physical security (nstissi 4011) by josef onuoha cs 996

PHYSICAL SECURITY(NSTISSI 4011)

BY

Josef Onuoha

CS 996

Outline

• Goals of Physical Security

• Perimeter and Building protection

• Access Controls

• Distributed Processing

• Stand-alone Systems and Peripherals

• Environment and Life Safety Controls

• Tamper Resistance

Goals of Physical Security

• Prevent unauthorized access to equipment, installations, material, and documents

• Safeguard against espionage, sabotage, damage, and theft

• Safeguard personnel

Perimeter Protection

• Standoff distance– The maintained distance between where a vehicle

bomb is allowed and the target

• Exclusive Standoff Zone– Vehicles are not allowed within perimeter unless they

have been searched and cleared

• Nonexclusive Standoff Zone– Established when a facility or location permits a

mixture of trucks and cars. – Includes inner and outer perimeters


• Speed Control– Controls the speed of

vehicles used for bombs


• Vehicle barriers


• Perimeters should also protect against Standoff weapons such as riffles, shot guns, pistols

• Primary defense is to obstruct Line Of Sight (LOS) from vantage point outside the site– Use a Predetonation Screen


• Surveillance – aggressors remain outside of controlled areas

and try to gather information from within those areas

– Designers must eliminate or control vantage points from which aggressors can surveil or eavesdrop on assets or operations.

• Trees, bushes, fences, other buildings etc


• Lighting– Discourage or deter attempts at entry by intruders.– Prevent glare that may temporarily blind the guards.– Different types

• Continuous, standby, movable

– Different applications• Entrances, Parking areas, Critical areas

• Staffing– Security Guards– Patrols– Dogs

Building Protection

• A Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF) is an accredited area, room, group of rooms, buildings, or installation where Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) may be stored, used, discussed, and/or processed

• We now focus on construction requirements of a SCIF

Building Protection

• Vault Specifications

Building Protection

• Vault Specification (cont)– minimum compressive strength of 3000 psi

after 28 days of aging for class A– 5/8-inch diameter steel rein- forcing bars laid

6 inches on centers– In seismic areas, 6-inch or thicker RC will be

used.

Building Protection

• Walls– The walls will be of either reinforced concrete

in excess of four inches thick or solid masonry (stone or brick) in excess of eight inches thick

• Floors– The floor and ceiling selected for a Secure

Area will be at least a four inch thickness of concrete

Building Protection

• Entrances– A Secure Area will be equipped with a GSA

Class 6 vault door

• Windows– It is preferable that Secure Area be

windowless . Accessible windows, where required, will be secured with bars, installed as specified in the requirements

Building Protection

• Barred Window Specifications for SCIF– Type of Installation

• Type A: Requires a steel frame with steel bars welded on it to be bolted to the inside of the facility window frame

• Type B: Requires imbedding the ends of steel bars in the masonry window frame of the facility

• Type C: Requires a grillwork of steel bars to be imbedded in the masonry walls immediately adjacent to the facility window frame

Building Protection

• Sound Attenuation for SCIF– The SCIF walls, windows, floor and ceiling,

including all openings, should provide sufficient sound attenuation to preclude inadvertent disclosure of conversation

– Must meet the following SCT:• Executive Suite 45+• Briefing Rooms 45+• Auditoriums 50+

Building Protection

• Telephone Security for SCIF– Telephone cables and wires which penetrate

a facility's perimeter will enter the facility through one opening and be placed under control at the interior face of the perimeter

– The number of telephone instruments servicing a SCIF will be limited to those operationally necessary

Interior Intrusion Detection Systems

• Structural vibration sensors– Detects energy due to hammering, drilling, etc

• Point sensors– Detects close proximity to an object.

• Passive ultrasonic sensors– detect acoustical energy

• Volumetric Motion sensors– Detects intruder motion within the interior of a

protected volume

Exterior Intrusion Detection Systems

• Fence sensors– Detects penetration generated by mechanical

vibrations and stresses in fence fabric and posts

• LOS sensors– generate a beam of energy and detect

changes in the received energy that an intruder causes by penetrating the beam.

Alarms

• Requirements– perimeter doors will be equipped with high security

balanced magnetic door switches.– Vault doors will be equipped with heat detectors

and balanced magnetic switches. – The interior spaces not continually occupied by

authorized personnel will be protected by motion detection alarms.

– vents and ducts over six inches will be alarmed. – Windows less than 18 feet from ground level will be

alarmed

Alarms

• Types– Motion alarm detectors

• Overt body motion walking through the protected areas at the rate of one step per second for four seconds, in areas protected by ultrasonic, microwave, and other motion detection devices

– Door Switches• Actual opening of doors (or windows or other

openings using door switches) which are protected by balanced magnetic door switches.

Alarms

• Types (cont)– Capacitance Alarms

• Attempts to push hands, arm, or legs through the protected area (air ducts or vents); to touch an item being protected (door, window, wall, etc.); or to move protected objects (security containers).

