physical properties of solutions chapter 13 copyright © the mcgraw-hill companies, inc. permission...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
216 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Physical Properties of SolutionsChapter 13
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
![Page 2: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
용액의 물리적 성질
• 13.1 용액의 유형• 13.2 용해과정의 분자적 고찰• 13.3 농도 단위• 13.4 용해도에 미치는 온도의 영향• 13.5 기체의 용해도에 미치는 압력의 영향• 13.6 총괄성
![Page 3: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
A solution is a homogenous mixture. 균일 혼합물
The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s)
The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount
![Page 4: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature.
A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal isadded to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.
![Page 5: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Three types of interactions in the solution process:• solvent-solvent interaction• solute-solute interaction• solvent-solute interaction
Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3
![Page 6: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
“like dissolves like”
Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other.
• non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents
CCl4 in C6H6
• polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C2H5OH in H2O
• ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)
![Page 7: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
용액 - 균일 혼합물 조성비 - 농도
물리적 표현법• 질량 백분율
화학적 표현법 ( 단위당 화학량 (number))
• 몰농도 (M) mol/Lsolution
• 몰랄농도 (m) mol/kgsolvent
• 몰분율 (x) mol/moltotal
![Page 8: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Concentration UnitsThe concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.
Percent by Mass
% by mass = x 100%mass of solutemass of solute + mass of solvent
= x 100%mass of solutemass of solution
Mole Fraction (X)
XA = moles of A
sum of moles of all components
![Page 9: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Concentration Units Continued
M =moles of solute
liters of solution
Molarity (M)
Molality (m)
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)
![Page 10: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH) solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)M =
moles of solute
liters of solution
Assume 1 L of solution:5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL)
mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute
= 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)=
5.86 moles C2H5OH
0.657 kg solvent= 8.92 m
![Page 11: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Temperature and Solubility
Solid solubility and temperature
solubility increases with increasing temperature
solubility decreases with increasing temperature
![Page 12: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fractional crystallization is the separation of a mixture of substances into pure components on the basis of their differing solubilities.
Suppose you have 90 g KNO3 contaminated with 10 g NaCl.
Fractional crystallization:
1. Dissolve sample in 100 mL of water at 600C
2. Cool solution to 00C
3. All NaCl will stay in solution (s = 34.2g/100g)
4. 78 g of PURE KNO3 will precipitate (s = 12 g/100g). 90 g – 12 g = 78 g
![Page 13: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Temperature and Solubility
Gas solubility and temperature
solubility usually decreases with
increasing temperature
![Page 14: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Pressure and Solubility of Gases
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution (Henry’s law).
c = kP
c is the concentration (M) of the dissolved gas
P is the pressure of the gas over the solution
k is a constant (mol/L•atm) that depends onlyon temperature
low P
low c
high P
high c
![Page 15: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chemistry In Action: The Killer Lake
Lake Nyos, Cameroon, West Africa
Trigger?
• earthquake
• landslide
• strong Winds
1986 Aug. 21CO2 Cloud Released
1700 Casualties
![Page 16: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Lake Nyos Degassing Schedule
Composition (1992) :• Layer 40 - 170 m :
– Water : 105 Mm3 – Gas: 190 Mm3
• Layer 170 - 208 m : – Water: 17.5 Mm3 – Gas: 80 Mm3 (1992)
5 pipes at 205 m, internal diameter = 139.8 mm;Liquid flow rate ˜ 2 Mm3/year/pipe
Conclusion: after 3 to 5 years, the situation will be safe.
Figure © Magma Production
![Page 17: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
총괄성
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
• number of solute particles
• [MA], mA, XA
• PB, mp, bp, .
