physical principles for human physiology
TRANSCRIPT
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A Review Of Chemical And Physical Principles For Human
Physiology
This review is provided as a basic minimum coverage of the physical
and chemical organization of matter in living systems
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The Atomic Theory
• All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms
• Atoms are, in turn, made up of three fundamental particles, protons, neutrons, and electrons
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THE CARBON ATOM
+
-
PROTONNEUTRON
ELECTRON
ORBITORSHELL
NUCLEUS
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ATOMIC STRUCTURE
• PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE IN THE NUCLEUS
• ELECTRONS ARE IN ORBITS AROUND THE NUCLEUS
• THERE ARE EQUAL NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS
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THE CARBON ATOM
ORBITORSHELL
NUCLEUS
There are 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons in this atom
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ATOMIC MASS
• PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ARE FAR MORE HEAVY THAN ELECTRONS
• THE UNIT OF ATOMIC MASS IS THE MASS OF A PROTON OR NEUTRON
• CARBON HAS AN ATOMIC MASS OF 12, THE TOTAL OF PROTONS PLUS NEUTRONS
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ATOMIC NUMBER
• ATOMIC NUMBER OF AN ELEMENT IS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS N THE NUCLEUS
• THE ATOMIC NUMBER IDENTIFIES THE ELEMENT AND DISTIGUISHES IT FROM ALL OTHER ELEMENTS
• THUS CARBON IS THE ELEMENT WITH ATOMIC NUMBER 6
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THE CARBON ATOMCARBON HAS ATOMIC NUMBER 6 AND ATOMIC
WEIGHT 12
ORBITORSHELL
NUCLEUS
There are 6 protons, 6 electrons, and 6 neutrons in this atom
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
Name Symbol # Protons AtomicNumber
AtomicWeight(amu)
Hydrogen H 1 1 1.01
Carbon C 6 6 12.01
Nitrogen N 7 7 14.01
Oxygen O 8 8 16.00
Sodium Na 11 11 22.99Magnesium Mg 12 12 24.31Phosphorous P 15 15 30.97Sulfur S 16 16 32.06Chlorine Cl 17 17 35.45Potassium K 19 19 39.10Calcium Ca 20 20 40.08
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Chemical Bonds and Chemical Compounds
• The shells or orbits which contain the electrons have characteristic occupancy capacity
• The first three are 2, 8, and 8 respectively
• Atoms tend to combine chemically forming either ionic or covalent bonds so that the outer orbits are complete
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THE IONIC BOND
Na Cl
SODIUM HAS AN EXCESS ELECTRON, CHLORINE LACKS ONE
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THE IONIC BOND
ClNa
ORBITS BECOME COMPLETE BY DONATION OF AN ELECTRON
POSITIVE ION NEGATIVE ION
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THE COVALENT BONDORBITS BECOME COMPLETE BY SHARING ELECTRONS
CH
H
H
H
=CH
H
H
H
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CHEMICAL REACTIONS
PROCESSES IN WHICH CHEMICAL BONDS ARE FORMED OR BROKEN ARE CALLED CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
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ENZYMES
• ENZYMES ARE BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS
• CATALYSTS MAKE REACTIONS GO FASTER
• THEIR NAMES USUALLY END IN “ASE”
• EXAMPLES: ATPASE, KINASE, OXIDASE, ETC.
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MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
• THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS THE SUM OF THE ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE MOLECULE
• EXAMPLE: WATER (H2O), THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT IS 16 + 1.01 +1.01= 18.02 ATOMIC MASS UNITS
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THE MOLE
• THE WEIGHT IN GRAMS EQUIVALENT TO THE ATOMIC OR MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN ATOMIC MASS UNITS
• A MOLE OF WATER HAS A WEIGHT OF 18.02 GRAMS
• A MOLE OF ANY SUBSTANCE CONTAINS AVAGADRO’S NUMBER OF PARTICLES (6.02 x 1023)
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SOLUTIONS
• A SOLUTION IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
• IT CONTAINS A RELATIVELY LARGE AMMOUNT OF ONE SUBSTANCE, CALLED THE SOLVENT
• IT MAY CONTAIN ANY NUMBER OF SOLUTES IN A FAR LESSER QUANTITY
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WATER AS SOLVENT
• WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL BIOLOGICAL SOLVENT
• WATER HAS UNIQUE PROPERTIES UNEQUALED IN NATURE
• WATER IS A POLAR COMPOUND AND IS A GOOD SOLVENT FOR IONS
• WATER DOES NOT MIX WITH NONPOLAR SUBSTANCES SUCH AS OILS
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ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
METAL SALTS FORM IONS UPON DISSOLVING IN WATER
NaCl Na+ + Cl-
CaCl2 Ca+ + 2Cl-
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MACROMOLECULES
• LARGE MOLECULES CAN BE FORMED WITH COVALENT BONDS BETWEEN SMALLER SUBUNITS
• IN CHEMISTRY THESE ARE CALLED POLYMERS
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BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
• CARBOHYDRATES
• LIPIDS
• PROTEINS
• NUCLEIC ACIDS
• HIGH ENERGY BIOMOLECULES (ATP)
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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE CLASSIFIED IN TERMS OF REACTIVE PARTS OF THE MOLECULES CALLED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
• ONE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS THE ORGANIC ACID
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ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS
• CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS CAN BE PROTON DONORS OR ACCEPTORS
• PROTON DONORS ARE ACIDS
• PROTON ACCEPTORS ARE BASES
• ACIDS AND BASES REACT TO NEUTRALIZE EACH OTHER FORMING SALTS
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ACID/BASE REACTIONS
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
ACID + BASE SALT + WATER
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CARBOHYDRATES
• CONTAIN C, H AND O (nCH2O)
• SIMPLE SUGARS ARE MONOSACCHARIDES (GLUCOSE, GALACTOSE, FRUCTOSE)
• SUGARS FORM POLYMERS: STARCH OR GLYCOGEN (USUALLY A STORAGE FORM)
• SIMPLE SUGARS ARE WATER SOLUABLE
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LIPIDS
• FATTY ACIDS
• TRIGLYCERIDES
• PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• STEROIDS
• CHOLESTEROL
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PROTEINS
• POLYMERS MADE FROM 20 AMINO ACIDS JOINED IN PEPTIDE BONDS
• MANY IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS INCLUDING ENZYMES
• THE RESULT OF THE GENETIC CODE IN DNA
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PROTEIN STRUCTURE
• PRIMARY: THE SEQUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS CODED IN DNA
• SECONDARY: FOLDING INTO HELICAL OR SHEET STRUCTURES DUE TO HYDROGEN BONDING AND OTHER FACTORS
• TERTIARY: SIDE CHAINS INTERACT
• QUATENARY: AGGREGATES FORM
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NUCLEIC ACIDS
• DNA: A DOUBLE HELIX FORMED BY TWO POLYMERS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
• RNA: A SINGLE POLYMER OF NUCLEIC ACID
• COMPLEMENTARY PAIRS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS ENABLE MOLECULES TO DUPLICATE OR COPY EACH OTHER, THE BASIS FOR THE GENETIC CODE
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ENERGY CURRENCY
ATP, ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE, IS A HIGH ENERGY COMPOUND WHICH STORES AND TRANSFERS ENERGY
A-P-P - P A-P-P + P + ENERGY