– Tamper Switches• Removal of the covers for sensors, alarm control

units, day/night switches, and end of the line supervision control units should cause an alarm regardless of the status of the overall system

Physical Access Control

• Designate restricted area: Facilitates enforcement


• Locks– Preset Locks and Keys

• Typical door looks– Programmable Locks

• Mechanical (Cipher Locks)• Electronic (Keypad Systems): Digital Keyboard

– Number of Combinations

– Number of Digits in Code

– Frequency of Code Change


• Cards– Photo-ID cards– Wireless Proximity readers– Magnetic Strip cards– Smart Cards

• Often Require Use of PIN Number with Card• Readers: Card Insertion, Card Swipe & Proximity

Physical Access Control• DOD Smart Cards (Common Access Cards)


• Biometric Devices– Fingerprint/Thumbprint Scan– Retina Scan– Hand Geometry– Facial Recognition– Voice Verification– Problems

• Cost• Speed• Accuracy


• Typical verification times for entry-control devices


• Visitor identification and control– Visitors, Cleaning teams, Civilians in work areas after

normal work hours, Government contractors

• Personnel– Position Sensitivity Designation – Management Review of Access Lists– Background Screening/Re-Screening– Termination/Transfer Controls– Disgruntled Employees


• Movement Control– Escorts– Two-person rule

Distributed Computing

• Threats– To Confidentiality

• Sharing Computers• Sharing Diskettes

– To Availability• User Errors

– To Data Integrity• Malicious Code• Version Control

Physical security of Distributed Computing

• Office Area Controls– Entry Controls– Office Lay-Out– Property controls– Electronic Media Controls– Clean-Desk Policy– Space protection devices

• Heat/Humidity considerations

Stand-alone Systems and Peripherals

• PC Physical Control– Cable locks

• Vinyl-covered steel cable anchoring the PC or peripheral to desk

– Port controls– Devices that secure data ports (such as USB

ports) and prevent their use

Stand-alone Systems and Peripherals

• PC Physical Control (cont)– Switch Controls

• A cover for the on/off switch, which prevents a user from switching off the file server’s power

– Peripheral switch controls• Lockable switches that prevent a keyboard from

being used

– Electronic Security Boards• Boards inserted into an expansion slot in the PC

and force a user to enter a password when the unit is booted

Environment and Life safety Controls

• Environment considerations to physical security include the following

• Electric Power• RFI, EMI

– Implement TEMPEST

• Humidity– Humidity of < 40% increases static elec. Damage

potential

• Emergency power off controls• Voltage monitoring/recording• Surge protection


• Electric Power (cont)– Backup power

• Backup feeders, UPS

– Emergency power generators


• Temperature– Temperatures When Damage Occurs

• Paper Products: 350o

• Computer Equipment: 175o

• Disks: 150o

• Magnetic Media: 100o

• Fire detection– Heat-sensing– Flame-actuated– Smoke-actuated– Automatic dial-up fire alarm


• Fire Extinguishing Systems– Wet pipe– Dry pipe– Deluge

• Suppression mediums– Halon

• Excellent for vaults, equipment cabinets, etc

– Carbon IV Oxide• Great for unattended facilities. Potentially dangerous

Information System Centers

• Site selection– Low visibility– Low natural disaster threat– Easy access to external services such as

police, fire, hospitals, etc

Information System Centers

• Infrastructure– Servers, switches, routers, should be placed

in looked racks and looked rooms– Wiring and cables should be routed through

walls, floors, etc to avoid tampering– Uninterrupted power supply should exist for

computing facility

Tamper Resistance

• A device is said to be tamper-resistant if it is difficult to modify or subvert, even for an assailant who has physical access to the system.

• Specialized materials used to make tampering difficult– One-way screws, epoxy encapsulation, trox

• Closely tied to tamper detection and response

Tamper Detection

• The ability of a device to sense that it is under physical attack and includes– Switches to detect opening of device covers– Sensors to detect changes in light or pressure

within the device– Barrier to detect drilling or penetration of

physical boundary– Paint

Tamper Response

• Tamper Response is the counter measure taken upon the detection of tampering

• Ex.: Erase memory, shutdown/disable device, enable logging

• This is especially very important in the case of cryptographic keys stolen or lost

• This is especially very important in the case of cryptographic keys stolen or lost– Computational errors introduced into a smart card can deduce

the values of cryptographic keys hidden in the smart card – layers of a chip can be uncovered by etching, discerning chip

behavior by advanced infrared probing, and reverse-engineering chip logic

OPSEC

• Operations security (OPSEC) is an analytic process used to deny an adversary information - generally unclassified

• Trains people on the handling of information

• We can apply OPSEC in our daily lives– “What could an adversary glean from the

knowledge of this activity?”

Resources

• Physical Security Requirements For NSA/CSS SensitiveCompartmented Information Facilities

• FM 3-19.30 Physical Security, Department of the Army• AR 380-5 Appendix H Classified document and Material

Storage• Smart Card/Common Access Card Program

http://www.don-ebusiness.navsup.navy.mil/portal/page?_pageid=36,74750,48_72991&_dad=pebiz&_schema=PEBIZ

physical security (nstissi 4011) by josef onuoha cs 996

Documents

scif slide

building protection

predetonation screen

secure area

critical areas

parking areas

areas designers

controlled areas