physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of kapok (ceiba pentandra gaertn.) seed oil

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ORIGINAL PAPER

Physicochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Kapok (Ceibapentandra Gaertn.) Seed Oil

Farooq Anwar Umer Rashid Shaukat Ali Shahid

Muhammad Nadeem

Received: 28 August 2013 / Revised: 22 February 2014 / Accepted: 28 February 2014 / Published online: 14 March 2014

AOCS 2014

Abstract In view of the growing demand for vegetable

oils and fats, currently exploration of some under-utilized

and non-conventional oil seed crops is of great concern.

This work presents data on the detailed physicochemical

and antioxidant attributes of kapok (Ceiba pentandra Ga-

ertn.) seed oil. The kapok seeds contained an appreciable

amount of oil (27.5 %), protein (35.0 %) and fiber

(19.0 %). The extracted kapok seed oil (KSO) had an

iodine value of 101.8 g of I2/100 g of oil, a saponification

value of 187 mg of KOH/g of oil), and unsaponifiable

matter 0.83 %. KSO also showed a good oxidation state as

indicated by the measurements of the peroxide value,

conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, para-anisidine and

the induction period (Rancimat method). The tested oil

showed a considerable amount of total phenolics (2.50 mg/

100 g) and an appreciable free radical scavenging capacity.

Gas liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids (FA)

reveals that KSO mainly has linoleic acid (33.6 %) fol-

lowed by oleic acid (23.4 %) and palmitic acid (22.4 %).

Besides, a notable amount of cyclopropenoid fatty acids

such as malvalic acid (9.1 %) and sterculic acid (2.8 %)

was also detected. The FA composition of the tested oil

was further verified by recording FTIR and NMR spectra.

Among the oil phytosterols, analyzed by GC/GCMS, b-sitosterol was found to be the principal component whereas

RP-HPLC analysis showed the occurrence of c-tocopherol(550 mg/kg) as the major tocopherol along with consider-

able amount of a-tocopherol (91 mg/kg) and d-tocopherol(5.52 mg/kg). It can be concluded from the results of this

comprehensive study that under-utilized kapok seeds are a

potential feed stock for the production of a useful oil for

edible and/or oleochemical applications.

Keywords Kapok oil Physicochemical attributes Induction period Linoleic acid FTIR HPLC NMR Phenolics Phytosterols Tocopherols

Introduction

The uses of vegetable oils and fats are widely expanding

for several food and non-food (oleochemicals) applica-

tions. As a result, the demand for vegetable oils is globally

increasing with the current worlds requirement estimated

to be as high as 143 million tons per annum. There are

many conventional and non-conventional vegetable oil

sources in use but due to growing demand that need still

exists for exploring more and under-utilized oil resources

[1, 2].

Extensive work has been carried out in recent years on

the investigation of physicochemical and nutritional attri-

butes of vegetable oils produced from some newer and

under-utilized resources so as to ascertain their specific

oleo-chemical and/or food applications. For example,

Cerchiara et al. [3] evaluated potential uses of Spanish

F. Anwar (&)Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha,

Sargodha 40100, Pakistan

e-mail: [email protected]

U. Rashid

Institute of Advanced Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia,

43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

S. A. Shahid

Department of Physics, University of Agriculture,

Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan

M. Nadeem

Subsurface Technology Division, Petronas Research Sdn Bhd.

(PRSB), 43300 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

123

J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:10471054

DOI 10.1007/s11746-014-2445-y

Broom (Spartium junceum L.) seed oil by analyzing its

physico-chemical properties. Nehdi [4], investigated the

nutritional characteristics of Washingtonia filifera (Linden

ex Andre) H. Wendl. seed and seed oil. Physico-chemical

characterization of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) seed oils

revealed the tested oils to be good for edible uses [5]. In

another study by Anwar et al. [6], the citrus fruit seed oils

were characterized for physicochemical properties and the

profile of tocopherols and fatty acids, using spectroscopic

and chromatographic methods, and they were found to be

potentially suitable for edible uses. Similarly, Parry et al.

[7] investigated the fatty acids profile and antioxidant

properties of cold-pressed berries fruit seed oils to assess

their suitability as potential candidates for edible com-

mercial applications.