![Page 18: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
Vapor-Pressure Lowering
Raoult’s law
If the solution contains only one solute:
X1 = 1 – X2
P 10 - P1 = P = X2 P 1
0 X2 = mole fraction of the solute
P 10 = vapor pressure of pure solvent
X1 = mole fraction of the solvent
P1 = X1 P 10
![Page 19: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
PA = XA P A0
PB = XB P B0
PT = PA + PB
Ideal Solution
PT = XA P A0 + XB P B
0
= XA P A0 + (1-XA )P B
0
=PB0 + XA (PA
0 – PB0)
![Page 20: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Compisition at Vapor Phase
00
0
0
0
0
0
000
0
)1(
)1(
)(
/
A
B
A
A
AA
B
A
B
A
ABAB
AA
TAA
P
PM
XMM
X
XPP
PP
X
XPPP
PX
PPY
![Page 21: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
PT is greater thanpredicted by Raoults’s law
PT is less thanpredicted by Raoults’s law
ForceA-B
ForceA-A
ForceB-B< &
ForceA-B
ForceA-A
ForceB-B> &
![Page 22: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Fractional Distillation Apparatus
![Page 23: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Boiling-Point Elevation & Freezing-Point Depression
Tb = Tb – T b0
T b , T f is the boiling (freezing) point of the pure solvent
0
Tb , Tf is the boiling(freezing) point of the solution
Tb = Kb m
m is the molality of the solution
Kb , Kf is the molal boiling(freezing) -point elevation(depression) constant (0C/m)
Tf = T f – Tf0
0
Tf = Kf m
![Page 24: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Gibbs Free Energy and Temperaturefor solid, liquid, vapor, solution
Gib
bs F
ree
Ene
rgy
solid
liquid
vapor
solution
TemperatureTfTf0 Tb
0 Tb
![Page 26: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g. Kf water = 1.86 0C/m
Tf = Kf m
m =moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)= 2.41 m=
3.202 kg solvent
478 g x 1 mol62.01 g
Tf = Kf m = 1.86 0C/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 0C
Tf = T f – Tf0
Tf = T f – Tf0 = 0.00 0C – 4.48 0C = -4.48 0C
![Page 27: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Osmotic Pressure ()
Osmosis is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one.
A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules.
Osmotic pressure () is the pressure required to stop osmosis.
dilutemore
concentrated
![Page 28: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
HighP
LowP
Osmotic Pressure ()
= MRT
M is the molarity of the solution
R is the gas constant
T is the temperature (in K)
![Page 29: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
A cell in an:
isotonicsolution
hypotonicsolution
hypertonicsolution
![Page 30: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
Vapor-Pressure Lowering P1 = X1 P 10
Boiling-Point Elevation Tb = Kb m
Freezing-Point Depression Tf = Kf m
Osmotic Pressure () = MRT
![Page 31: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
0.1 m NaCl solution 0.1 m Na+ ions & 0.1 m Cl- ions
Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.
0.1 m NaCl solution 0.2 m ions in solution
van’t Hoff factor (i) = actual number of particles in soln after dissociation
number of formula units initially dissolved in soln
nonelectrolytesNaCl
CaCl2
i should be
12
3
![Page 32: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Boiling-Point Elevation Tb = i Kb m
Freezing-Point Depression Tf = i Kf m
Osmotic Pressure () = iMRT
Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions
![Page 33: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
A colloid is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance.
Colloid versus solution
• collodial particles are much larger than solute molecules
• collodial suspension is not as homogeneous as a solution
![Page 34: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The Cleansing Action of Soap
C15H31 사슬
COO- 기
![Page 35: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The Cleansing Action of Soap
Grease Hydrophilic Head
Hydrophobic Tail
![Page 36: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Chemistry In Action: Desalination
>26 bar
![Page 37: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
13 장 용액의 물리적 성질 - 요약
• 구성과 구성비 ( 농도 )• 용해와 용해도• 총괄성
![Page 38: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
용액의 물리적 성질 - 균일 혼합물의 구성
• 용액 - 균일 혼합물• 구성물 – 용매 , 용질• 구성비 – 농도 - 물리적 표현 , 화학적 표현• 농도 단위 - 몰 [M], 몰랄 (m), 몰분율 (X)• 구성 한계 - 용해도
![Page 39: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
용액의 물리적 성질 - 용해
• 용해와 용해도 - 포화 , 불포화 , 과포화• 용해과정의 분자적 고찰 - 용질 , 용매 분자간
상호작용• 용해도에 미치는 온도의 영향 - 재결정
• 기체의 용해도에 미치는 압력의 영향 – Henry’s Law
• 용해도에 미치는 온도의 영향• 액체의 경우 - 재결정• 기체의 경우
![Page 40: Physical Properties of Solutions Chapter 13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d265503460f949fcf95/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
용액의 물리적 성질 - 총괄성
• 총괄성 – Raoult’s Law, van’t Hoff factor• 분압 ,• 끓는점• 녹는점• 삼투압
• 분별증류• 분자량측정• 역삼투
Chapter 13 Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
Immunity Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display