physical metallurgy principles · 2015. 12. 3. · knife edge mounted in o weignted ~endulum hammer...

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econd Edition )ynamics, PHYSICAL METALLURGY PRINCIPLES ROBERT E. REED-HILL REZA ABBASCHIAN University of Florida PWS-KENT PUBLISHING COMPANY Boston Third Edition NRC000212 Submitted: August 10, 2015 United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit In the Matter of: Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. (Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3) ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01 Docket #: 05000247 | 05000286 Exhibit #: Identified: Admitted: Withdrawn: Rejected: Stricken: Other: NRC000212-00-BD01 11/5/2015 11/5/2015

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Page 1: PHYSICAL METALLURGY PRINCIPLES · 2015. 12. 3. · Knife edge mounted in o weignted ~endulum hammer Ductile frocture Fig. 22.50 V-notch Charpy impact test specimen. Fig. 22.51 Method

econd Edition )ynamics,

PHYSICAL

METALLURGY

PRINCIPLES

ROBERT E. REED-HILL

REZA ABBASCHIAN University of Florida

PWS-KENT PUBLISHING COMPANY

Boston

Third Edition

NRC000212 Submitted: August 10, 2015

United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit In the Matter of: Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.

(Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3)

ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01 Docket #: 05000247 | 05000286 Exhibit #: Identified: Admitted: Withdrawn: Rejected: Stricken:

Other:

NRC000212-00-BD01 11/5/201511/5/2015

Page 2: PHYSICAL METALLURGY PRINCIPLES · 2015. 12. 3. · Knife edge mounted in o weignted ~endulum hammer Ductile frocture Fig. 22.50 V-notch Charpy impact test specimen. Fig. 22.51 Method

PWS-KENT Publishing Company

20 Park Plaza Boston. ~fassachusem 0 2 ll6

Copyright © 1992 by PWS-KENT Publishing Company. Copyright © 1973 by Litton Educational Publishing, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means-electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise- without the prior written permission of PWS-KENT Publishing

Company.

PWS-KENT Publishing Company is a division of Wadsworth, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reed-Hill, Robert E.

Physical metallurgy principles / Robert E. Reed-Hill.-3rd ed. p. cm.

Includes index. ISBN 0-534-92173-6 1. Physical metallurgy. L Abbaschian, R. II. Title.

TN690.R43 1991 91-30237 699'.9-dc20 CIP

International Student Edition ISBN 0-534-98236-0

This book is printed on recycled. acidjree paper.

Sponsoring Editor: Jonathan Plant Assistant Editor: Mary Thomas Production Coordinator: Helen Walden Text and Cover Designer: Helen Walden Manufacturing Coordinator: Peter D. Leatherwood Typesetter: A sco Trade Typesetting Ltd .. Hong Kong. Printer and Binder: Arcata/ Halliday

Printed in tile United States of America 92 93 94 95 96- 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1

2

3

Page 3: PHYSICAL METALLURGY PRINCIPLES · 2015. 12. 3. · Knife edge mounted in o weignted ~endulum hammer Ductile frocture Fig. 22.50 V-notch Charpy impact test specimen. Fig. 22.51 Method

828

160

140

"' .0

I 120

.s 100

.J:.

BO a. c ~ 60 ;;;

u 40 0 Q.

.§ 20

0 -150

CHAPTER 22 Fracture Mechanics

and directly behind, the notch. The effect Qf this mode of stressing is to place th metal at the base of the notch in a state of triaxial tension. The rate of loading~ the impact test is much faster than in a normal tensile test, being of the order of lO million tjmes faster. This rate of straining results from the fact that the knife edge is mounted at the center of percussion of a heavy pendulum hammer. which is dropped from a fixed height. Because the hammer always falls the same distance, it contains a fixed amount of energy when it strikes the specimen, usually of the order of 200 ft-lb (271 J). Fracturing the specimen removes energy from the hammer which is measured on the testing machine by the height to which the hammer ris~ after it has broken the specimen. The energy expended in fracturing the Charpy impact specimen is the quantity measured in the test. If the fracture is completely ductile, the energy expended will be high; when it is completely brittle, the energy expended will be low.

The impact test furnishes us with a simple method of following the change in

i-----5.5 cm----..<

Support

-Knife edge mounted in o weignted

~endulum hammer

Duc ti le frocture

Fig. 22.50 V-notch Charpy impact test specimen.

Fig. 22.51 Method of applying the impact load to a Charpy specimen.

Brittle frocture

-100 -50 0 50

Temperorure, °C

100 Fig. 22.52 Representative Charpy impact ductile to brittle fracture transition curve.

160

140 .. .0

I 120

.s 100 ,:

80 ;;. c

~ 60

;:; 40 0 Brittle a. .§ 20 '

0 -150 -100

Page 4: PHYSICAL METALLURGY PRINCIPLES · 2015. 12. 3. · Knife edge mounted in o weignted ~endulum hammer Ductile frocture Fig. 22.50 V-notch Charpy impact test specimen. Fig. 22.51 Method

is to place the e of loading in the order of 10 the knife edge

1mer, which is 1me distance, it lly of the order :i the hammer, e hammer rises ng the Charpy e is completely ttle, the energy

, the change in ~

rpy

.pplying PY

ttle

"' .0

I .s .r:: c;, c

~ u 0 0.

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 -!SO

22.38 The Impact Test

Ductile fracture Fig. 22.53 Representative Charpy impact ductile to brittle fracture transition curve .

>.

Briflle fracture

- 100 -so 0 so 100 Temperature, °C

Fig. 22.54 Typical Charpy v-notch fracture surfaces: (A) completely brittle fracture; (B) part ductile, part brittle; (C) completely ductile.

( B )

829