Kapok (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.), a plant from the

family Bombacaceae, and a native of tropical America and

West Africa, is now widely distributed in several Asian

regions such as Western India, Pakistan, Malaysia, Viet-

nam, Indonesia, and Philippines [8, 9]. The commercial

tree species is mostly cultivated in the rainforests of Asia,

especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, China and

South America [8, 9]. Though kapok is the mostly used

name, the tree is also known by several other names in

different regions, for example, kabu (Javanese), white-silk

cotton (Latin America), and nun (Siamese) [10, 11].

Malaysian kapok, locally known as kekabu, is usually

found in northern parts of Peninsular Malaysia. This trop-

ical tree is famous among Malay, especially in rural areas

[11]. Some ethno-medicinal uses of this tree have also been

reported in the literature, for example, the bark decoction

has been used as an aphrodisiac, diuretic, and to treat

headaches as well as type II diabetes [12].

Kapok fruits (pods) are capsule shaped and contain

seeds surrounded by a fluffy, yellowish fiber made up of a

mixture of lignin and cellulose. Kapok fruit-derived fiber

has been used for centuries to stuff pillows, life jackets, and

cushions [9]. Kapok seeds, brownish black in color, which

are imbedded in masses of lint, occupy about 2528 % (wt/

wt) of each fruit. These seeds, although usually being

discarded as agro-waste, have an appreciable amount of oil,

ranging between 20 and 25 %. According to some pre-

liminary reports the basic properties of kapok seed oil

(KSO) are quite comparable with cottonseed oil [1215],

however, these studies did not evaluate detailed physico-

chemical and nutritional attributes of KSO using modern

spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Therefore,

this comprehensive study was undertaken with the main

objective of characterizing KSO for the quality-oriented

physico-chemical parameters as well as for the important

nutritional and bioactive components such as fatty acids,

tocopherols, phenolics, and phytosterols using state-of-the

art chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. No such

a comprehensive study has been previously reported in the

literature on this potential seed oil crop.

Materials and Methods

Procurement of Seeds, Reagents/Standards

Fully matured kapok pods/fruits were obtained through

local agricultural resources in Kuala Kangsar, Perak,

Malaysia. Three different fruit seed samples (derived from

three different localities), using random sampling design,

were harvested from the vicinity of Kuala Kangsar town

located in the downstream part of Kangsar River, Perak.

The seeds were manually separated from the pods.

All the chemicals and reagents used in this work were

from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) or Sigma Aldrich

(Buchs, Switzerland). FolinCiocalteus phenol regent

(2 N) and standard of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

(DPPH) free radicals were from Merck (Darmstadt, Ger-

many). Pure standards of tocopherols, phytosterols, and

fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and Gallic acid used in the

present experiments were obtained from Sigma Chemical

Co. (St. Louis, MO).

Kapok Seed Oil Extraction

The seeds were crushed using a coffee grinder; the material

that passed through a 100-mesh sieve used for extraction

purposes. The ground material was extracted with n-hexane

for 6 h to yield oil using a Soxholet apparatus operated on a

heating mantle. The crude oil was recovered after distill-

ing-off the excess solvent (hexane) under a vacuum using a

rotary evaporator.

Analysis of Oilseed Residues for Protein, Fiber and Ash

The seed oil residues, produced after oil removal, were

tested for fiber, protein, and ash contents. The amount of

protein (N 9 6.25) was calculated according to method of

Association of Official Analytical Chemists method 954.01

[16] using a Kjeldahl apparatus. The content of fiber was

estimated by ISO method 5983 [17] while that of ash by

ISO method 749 [18].

Physical and Chemical Parameters of Oil

The physicochemical traits including those of density, refrac-

tive index (RI), iodine value (IV), saponification number (SN),

peroxides value, acidity, and unsaponifiable matter (UM) of

the subject oil were measured according to AOCS official

methods [19]. The color of the oil was tested by a Tintometer

(Lovibond, UK), in a 1-in. cell. The magnitude of conjugated

1048 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:10471054

123

dienes and conjugated trienes, in terms of specific extinction as

e1 cm1 % (k) at 232 and 270 nm, respectively, of the test oil were

assessed following an IUPAC method II D.23 [20]. For this

measurement, the absorbance, of the oil sample dissolved in

iso-octane, was taken at 232 and 270 nm using a spectropho-

tometer. The induction period (IP), a good indicator of oxi-

dative stability and shelf-life of lipids, was determined using a

Model 743 Metrohm Rancimat, operated automatically.

