Physical States of MatterPhysical States of MatterSolid (s)Solid (s)Liquid (l)Liquid (l)Gas (g)Gas (g)Aqueous (aq)Aqueous (aq)

*must know how to define them *must know how to define them using shape and volume.using shape and volume.

Techniques for Separating Techniques for Separating MixturesMixtures

FiltrationFiltration

Distillation Distillation

MagnetMagnet

EXOTHERMICEXOTHERMIC: : energy is given off in energy is given off in a chemical reaction. a chemical reaction.

A+B A+B C + Heat C + Heat

ENDOTHERMICENDOTHERMIC:: energy is absorbed energy is absorbed in a chemical reaction. in a chemical reaction.

Heat + A Heat + A B+C B+C

EntropyEntropy: : A measure of the disorder A measure of the disorder of a system. The more disorder, the of a system. The more disorder, the more entropy.more entropy.

Potential Energy (PE):Potential Energy (PE): Stored Stored energy.energy.

Kinetic Energy (KE): Kinetic Energy (KE): Energy of Energy of movement.movement.

Energy is Energy is transferred transferred from one form from one form to another.to another.Potential EnergyPotential Energy

Kinetic EnergyKinetic Energy

Heat Heat FlowFlow

Whenever two objects with different temps are in Whenever two objects with different temps are in contact, contact, heat travels from higher heat travels from higher temperature to lower temperaturetemperature to lower temperature until both until both temps are the sametemps are the same

If you have a cup of milk at 80°C and a cup at If you have a cup of milk at 80°C and a cup at 20°C and you mix the two cups together, heat 20°C and you mix the two cups together, heat would flow from the cup of milk at 80°C to the would flow from the cup of milk at 80°C to the cup of milk at 20°C until both cups are at the cup of milk at 20°C until both cups are at the same temp, around 50°Csame temp, around 50°C

REMEMBER: To convert Kelvin to Celsius or REMEMBER: To convert Kelvin to Celsius or Celsius to Kelvin use the following formula:Celsius to Kelvin use the following formula:

K = °C + 273K = °C + 273

Heating/Cooling CurveHeating/Cooling Curve Endothermic/Exothermic Endothermic/Exothermic

(must be able to label the entire graph & label PE & KE (must be able to label the entire graph & label PE & KE changes)changes)

Endothermic

Exotherm

ic

Heat Equations: (Table Heat Equations: (Table T)T)

q = mC∆Tq = mC∆T

q = mHq = mHff

q = mHq = mHvvq = Heat (in joules)q = Heat (in joules)m = Mass (in grams)m = Mass (in grams)C = Specific Heat Capacity (Table B): C = Specific Heat Capacity (Table B): the amount of heat the amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of something 1 degree Celsius (ex: required to raise 1 gram of something 1 degree Celsius (ex: 4.18 joules/g°C)4.18 joules/g°C)T = ChangeT = Change in temperature in temperature (Final - Initial)(Final - Initial)

– If q is If q is negativenegative: exothermic reaction (release heat): exothermic reaction (release heat)– If q is If q is positivepositive: endothermic reaction (absorb heat): endothermic reaction (absorb heat)

HHff = Heat of fusion = Heat of fusion (energy required to freeze/melt)(energy required to freeze/melt)

HHvv = Heat of vaporization = Heat of vaporization (energy required to boil/condense)(energy required to boil/condense)

If the question is asking for Calories instead of Joules, C for water is If the question is asking for Calories instead of Joules, C for water is 1cal/g°C1cal/g°C

Table B represents physical Table B represents physical constants for constants for water only. water only. If a heat If a heat equation question is asking about equation question is asking about anything other than water, the anything other than water, the constant for the substance will have constant for the substance will have to be provided (C, Hto be provided (C, Hff,H,Hvv).).

The plateau for The plateau for vaporization/condensation is longer vaporization/condensation is longer than melting/freezing because the Hthan melting/freezing because the Hvv is greater than the His greater than the Hff, and therefore , and therefore it takes longer to add or release it takes longer to add or release heat.heat.

1.1. When 20.0g of a substance is completely melted at its When 20.0g of a substance is completely melted at its melting point, 3444 J are absorbed. What is the heat of melting point, 3444 J are absorbed. What is the heat of fusion of this substance?fusion of this substance?

2.2. The heat of vaporization of a liquid is 1344 J/g. What is The heat of vaporization of a liquid is 1344 J/g. What is the minimum number of joules needed to change the minimum number of joules needed to change 40.0g of the liquid to vapor at the boiling point?40.0g of the liquid to vapor at the boiling point?

3.3. How much energy is required to vaporize 10.00g of How much energy is required to vaporize 10.00g of water at is boiling point?water at is boiling point?

4.4. At 1 atmosphere of pressure, 25.0g of a compound at At 1 atmosphere of pressure, 25.0g of a compound at its normal boiling point is converted to a gas by the its normal boiling point is converted to a gas by the addition of 34,400 J. What is the heat of vaporization addition of 34,400 J. What is the heat of vaporization for this compound in J/g?for this compound in J/g?

5.5. The heat of fusion of a compound is 30.0 joules per The heat of fusion of a compound is 30.0 joules per gram. What is the number of joules of heat that must gram. What is the number of joules of heat that must be absorbed by a 15.0g sample to change the be absorbed by a 15.0g sample to change the compound from solid to liquid at its melting point?compound from solid to liquid at its melting point?