physical geography 10th edition "chapter 2: portraying the earth" presentation
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Physical Geography 10th Edition "Chapter 2: Portraying The Earth" PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 2: Portraying Earth
Ashley AdamsDonald AgabaAlysha BaldwinCory Bragg
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The Nature of Maps
MapA two-dimensional representation of Earth
and the spatial distribution of selected phenomena
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Basic Abilities of Maps:
•Distance
•Size
•Shape in Their Horizontal Spatial Relationships
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Maps are not perfectly Accurate!
It is impossible to portray the curved surface of the Earth on a flat piece of
paper
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Map Essentials
MapA form of symbolization, governed by a set of conventions, that aim to communicate a
sense of place (second definition)
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6 Groups of Maps:
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1) Climate Maps
Give general information about climate and precipitation
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2) Economic/Resource Map
Show the types of resources or
economic activities in an
area
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3) Physical Maps
Illustrate the
physical features of
an area
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4) Political Maps
Show state and national boundaries, & indicate capitals and major cities
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5) Road Maps
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6) Topographic Maps
Use contour lines to show shape and elevation of an area
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Basic Elements of Maps
1. Title2. Date3. Legend4. Scale5. Direction6. Location7. Data Source8. Projection
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The Roles of Globes
GlobeA Three-Dimensional Scale model of Earth
or other spheroid celestial body
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Globes…
•Accurately represent spatial relationship of features on Earth’s surface
•Give a more realistic depiction of Earth than flat maps
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Globe Disadvantages:
•Globes are cumbersome, and do not display much detail
•Globes are only visible to half of the human eye at a time
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Map Projections: The Major DilemmaEquivalency vs. Conformity
•Which to EMPHASIZE?
SHAPEor
SIZE
•Which to SACRIFICE?
orSIZE
SHAPE
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Equivalent Area Projection
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Conformal Map Projection
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The Robinson Projection
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The 7 Projection Families:
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Cylindrical Projection
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Mercator Projection
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Plane Projection
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Conic Projection
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Pseudocylindrical Projection
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Interrupted Projection
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Isolines
A device for portraying the spatial distribution of some phenomenon. It refers to any line that joins points of equal value of something
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Also referred to as
•Isarithm•Isogram•Isopleth•Isometric Line
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Elevation Contour LinesA line on a map joining points of equal
elevation
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Q: What do Isolines signify?
A: Subtle features including…
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1)Quantities of Precipitation (Isohyet):
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2)Temperature (Isotherm):
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3) Atmospheric Pressure (Isobar):
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Isolines…
•Are ALWAYS closed lines (they have no end)
•Never touch or cross each other (w/ exceptions)
•Have Intervals (diff. between each line)
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Patterns that are too large/abstract/detailed are often significantly clarified by the use of isolines
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•Isolines close together – Rapid change
•Isolines far apart – Gradual change
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Edmund Halley (1656 – 1742)
•English astronomer & Cartographer
•Produced the first published map with isolines in 1700
▫Showed isogonic lines in the Atlantic Ocean
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1st Magnetic Declination Chart (1702)-Edmund Halley
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
GPSA global navigation satellite system for
determining accurate positions on or near Earth’s surface
Developed in the 1970’s / 80’s by the U.S. Department of Defense
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The system is based on a constellation of at least 24 high altitude satellites
4-6 satellites will be in view of any position on Earth
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Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
Was originally put to practice to increase the accuracy of the instrument based
flight approaches for airplanes
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Continuously Operating GPS Reference Stations (CORS)
•Capable of detecting location differences of less than 1 centimeter of latitude, longitude, and elevation
•One way they are used is for the monitoring of slight changes in the ground surfaces
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Geographic Information System
Geographic Information SystemComputer systems designed to analyze and
display spatial data
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Overlay Analysis
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The Role of The Geographer
Q: What is The Main Role of a Geographer?
A: To better understand Earth