Briefly, test portions of oil (2.5 g) in duplicate, were placed in

glass reaction vessels and analyzed at 120 C while in an airflow rate of 20 L/h. The IP were automatically recorded by the

Rancimat machine corresponding to the break point of the

plotted curves [21].

Gas Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Oil Fatty

Acids

The oil samples were converted into FAME by solubilizing

the oil (50 lL) in 950 lL of n-hexane followed bytransesterification using sodium methoxide in Teflon-cap-

ped test tube [22]. The FAME produced were analyzed by a

Gas Chromatograph (Hewlett-Packard 6890) equipped

with a flame ionization detector and a fused silica capillary

BPX-70 column (60 m 9 0.32 mm; 0.25 lm film thick-ness). The initial column oven temperature was set at

115 C, raised to 180 C at 8 C/min, held for 10 min andthen raised to 240 C at 8 C/min, and finally held for10 min. A 1-lL sample of FAME was injected into thecolumn using the split mode. Helium was used as the

carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. The unknown

FAME were identified on the basis of the comparison of

their retention times with those of pure standards and were

quantified using data handling software and reported as

relative percentages of the total peak area.

Fourier Transform Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic

Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of Oil

An Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)-ATR spectrum of

kapok oil was also recorded by taking a droplet of the

respective sample using an FTIR-ATR sample holder.

FTIR-ATR spectra were recorded by scanning (averaging

10 scans) between 350 and 6,000 cm-1 wavelength with

resolution adjusted at 2 cm-1. A background spectrum was

also recorded. The 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) spectra of KSO were recorded on a Bruker (Bille-

rica, MA) Avance 300 spectrometer operating at 300 MHz

(1H NMR) or 125 (13C NMR) with CDCl3 as solvent.

Tocopherols of Oil

For the analysis of tocopherol compounds (a, c, and d), theoil samples were prepared as per the method described by

Wrolstad [23] and analyzed using an HPLC machine. For

separation purposes, about twenty microliters of the pre-

pared sample was injected into a Supelcosil LC Si column

(250 9 4.6 mm). A mobile phase solvent, containing a

mixture of hexane/ethyl acetate/acetic acid (98:1:1, v/v/v),

was employed for elution purposes (flow rate 1.5 mL/min).

Tocopherols were detected at wavelength of 295 nm and

identified based upon comparison of their retention times

with those of pure standards. Quantification was done

based upon an external standard method using a D-2500

Hitachi Chromatointegrator model with a built-in data

handling computer program.

Phytosterols of Oil

The phytosterols composition of the oil was studied fol-

lowing the method as described in one of our recent pub-

lications [24]. The oil was saponified with methanolic

KOH and the unsaponifiable materials extracted with die-

thyl ether. The sterol fractions were analyzed as silyl

(Sylon BTZ) derivatives using GCFID and further

authenticated by GCMS [24].

Total Phenolics and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging

Activity of Oil

For estimation of TP and DPPH free radical scavenging

activity, the extractable components from the oil were

recovered using aqueous methanol (80:20 v/v) [7] and then

analyzed for TP and DPPH free radical activity following

the method as described in one of our recent publications

[25].

Statistical Measurement

All the measurements were performed in triplicate and the

data were reported as means followed by the standard

deviations.

Results and Discussion

Proximate Composition of Seeds

The proximate analysis of kapok seeds as given in Table 1

reveals the oil content of the seeds to be 27.5 % (wet

basis). The oil yield determined in the present investigation

of kapok seeds is quite close to that given in the literature

for this species. According to Salimon and Kadir [15]

kapok seeds have about 25 % crude lipids based upon the

method of extraction. In agreement with the present data,

previously, Berry [14] reported the oil content in Malaysian

kapok seeds to be 28 %. The oil yield from kapok seeds,

J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:10471054 1049

123

when compared with some common oil seed crops, is

higher than from cotton, soybean, and corn [26] and thus

provokes the need to explore the under-utilized seeds of

this species as a potential source of oil for commercial

applications.

Meanwhile, the kapok seed protein (35.0 %) and mois-

ture (4.1 %) contents determined in the present study were

also in agreement to those reported in the literature for this

species [14]. In view of the proximate analysis data, it

seems that the oil seed residue from kapok seeds (after oil

removal) can be potentially used as a source of vegetable

protein in poultry and animals feed production, subject to

detoxification, if needed.

