MeV c2 Neutron rest mass n 1.675 1027 kg =1.008665 u = 940 MeV c2 Unified atomic mass unit u 1.661 1027 kg = 931.5 MeV c2 Solar constant S 1.36 103 W m2 Fermi radius 0 1.20 1015 m

1 Physics data booklet

Metric (SI) multipliers

Prefix Abbreviation Value peta P 1015 tera T 1012 giga G 109 mega M 106 kilo k 103 hecto h 102 deca da 101 deci d 101 centi c 102 milli m 103 micro 106 nano n 109 pico p 1012 femto f 1015

2 Physics data booklet

Unit conversions

1 radian (rad) 180

Temperature (K) = temperature (C) + 273 1 light year (ly) = 9.46 1015 m 1 parsec (pc) = 3.26 ly 1 astronomical unit (AU) =1.50 1011 m 1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 3.60 106 J hc = 1.99 10-25 J m = 1.24 106 eV m

3 Physics data booklet

Electrical circuit symbols

cell battery ac supply switch voltmeter ammeter

resistor variable resistor lamp potentiometer

light-dependent resistor (LDR) thermistor transformer

heating element diode capacitor

V A

4 Physics data booklet

EquationsCore

Note: All equations relate to the magnitude of the quantities only. Vector notation has not been used. Sub-topic 1.2 Uncertainties and errors Sub-topic 1.3 Vectors and scalars If: = then: = + If: =

then:

=

+

+

If: = then:

=

H = cos V = sin

Sub-topic 2.1 Motion Sub-topic 2.2 Forces

= + = + 1

2 2

2 = 2 + 2 = ( + )2

= f s f = d

Sub-topic 2.3 Work, energy and power Sub-topic 2.4 Momentum and impulse

= K = 12 2 P = 12 2 P = power = Eficiency = useful work outtotal work in = useful power outtotal power in

= =

K = 22 Impulse = =

5 Physics data booklet

Sub-topic 3.1 Thermal concepts Sub-topic 3.2 Modelling a gas

= = =

= A

= K = 32 B = 32 A

Sub-topic 4.1 Oscillations Sub-topic 4.4 Wave behaviour

= 1

12

= sin 2sin 1 = 21 =

Constructive interference: path difference = Destructive interference: path difference = ( + 1

2)

Sub-topic 4.2 Travelling waves

= Sub-topic 4.3 Wave characteristics

2 2 = 02 Sub-topic 5.1 Electric fields Sub-topic 5.2 Heating effect of electric currents

=

= 12

2

= 140 =

=

=

Kirchhoffs circuit laws: = 0 (loop) = 0 (junction) =

= = 2 = 2

total = 1 + 2 + 1total

= 11

+ 12

+ =

Sub-topic 5.3 Electric cells Sub-topic 5.4 Magnetic effects of electric currents

= ( + ) = sin = sin

6 Physics data booklet

Sub-topic 6.1 Circular motion Sub-topic 6.2 Newtons law of gravitation

= = 2

= 42

2

= 2

= 2 =

2

=

=

2

Sub-topic 7.1 Discrete energy and radioactivity Sub-topic 7.2 Nuclear reactions

= =

= 2

Sub-topic 7.3 The structure of matter Charge Quarks Baryon

number 2

3 u c t 1

3

1

3 d s b 1

3 All quarks have a strangeness number of 0 except the strange quark that has a strangeness number of 1

Charge Leptons 1 e 0 e All leptons have a lepton number of 1 and antileptons have a lepton number of 1

Gravitational Weak Electromagnetic Strong Particles experiencing All Quarks, leptons Charged Quarks, gluons Particles mediating Graviton W+, W, Z0 Gluons

Sub-topic 8.1 Energy sources Sub-topic 8.2 Thermal energy transfer Power = energytime Power = 1

2 3

= 4 max(metres) = 2.90 103(kelvin) = power

albedo = total scattered powertotal incident power

7 Physics data booklet

EquationsAHL

Sub-topic 9.1 Simple harmonic motion Sub-topic 9.2 Single-slit diffraction

= 2

= 2 = 0 sin ; = 0 cos = 0 cos ; = 0 sin = (02 2) K = 12 2(02 2) T = 12 202 Pendulum: = 2

Massspring: = 2

=

Sub-topic 9.3 Interference

= sin Constructive interference: 2 = ( + 12) Destructive interference: 2 =

Sub-topic 9.4 Resolution Sub-topic 9.5 Doppler effect

= 1.22

=

=

Moving source: = s Moving observer: = 0

=

Sub-topic 10.1 Describing fields Sub-topic 10.2 Fields at work

= = = =

=

=

P = = P = e = 12

G = 122 E = 122 esc = 2 orbit =

8 Physics data booklet

Sub-topic 11.1 Electromagnetic induction Sub-topic 11.3 Capacitance

= cos =

= =

=

parallel = 1 + 2 + 1series

= 11

+ 12

+ =

= 12

2 = = 0 = 0 = 0

Sub-topic 11.2 Power generation and transmission

rms = 02

rms = 02

= 00

= rmsrms

max = 00 = 1

2 00

ps

= ps

= sp

Sub-topic 12.1 The interaction of matter with radiation

Sub-topic 12.2 Nuclear physics

= max = = 13.6

2

= 2 () = ||2

4

4

= 01/3 = 0 = 0 sin

9 Physics data booklet

EquationsOptions

Sub-topic A.1 The beginnings of relativity Sub-topic A.2 Lorentz transformations

= = = 11 22

= ( ) ; = ( ) = (

2) ; = (

2)

= 1 2 = 0 = 0

()2 ()2 = ()2 ()2

Sub-topic A.3 Spacetime diagrams

= tan1

Sub-topic A.4 Relativistic mechanics (HL only) Sub-topic A.5 General relativity (HL only)

= 02 0 = 02 K = ( 1)02 = 0 2 = 22 + 024 = K

=

2

s = 22 = 0

1 s

10 Physics data booklet

Sub-topic B.1 Rigid bodies and rotational dynamics

Sub-topic B.2 Thermodynamics

= sin = 2 = = 2 f = i + f

2 = i 2 + 2 = i + 12 2 = Krot = 12 2

= + = 3

2

=

53 = constant (for monatomic gases)

= = useful work doneenergy input Carnot = 1 coldhot

Sub-topic B.3 Fluids and fluid dynamics (HL only) Sub-topic B.4 Forced vibrations and resonance (HL only)

= ff = 0 + f = constant 1

2 2 + + = constant

D = 6 =

= 2 energy storedenergy dissipated per cycle = 2 resonant frequency energy storedpower loss

Sub-topic C.1 Introduction to imaging Sub-topic C.2 Imaging instrumentation 1

= 1

+ 1

= 1

= io

=

= i

o

near point = + 1 ; ininity =

= oe

Sub-topic C.3 Fibre optics

= 1sin attenuation = 10 log 0

Sub-topic C.4 Medical imaging (HL only)

I = 10 log 10 = 0 1

2= ln2

=

11 Physics data booklet

Sub-topic D.1 Stellar quantities Sub-topic D.2 Stellar characteristics and stellar evolution

(parsec) = 1 (arcsecond)

= 4 = 42

max = 2.9 103 m K 3.5

Sub-topic D.3 Cosmology Sub-topic D.5 Further cosmology (HL only)

= 0

= 0

1 = 0

10

= 43 c = 328

12 Physics data booklet

ContentsFundamental constantsMetric (SI) multipliersUnit conversionsElectrical circuit symbolsEquationsCoreEquationsAHLEquationsOptions