Physicochemical Composition of Kapok Seed Oil

Some important quality-related properties of KSO are

presented in Table 2. The content of free fatty acids (FFA),

which are mainly the product of chemical or enzymatic

(lipase) hydrolysis, was quite low (0.80 %) indicating that

the seeds were in a good state. Storage of seeds under

unfavorable conditions may lead to an increase in FFA of

the oil. Generally, the amount of FFA in most of the freshly

extracted crude vegetable oils, with few exceptions, is

below 1.0 %. The higher the amount of FFA is, the greater

is the possibility of economic loss of oil during the refining

process. In the oil industry, FFA are removed during a

process known as refining, wherein, these products are

neutralized using an alkaline (NaOH) solution [27].

The IV, which is an indicator of the degree of unsatu-

ration of an oil/lipid, for the tested oil is 101.7 (g of I2/100 g

of oil) indicating that the oil contains significant amounts of

unsaturated fatty acids. The values of RI (1.4660) at 40 Cand density (0.91 mg/mL) at 24 C, which elucidate somepurity related features of vegetable oils, of KSO, are quite

comparable to those investigated for most of the common

vegetable oils reported in the literature [27]. The saponifi-

cation value and unsaponifiable contents were found to be

186.9 mg of KOH/g of oil and 0.63 %, respectively. SN,

which mainly depends upon the carbon chain length of the

oil fatty acids, predicts the potential of oil for soap making

while UM is representative of those minor components of

oil which could not be saponified with alkali under the

specified reaction conditions.

Oxidation State of Oil

The results regarding the oxidation status of the tested oil

are depicted in Table 3. The peroxide value (an indicator of

products of primary oxidation) and para-anisidine value (an

indicator of aldehydic products of oxidation in oil) were

quite low: 3.50 mequiv/kg of oil and 4.12, respectively. The

levels of conjugated dienes and trienes were also low. This

indicates that oil is in good oxidation state and has been

extracted from healthy and good seeds (not damaged and/or

exposed to unfavorable conditions). Presence of these oxi-

dation products in oil can be linked with the development of

rancid and off flavors/odors and loss of nutritive quality [27,

Table 1 Proximate composition of kapok seeds

Constituents %

Oil 27.5 0.5

Ash 8.2 0.9

Protein 35.0 0.5

Moisture 4.1 0.5

Fiber 19.0 0.7

Values are means SD of three different seed samples analyzed

independently in triplicate (n = 3 9 3)

Table 2 Some physical and chemical quality attributes of kapok seedoil

Quality attribute Value

Free fatty acid (% as oleic acid) 0.80 0.10

Iodine value (g of I2/100 g of oil) 101.7 2.0

Density (24 C, mg/mL) 0.91 0.02Refractive index (40 C) 1.4660 0.002Saponification value (mg of KOH/g of oil) 186.9 3.0

Unsaponifiable mater (%) 0.63 0.05

Values are means SD of three different seed oil samples analyzed


Table 3 Oxidation state of kapok seed oil

Parameters Value

Peroxide value (mequiv/kg of oil) 3.50 0.12

Para-anisidine value 4.12 0.15

Conjugated dienes 1.89 0.05

Conjugated trienes 0.86 0.10

Induction period (h) 4.10 0.10



Table 4 Tocopherols composition, total phenolics and DPPH radicalscavenging capacity of kapok seed oil

Constituent Value

a-tocopherol (mg/kg) 91.00 3.20

c-tocopherol (mg/kg) 550.0 15.6

d-tocopherol (mg/kg) 5.52 0.20

Total tocopherols (mg/kg) 646.00 15.0

Total phenolic contents (mg/100 g) 2.50 0.10

DPPH radical scavenging (IC50; mg/mL) 11.52 0.90



1050 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:10471054

123

28]. Similarly, the IP (a parameter that predicts the oxida-

tive stability of oils and fats) of the tested oil, is quite high,

4.10 h. The IP was automatically recorded by a Rancimat

apparatus and corresponded to the break points of the

recorded curves. The greater the IP, the greater will be the

oxidative stability of the oil or fat [21].

Tocopherols Composition, TP and DPPH Radical

Scavenging Activity of Oil

Table 4 presents data regarding the tocopherol composi-

tion, TP contents and the DPPH radical scavenging

capacity of the oil analyzed. The oil mainly contained c-tocopherol (550.0 mg/kg) along with a considerable

amount of a-tocopherol 91.0 mg/kg. A small amount of d-tocopherol (5.5 mg/kg) was also detected. When compared

with some other vegetable oils, the total tocopherols con-

tent of KSO (646 mg/kg) was noted as being considerably

higher than coconut oil (tr-33) and noted to be within the

range of cotton seed oil (4101,169), groundnut oil

(176696), sunflower oil (447900) and low erucic acid

rapeseed oil (4241,054) while it is close to that of palm oil

(average 630, range 981,327) [27]. The occurrence of c-tocopherol as a principal component in the tested KSO is in

line with those of some common seed oils such as cotton

(158594), soybean (4092,397), maize (2682,468), low

erucic acid rapeseed (278753) and groundnut (99389)

oils which also contain this compound as the major

tocopherol among others [27].

Tocopherols are regarded as one of the most valuable

minor components present in vegetable oil because of their

antioxidant activity. These compounds are naturally pres-

ent in vegetable seeds and are extracted along with the oils,

however, their concentration may be reduced during pro-

cesses such as refining, bleaching and deodorization of oils

[28]. a-Tocopherol has mainly vitamin E activity while

that of the d-component has potent antioxidant efficacy.The composition of tocopherols, except, the d-isomer, inthe present analysis of KSO, is quite comparable with that

reported by Pusod et al. [29] for this species.

The contribution of TP at level of 2.50 mg/100 g and a

DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of 11.52 (IC50) was

found in the tested kapok oil (Table 4). These antioxidant

activity-related data are not only in agreement with a recent

report on this oil [29], but also the present level of TP is in

line with some other oils such as sesame oil [25] and

Moringa oleifera seed oil [30]. Recently, in view of the

functional food benefits of oils, assessment of phenolics

and antioxidant activity of vegetable oils is gaining rec-

ognition with regard to understanding their nutritional

value [7, 25, 30].

FA Composition of Oil

The data regarding the fatty acid composition of the tested

oil analyzed by GLC (Fig 1) are given in Table 5. This

analysis reveals the presence of mainly C18:2 (33.6 %)

followed by C18:1 (23.2 %) and C16:0 (22.4 %). In

Fig. 1 GLC chromatogramshowing the separation of fatty

acids of kapok seed oil

Table 5 Fatty acid composition of kapok seed oil

Fatty acid Retention time (min) g/100 g of fatty acid

Palmitic acid 5.89 22.37 0.50

Stearic acid 8.00 3.80 0.12

Malvalic acid 8.13 9.14 0.10

Oleic acid 8.44 23.24 0.41

Linoleic acid 9.23 33.63 0.50

Sterculic acid 9.65 2.58 0.15

Behenic acid 12.96 0.46 0.05



J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:10471054 1051

123

addition, a considerable amount of cyclopropenoid fatty

acids including malvalic acid (9.14 %) and sterculic acid

(2.50 %), which are characteristics of the oils of this spe-

cies, was also detected. The presence of the cyclic fatty

acids in KSO is questionable from the view-point of

nutritionists due to their side effects and thus advocates the

deactivation of such compounds via hydrogenation and

deodorization before utilization as dietary ingredients for

human consumption [14, 15]. The present concentration of

major fatty acids of the kapok oil is in accord with the

literature reports on this oil [14, 15].

A FTIR spectrum of KSO is depicted in Fig. 2. The

spectrum shows the typical features of absorption bands

corresponding to common triglyceride molecules. The

asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching vibration of

methylene (CH2) show significant absorption at 2,923 and

2,853 cm-1, respectively. Another noticeable peak (C=O

stretch) at 1,743 cm-1 can be related to the absorption due

to the ester carbonyl functional group of the triglycerides

present. At 1,454 and 1,377 cm-1 is depicted the bending

vibrations of the CH2 and CH3 aliphatic group and bending

vibration of CH2 group, respectively. Peaks around

1,160 cm-1 may be linked to the CO stretching, while

peaks around 722 cm-1 may be due to the overlapping of

the methylene (CH2) rocking vibration and to the out of

plane vibration of cis-disubstituted olefins.1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra of KSO are recorded

and presented as Fig. 3a, b, respectively. In case of 1H-

NMR spectrum, the signal at d 5.25.4 corresponds to totalolefinic protons (CH=CH) of unsaturated fatty acids. The

peak area from d 4.14.3 indicates the occurrence of fourprotons of the glycerol backbone of the oil, the signal

almost at d 2.3 is due to the protons on the second carbon inthe fatty acid chain, the signal near to d 2.0 is due to theallylic methylene protons of all unsaturated fatty acids, the

4000.0 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 650.058.3

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

99.5

cm-1

%T

2923.09

2853.85

1743.94

1464.41

1377.65

1160.33

722.08

Fig. 2 FTIR spectrum of kapokseed oil

Fig. 3 a 1H-NMR spectrum of kapok seed oil, b 13C-NMR spectrumof kapok seed oil

1052 J Am Oil Chem Soc (2014) 91:10471054

123

peak at d 1.6 is due to methylene protons, whereas thesignal at d 0.8 indicates the terminal methyl proton peak.

In case of the 13C-NMR spectrum, the signal at

*14 ppm is related to the terminal methyl carbon, thesignal at *22.5 ppm represents the second carbon from theterminal carbon, the signal around 2830 ppm is for the

general carbons on the triglyceride backbone except

unsaturated ones and adjacent to the carbonyl carbons (if

the carbonyl carbon is no.1, i.e., C1, then the signal at C3*2534 ppm = C2, *63 ppm is due to carbons onglycerol with CH2 (not the middle one which is CH and it

appears at 70 ppm), the signals at 129 and 130 ppm rep-

resent carbons with double bonds while the signal around

3 ppm is due to the carbonyl group carbon, i.e., C1.

Phytosterols Composition of Oil

The composition of phytosterols of the KSO analyzed in

the present study is given in Table 6. This profile shows

that the oil tested has b-sitosterol (75 %) as the principalcomponent among others. In addition, some other impor-

tant phytosterols such as campesterol (9.92 %), stigmas-

terol (2.0 %), d-7-avenasterol (2.81 %) and d-5-avenasterol(3.7 %) have also been detected. The presence of b-sitos-terol as principal component in KSO is in line to those of

several common vegetable oils which also contain this

component as the major phytosterol [27]. Phytosterols are

one of the important non-glyceridic minor components in

vegetable oils that play beneficial role in reducing

absorption of cholesterol and the amount of negative

lipoproteins in human blood and thus can potentially

reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases [24].

Conclusions

In this study KSO was extracted from the locally harvested

seeds and analyzed for detailed physico-chemical and

nutritional attributes using state-of-the art spectroscopic

and chromatographic as well as other wet chemical anal-

yses. The tested oil mainly has unsaturated fatty acids

namely C18:2 (linoleic acid) and C18:1 (oleic acid) with

potential health benefits. On the other hand, due to the

occurrence of considerable amount of cyclic fatty acids the

oils can also be potentially explored for oleo-chemicals

applications. The oil has also shown good oxidation state

which might have been attributed to the presence of

appreciable amount of tocopherols and phenolics with

antioxidant activity. The oil phytosterols composition is

also valuable in terms of their positive correlation with

health. The present data advocate the potential use of this

oil as a feed stock for the edible and/or oleochemical

industries.

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Table 6 Sterols composition of kapok seed oil

Sterol g/100 g of sterols

Stigmasterol 2.00 0.22

Cholesterol 1.50 0.10

Campesterol 9.92 0.71

b-Sitosterol 75.00 1.28

d-7-stigmastenol 1.50 0.10

d-7-avenasterol 2.81 0.10

d-5-avenasterol 3.76 0.35

Othersa 2.00 0.15


independently in triplicate (n = 3 9 3)a Some unidentified phytosterol components

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Physicochemical and Antioxidant Characteristics of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra Gaertn.) Seed OilAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsProcurement of Seeds, Reagents/StandardsKapok Seed Oil ExtractionAnalysis of Oilseed Residues for Protein, Fiber and AshPhysical and Chemical Parameters of OilGas Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Oil Fatty AcidsFourier Transform Infrared and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Analysis of OilTocopherols of OilPhytosterols of OilTotal Phenolics and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of OilStatistical Measurement

Results and DiscussionProximate Composition of SeedsPhysicochemical Composition of Kapok Seed OilOxidation State of OilTocopherols Composition, TP and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of OilFA Composition of OilPhytosterols Composition of Oil

ConclusionsReferences

physicochemical and antioxidant characteristics of kapok (ceiba pentandra gaertn.) seed oil

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